METODOLOGIE EN PROSEDURES
3.7 ETIESE OPTREDE
3.8.2 Onderhoude en deelnemende waarneming (kwalitatiewe data)
Die verwerking van kwalitatiewe data is volgens De Vos (2005b:333) die proses waar aan 'n massa ingesamelde inligting struktuur en betekenis