The problem leading to this investigation wa~ that of establishing. ii the West Indian flamingo on Bonaire (Neth. Antilles) was on the decline and, if this was the case, what the possible causes of this could be. To this end a study was made on the island from August 1959 to Au~st 1960 of the environment, food, reproduction and the numbers of b1rds.
In the description of the habitat in Chapter IV ~uch attention has be~n given to the water management of the salinas .. smcc th~sc form the biO-tope of the Oamingos. It appeared that even m extensive droughts the salinas retain a certain waterlevel. This is caused by the entry of sea-water, the salinas being somewhat below the average sea-l.evel: The rate of entry is determined particularly by the seasonal Ouctuation m the sea-level, and the water-level in the salinas follows this more or less parallel;
the Cl-content shows an opposite fluctuation.
The extreme physico-chemical circumstances in the salinas ensure t~e occurrence of a biocoenosis, ''Vith few species, but the number of
In-dividuals of these species may be very great. This is probably one of the reasons why the flamingos show a preference for these areas.
In Chapter V food-searching and the food itself was considered both qualitatively and quantitatively. Seven clearly different methods were described, and imitation of these indicated the type of food searched lor under the given circumstances. From this it appeared that the food was chiefly the larvae and chrysalids of Ephydra gracilis. Less frequently were Artemia salina and the molluscs Batillaria minima and Cerithidea costata taken as food. Under certain circumstances the eating of organic ooze was noted. Exceptionally attempts were seen at eating the fishes Cyprinodot1 dearborni and Mollienesia sphenops.
The examination of stomach contents confirmed that on Bonaire the staple diet was formed by the larvae and chrysalids of Ephydra gracilis.
A quantitative approach was given to the effect that the flamingos have on the food supply, whereby the number of Ephydra chrysalids acted as a standard. If 1/4 to 1
/s
of the Ephydra chrysalids are consumed per 24 hours (theorclically, since larvae are also taken), the number of chrysalids remains more or less constant. With an increasing predation percentage, exploitation occurs and the number of Ephyclra chrysalids decreases. The flamingos then switch to other food and/or leave, so that the Ephydra population is then able to recuperate.In Chapter VI the reproductive behaviour was described. Both males and females show the same behaviour during pair-formation. During paired foraging is copulation most frequent. The partners build the nest together.
The height of this depends on the amount of building material in the immediate neighbourhood of the future nest. The time given to the building is vel) variable, sometimes old nests are used and these are simply repaired a little.
Brooding lasts about 30 days. In the Pekelrneer continuous brooding took place due to the overlapping of various groups from December 1959 to August 1960. Part)} in connection with this long period, during which both large and small young were present in and around the colony. the occurrence of creches was examined criticall}. On Bonaire it appeared that none of the typical functions of the creche were to be found. The young were, as far as could be established. fed by their own parents. The feecling frequency decreases during the growth of the young, but the duration increases. Young of 4 months age were sometimes fed now and then.
Various sub-adult plwnagcs could be distinguished after the juvenile plumage, with gradual transitions between them. There was evidence that it is several years before the birds have a fully coloured adult plumage.
In Chapter VII the numbers and movements were considered. In addi-tion to emigration and immigration to and from the South American continent, food migration was also undertaken to Venezuela.
During the study period a minimum of 440 and a maximum of 4,130 flamingos were present on Bonaire.
In Chapter \'III th<> reproduction and mortality were considered. In something more than one year nearly 2,500 pairs bred and reared more than 1,800 fledglings, i.t'. 73C'-f.. The breeding success in small and large colonies showed no striking differences. There is no predation on Bonaire of the eggs. pullets, juveniles or adult flamingos. The mortality of eggs and young is on the a\eragc 25 ·30%: 20-25% for the eggs and 5% for the young. Since mortality figures for other stages and life-classes in the West Indian flamingo are absent, it has been shown, using data from other areas, that the population probably remains constant in size if successful breeding occurs 3 times in 6 to 7 years.
It is a fact that, although there have been years when little or no breeding took place, the present South Caribbean flamingo population, with its breeding ground on Bonaire, shows no signs of a decline. It is possible that there has been a slight increase during the last 5 to 10 years.
It is very necessary for the conservation of the flamingos on Bonaire, however, tl1at both the br<•eding and the feeding grounds be protected and given the status of a reservation.
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LITERATURE
Au, S., 19-15. More about the Flamingo (Phocnicopterus ruber roseus (Pallas)} m Kutch. J. Bombay Not. 1/ist. Soc. 45, p. 586-593.
ALLEN, R. P., 1956. Tire Flamingos: tlreir life history all(/ survi~:ol. l':ational Audubon Society, 'ew York.
AssEM,
J.
VAN DEN, 195-1. \Vaamemingcn over het gedmg van de Grote Stem. De Leuende Natuur 57, p. 1 9.AuGENER, H., 1936. Polychaeten aus dt.'u marincn Salinen von Bonaire uncl Curacao.
Zool. Johrb. (Syst.) 67, p. 337 352 .
BAAS BECKING, L. C. M., 193·1. Geobiologic. Den Haag.
BAERBNDS, G. P., 1959. The ethological analysis of incubation behaviour. Ibis 101, p. 357-368.
- -1960. Het organisme in zijn gcmcenschap: aard en herkomst der communicatie-middelen bij dieren. \Verken l{ectoroat R.U. Gent 3, p. 64-84.
BASTOCK, ~1., MoRRIS, D. & MoYNIHAN, M., 1953. Some comments on conflict and tl1warting in animals. Behaviour 6, p. 66-84.
BEAUFORT, L. F. DE, 1940. Freshwater fi~hcs from the Leeward Croup .... Studies Fauna Cura~ao 2, p. 109-114 .
BENT, A. C., 1926. Life histories of '-orth American marsh birds. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus.
135, p. 1-13.
B£&LEPSctt, H. voN, 1908. On the birds of Ca}enne. l\·ocitates Zoologicoe 15, p. 103-164, 261-324. (p. 312)
BoND, J., 19.!7. Field {:.tilde to birds 11/ the \\ e~t Indies. ~ew York. (p. 31-:32) - - 1956. Check-list uf birds of tlu! \\"e~t Indie.\. Philadelphia. (p. 16-li) - - 1960. Birds of tl1e \\"est Indin London. (p . .!2-43)
BROWN, L. H., 1958. The breeding of U1e Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus ruber at Lake Elmenteita, Kenya Colony. Ibis 100, p. 388-!20.
- - 1959. The mystery of the Flamingos. London.
CHAPMAN, F. ).1., 1905. A contribution to the life history of the American Flamingo (Phoenicoptcn1s ruber) with remarks upon specimens. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
21, p. 53-57.
- - 1908. Camps and cruis!'.\ of till omilllologlst. London. (p. 155-192) CHUBB, C., J 916. The birds of British C1tlana. London. (p. 185)
CLAY, T., 1962. A new specks of Anatoccus Cummings (Mallophaga) from Phoeni-copterus ruber Linn. Entom. JJcricltten 22, p. 220-226.
CoNDER, P.
J.,
19-!9. Individual distance. IIJis 91, p. 649-655.CooMANS, H. E., 1958. A survey of the littoral Gastropoda of the 1\etherlands Antilles and oU1er Caribbean Islands. Studies Fauna Cura{"t~O 8, p. 42-112.
CuLLEN, M., 1960. Some adaptations in Lhl' nesting behaviour in Terns. Proc. 12th.
Int. Om. Congr. llelsinkl 1958, p. 1.'53-157.
DAANJE, A., 1950. On locomotor} moH·ments in birds and the intention movements derived from them. Be/10oiour 3, p. 48-98.
DoBBEN, \\'. II. VAN, 19.52. The food of the Cormorant in U1c Xetl1erlands. Ardea 40, p. 1-63.
E1at-E1srm LOT, 1., 1960. Galapagos. Milnchen. (p. 165-166)
E).I[IS, M., 1961. \'cr:,lag over Artemia onderzoek op Cura~o en Bonaire. (not published)
Eun:-.~. P. A, 1909. De Flamingo. De Ler:ende .\'atuur 11, p. 16-19.
F1u'.MY, P., 19U. Cyanophy<:c<.'S des lies Bonaire, Cura~o l'l Arub<~. Re1 ue \l~ologique 12, p. 101 152 - Crit1callr reYiewed by P. \\'AGn;.\AR Hv·~~IIIINCK, 111 De We.\t-lncli~cllr. Cui~ 26, l!H4. p. 62-6-t.
GABRIH., ,\., 1938. Tscllogof!.o. Aus clem Leben der Flamingo.~. Stuttgart.
CAu tT, E., 19-19. Les Flama11t~ roses de Camargue. Lausanne.
- - 1950. Tire Flamingos of the Camargue. O"<ford.
GILCHRIST, H. ~1.. 195-!. Haemoglobin in Artemia. Proc. R. Society (B) 113, p. 1:16-146.
- - 1956. The oxygen consumption of Artcmia salina (L) m different salunlics. 1\cta 1/ydroblol. 8, p. 54-65.
II AAN, D. !)t; & ZANI\'H o,
J.
S .. 1959. Some notes on tides in Annabaai harbour, Curn~ao, Netherlands Antilles. BulL marine sci. Gulf Cari.bb. 9, p. 224-236.ltARTfRT, E., 1893. On the birds of tl1e islands of Aruba, Cura~o and Bonaire. Ibis 5, p. 307, 335 ·336.
- 1915. Die \ of!.el der Pali.iarktischen Fauna. Berlin. (p. 1268)
HAvl RSOIMIDT, F .• 195.5. lAst of the bird~ of Surinam. Pub!. Found. Sci. Hes. Surinam :-..<·th. Ant., Ulrccht, 13. (p. 32)
ll1 UGPt.TII, J. W., 1959. Some preliminary considerations of the biology of inland mineral Willers. Symposium classif. brackish waters, \'enice 1958, p. 111-1:19.
II1Nor, R. .\., 1956. The biological significance of t.lw territories of birds. Ibis 98, p. 340-3i0.
llon MANN, L., 195t Essais de baguage de Flamants en Camargue. 1-Al Terre et Ia
\'ie 101, p. 39 -13.
- - 1955a. La nitlification des Flamants en 1955. Ibid. 102, p. 327-328.
- - I955b Bagut>mcnts et reprises. Deuribne compte rcndu Station 8iol1>giquc dt!
Ia Tour clu Vulat 1955 (1956), p. 15-16.
- - - 1956. Baguemcnts ct reprises. Troisi1hne c.r. ibid. 19.'51) (1957), p. 15-17.
- - 1957. La nidificalion des Flamants en 1956. La Terre et Ia \'ie 10 I, p. li9-182.
- - 1958. An ecological sketch of the Camargue. Brit. Birth 51, p. 321-349.
- - 1959u. La nidificatioo des Flamants en 1957. La Terre ct Ia \'ie 106, 74-70.
- - 1959b. Station de baguage de Camargue. Ibid. 106, p. 91-92.
- - 1960a. La nidificatioo des Flamants en 1958. Ibid. 107, p. 118-119.
l960b. Station de baguage de Camnrgue. Ibid. 107, p. 87.
- - 1962a. La nidificalion des Flamants en 1959. Ibid. 109, p. 78-79.
- - 1962b. Stallon de baguage de Camargue. Ibid. 109, p. 1Jl.
lrR~H., J.
J.
A. VAN & Bot, A. C. A., 1958. Pret•ning of two Tt•rn sp<•t•i<•s. A study ou <lispl:wcmcnt activities. Belwolour 13, p. 1-88.J
It COR I, E. F .. 1959. Flamingo's .• \rti11 Amsterdam ,;, p. 18-2.5.)t:NKIN, P. M., 1957. The filler-feeding and food of FlamingO<'S (Phornicoptcri). Plri/.
Tran.r. R. Soc. I.ondon (B) 240, p. 401-493.
}OIIN~ON, A. \V., BwN, F. & Mru.JF., \V. R., 1958. The Sout.l1 American l"lamingos.
Condor 60, p. 289-299.
KL1r, \V., 1939. Ol>tracodcn nus den marinen Salinen \'On Bonaire, Cura~o und An1ha.
ca,>ita 7..oologica 8, 1[~. 19 pp.
KLUIJVFR, It. N., 193-'l. Bijdrage tot de biologic en de ecologie ran den Sprt?cuw (Stumu$ tulgaris wlgaris L.) g,edurende zijll l'oortplonting!ltijd. \\agl•ningcn.
KoSTEil, J. TH., 1943. Some Chlorophyceae from the marine salines of Bonaire. Bl11mea 5, p. 328-335.
- -1963. Antillean Cyanophyceae from salt-pans and marine localities. Blumca 1?,
p. 45-56. I
KRrsTENSEN, I., 1963. Ecolog} of salines. Association of Islatul Marine Laboratories, Fourtl• Meeting, CurofaO, Nov. 18-21, 1962, p. 20-22.
KuENEN, D. J., 1939. Systematical and physiological notes on the brine sl1rimp Artemia.
Lei den.
LACK, D., 1947. The significance of clutch size. Ibis 89, p. 302-352.
- - 1950a. Breeding seasons in the Galapagos. Ibis 92, p. 268-278.
- - 1950b. The breeding seasons of European birds. Ibis 92, p. 288-316.
- - 1954. The natural regulation of animal numbers. Oxford.
L~tNDSBOROUGH THOMSON, A., 1950. Factors determining the breeding seasons of birds.
Ibis 92, p. 173-184.
LANG, E. M .. 1961. Flan1ingozucht in Basel. Bijclr. Dierk. Amsterdam 31, p. 51-52.
LANG, E. M., THIERSCII, A., TIIOMMLN. II. & WACK.ERNAGllL. H., 1962. Was CUtlcrn die Flamingoes (Phoenicoplerus rubor) ihrcn Jungen? Omithol. Beobachter 59, p. 173-176.
LoMONT, II., 1953. Sur lc comportrmcnl nourricier de Phoenicopterus rubcr roseus Pallas. Vie et Milieu 4, p. 713-717.
- -1954. Observations ornithologiques sur les Flamanlli. La Terre et Ia Vie 101
p. 28-38. ,
LOJU:NZ, K., 1937. Ueber den Begriff der Instinkthandlung. Folia Biotheorctlca 2, lnstinctus, p. 17-50.
).fA.DON, P., 1932. Contribution
a
l'l>tude du regime du Flamant rose . . \ltwdo .J, p. 37 ~to.McCANN, C., 1939. The Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum Temm.). 1. Bombay Nat. llist. Soc. 41, p. 12-38.
- - 1947. Flamingos in Kutch. A comment. J. Bombay Vat. Hist. Soc. 47, p. lC'J-t-166.
l\lEYER DE SCHAUENSEE, R. DE, UH8. The birds of the Republic of Colombia. Bol. Inst.
Cier1c. Nat. Unio. Nac. Colombia 5, 22. (p. 368)
~liDDLEMrss, E., 1953. Flamingos in de Rondevlei Bird Sanctuaf}. Bokmakierie 5, p. 9-13.
- - 1958. Feeding habits of Lesser Flamingo. Ostric/1 29, p. 5-9.
- - 1961. Notes on the Greater Flamingo. Bokmakierie 13, p. 9-14.
MOLENCRAAFF, C. J. II., 1929. Geologic en geohydrologie .:an het eilond Curarao.
Delft.
MOREAU, R. E., 1950. The breeding seasons of African birds. Ibis 92, p. 223-267, 419-433.
MoRltrs, D., 1956. The feather postures of birds and the problem of the origin of social signs. Behaviour 9, p. 75-113.
MOYNIHAN, M., 1953. Some displacement activities of the Black-headed Cull. Be-haviour 5, p. 58-80.
- -1955. Some n.~pecls of the reproductive behaviour of tl1e Black-headed Cull (Larus ridibundus L.) and related species. Bl'lwdour, suppl. 4, p. 1-201.
~ICE, M. M., 1938. The biological significance of bird weights. Bird Banding 9, p. 1-ll.
PALMGREN, P., 1949. Welche Faktoren bedingcn d1e geogrnphisehe und topogrnphische Vcrbreitung der Vogel? Folia Biotlreorctica 4, De Distributione Occologica. p. 2.'3-10.
PATlliCJt, R., 1961. Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from the alimentary tract of Phocni-coplerus jamesi (Sclater). Po.,tilla Yale Peabody Mus. 49, p. 43-5.5.
PATUJ.LO, J., MuNil, W., RrvELLE, R. & SnoNG, E. 1955. The seasonal oscillation in sea level. /. Marine Research 14, p. 88-113.
PENA, L. E. 1961. Explorations in the Antofagasta Range of Chile and Bolivia, with observations on the fauna and flora. PostiUa 49, p. 1-42.
PENMD, F. P. & PENAII,D, A. PH., 1908. De oogels can Guyana (Suriname, Cayenne en Demerara), I. Paramaribo. (p. 110-ll6)
PETEU, J. L., 1931. Check-list of Birds of the World. 1. Cambridge, ~lass.
PHELPS, W. H. & PHnrs. ]11,., W. H., 1958. Lista de bs aves de Venezuela con su distribuci6n, II. No Passeriformes. Bol. Soc. Venez. Cienc. Nat. 19, no. 90, p. 1-317.
(p. 47)
- & - - !959. Las aves de la Isla La Orchila. Bol. Soc. Venez. Cicnc. Nat. 20,
no. 93, p. 2.52-266.
PosTMA, II., 1954. Hydrography of tbe Dutch Wadden Sea. Archives Neerl. Zool. 10, p. 405-511. (p. 411 412)
RAMMNLR, W., 1936. Artemia salina auf Bonaire, Cura~o und St. Martin. Zool. lc1hrb.
(Syst.) 6i, p. 353-362.
RATCLIFF, ll. L., 1956. Adequate diets for captive wild animals ... Bull. Pcnro.~e Res.
Lab. Zool. Soc. Philo.
RIDLEY, M. W., 1954. Observations on the diet of Flamingoes. J. Bombay Nat. Hist.
Soc. 52. p. 5 7.
RtOLFY, M. W. & PERCtY, R. C., 1953. Notes on lhe birds of Lake Elmcnteita, Kenya Colony. Proc. Ur1io. Durham Phil. Soc. 12, p. 103-118.
RtOU:Y, M. W., Moss. B. L. & PERcY, R. C., 1955. The food of Flamingoes in Kenya Colony. /ourn. E. Africa Nat. llist. Soc. 22, p. 147-158.
RUTTEN, M. C., 1931. Ov<'r de vogels van de Hollandsche Benedenwindsche Eilandcn (Antillen). Mdca 20, p. 91-1-13. (p. 122-12.'3)
SA~O£Rs, 1\1., 1936. 1'\ichtmarine Fische von Bonaire, Cway.10 und Aruba. Zool. lalrrb.
(Syst.) 67, p. 448-454.
SCH\IIDT-:'\Jfi.SEr-., K., 1959. Saltglnnds. Scient. American 200, p. 109-ll6.
ScnMIOT-1'\rusEN, K. & FANCE, R., 1958. The function of the saltgland in the Brown Pelican. Auk 75, p. 282-289.
SJtUTCH, A. F., 1950. The nesting seasons of central American birds. Ibis 92, p. 185-222.
Stati.rtlck oan de mcteorologische waamemlngcn in de Nederlandse i\ntllll'n 1955-1960, vol. 3-8, Cura9ao.
STEPIIP.NSEN, K., 1933. Amphipoda from the marine salines of Bonaire and Cura~ao.
Zool. lahrb. (Syst.) 64, p. 437-446.
- - 1948. Amphipods from Cura~o, Bonaire, Aruba and Margarita. Studie,, Fau11a Cura9(lo S, p. 1-20.
STOI'I'BRS, A. L., 1956. The oegetation of the Netherland" Antilles. Studies on the flora of Cura~ao and other Caribbean Islands 1; Pub!. Found. Sci. Res. Surinam Neth. Ant. 15.
SuCIIAI'ITKE, A., 1959. Die Paarung beim Flamingo. Omithol. Beobachtcr 56, p. 94-97.
SwAr.N, A. E. II., 1943. De Flamingo's van Bonaire. Ardea 32, p. 163 179.
STJI'T, J. ]., 1960. Densite des nids et notion de territoire chez le Flamant de Crunargue. Awuda 28, p. 1-14.
TrNBrRCEN, L., 1946. De Sperwer als roofvijand van zangvogels. Ardca 34, p. 1-213.
- -!948. De invloed van roofdieren op de aantalssterkte van hun prooidiercn.
Vakbwd Biolcgen 28, p. 217-228.
- - 1949. Bosvogels en insecten. Nedcrl. Bosbouwk. Tijdsclrr. 4, p. 91-105.
TrNBERGEN, N., 1940. Die Uebersprungbewegung. Ztsclrr. Tierpsych. 4, p. 1-40.
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- - 1953a. Social behaviour in animals. London. Xew York.
- - 1953b. The llerring Cull's world. London.
- -1959. Comparative studies on the beh:wiour of GuJis (Laridae). Behaviour 15, p. 1-70.
TJNBERGEN, N. & Iusr:L, J. J. A. VAN, 19-17. Displacement reactions in the Three-spined Stickleback. Behaoiour 1, p. 56-63.
TrNBERGEN, N. & l\IOYNIUAN, r-.1., 1952. Head-flagging in the Black-headed Cull; its function and origin. British Bird.s .J5, p. 19-22.
Voous, K. H., 1950. The breeding seasons of birds in Indonesia. Ibis 92, p. 279-287.
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Uitg. Natuurwet. Wt•rkgrocp Ned. Ant. 5; Fauna Ned. Ant. 1; Nijhoff, 's-Cravcn-hage. (p. 51-54)
- - 1957. The birds of Aruba, Cura9ao, and Bonaire. Studies Fauna Gttra~o 7, 260 pp. (p. 76-82)
- - 1960. Atws oon Europese vogcl9. Amsterdrun/Brussel. (p. 21-22)
W ACKERNACEL, H., 1959. Ein Bruterfolg beim Chilenischen Flamingo irn Zoologischen Garten Basel. Omith. Beobachter 56, p. 33-40.
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- - 1952. lsloto Aws, een vogeleiland in de Car:iibische Zee. \Yest-Indisclre Gids 33, p. 23-3-1.
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Ak. Wet. 41, p. 873-878.
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Meded. Kon. Inst. Tropon Amsterdam 123.
Y£ATES, G. K., 1950. Fl~mingo City. London/New York.
YbEZ TAMAYO, C., 1963. Omitologin de las islas Margarita, Cocbe y Cubagua (Vene-zuela). IJ. Mem. Soc. Cicnc. l\'at. l.Al Salle 23. 66. p. 167-249.
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PLATE I
J. Ea'l(•rn pari uf Salina Slagbaai with saltpans and Brancbris.
PLATE II
lla. Small "t·anal" at Boca Sla~l>.~ai.
PLATE JJl
lila. :-.=ests of 1958 in Slagbaai, on dam between salina and saltpans.
lllb. View of Slagbaai from tho south-Wl'St. - f rom left to right: the small "canal'',
PLATE IV
1Va. View of Colo rrom the south-east. - Tlw white stript· to the left of tlw Bntnclari~ is the brt>cdin~ island.
PLATE V
Va. View of Coto from tlw south.
PLATE\ I
na.
:'l.<•sb; of 1957 far from the border of tlw Pl•kdm('<'r made from dr) and coarse material.PLATE \'II
\'lla. "Duinmeer" fmm lh<' <'ast.
Vllb. "Vc.>n" from the west, with remains of f(•rding by stamping, describing a circle
PL.\TE \'III PLATE TX
\ lllu. "Oog" (eye) with gr(•cn .1lgac. IXa. Small canal and saltpan~ at Oranje Pan.
PLATE X
X. Ephydra {.!rctCiils: I. larva; 2. pupae; 3. t•mpt) puparia.
Xfa. Flamingo bill. - The ridges of tlw filter and the spines on the tongue C<\n he ~t·<•n.
PLATE X£
PL.\TE :.\11 PL \TE Xlll
~'.!Ia. Stretched altitude "ith and without wing spreading.
XJHa. .W.-colony.
PL.\TE XIY PL.\TE XV
Xl\'a. Hatching. X\'a. An t'xcept10nal clutch of 2 eggs.
PL\TE .\\'I
~ .,.
. .
\. .
-...
~ ·., 0•
;·--·
·';.···-
--- .
\
'\ ....
..
.~-X\.la. Alarm: a cumpacl gwup of pullets is lt·~wing the colon), tlw larp,<•st at the fronl and tlw 'mall pullcts in tlw •t•ar.
PL.\ TE X\'JI
·~
.'\\'11(1, Escaping ).(roup
or
pullt'lS ol the same a~t·.PLATE X\"IU
X\'llla. Juvenile, about 6 months old.
X VI lib. Pullet. about 10 days old.
PL \TE '\IX
XIXa-d. "\\ illtlll\00).( . -a: bathing and prt•t•tung; 1>: drinking. "-ith tlw cltar.lclenstic
••
PL \TE XX
_ r:;:. ..
. .
. -...:.
- - . ... ·
-XX. Departure for migration ncar Oranje Pan. - Salt heaps and old ractory buildings in the background.
26 Studies on the Fauna of Cump10 and other Caribbean Islands, Vol. XIII.
(April 1962) . . . . . . . . . . . • . I 9.-27 Studies on the Fauna of Suriname tmd other Guyanas, Vol IV. (:\larch
1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 9.-28 Studies on the Fauna of Surinmne and other Guyanas, \'ol. V. (Dec. 1962)
[Jan. 1963) . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 9.-29 Studies on the Fauna of Cururao and other Caribb(!(Jn Islands, Vol. XIV.
(April 1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114.-30 Studie~ 011 the z;atma of Curt~rao mtd other Caribbean Islands, Vol. XV. ,.
(:\tar 1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 14.-31 Studies Oil Ow Fauna of Curarao und other Caribbean Islands, Vol. XVI.
(Sept. 1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 8.-32 Studies 011 the Fauna of Suriname and other Guyanas, Vol. VI. (Sept.
1963) . . . . . . I 7.-33 Studies on tlw Fauna of Curarao and other Caribbean lswnds, Vol XVII.
(Oct. 1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 9.-34 Studies on the .Fauna of Cura~ao and other Caribbean Islands, Vol. XVlll.
(Dec. 196.'3) . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . I 9.-35 Studies on the Fcwna of Cumrao and other Caribbean Islands, Vol. X'IX.
(Dec. 196.'3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 9.-36 Flora of tire Setlwrland.v ,\ntilics, Part II: Typhaceae, Cyperaceae,
Grnmineal'. (Oct. 196.'3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 8.-31 Studies 011 tire Fauna of Suriname ancl other Guyanas, VoL VII. (April
1964) . . . . . . . . 1 9.-38 Studies 011 the Fauna of Cumrao and other Caribbean Islands, VoL X.'{.
(Sept. 1964) . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 9.-39 Studie~ Oil the Fauna of Crmi('(IO and other Caribbean lswnds, Vol. XX.I.
(Dec. 19fl4) . • . . . . . . . . . . . . /10.-40 Studies on tltc Farma of Curarao ami otlrer Caribbean Islands, Vol. XXll.
(june 19Ci5) . . . . . . . . • . . I 14.-41 J. Roo1-H, The Flamingos on Bonaire (Dec. 1965) . . . . . . . . .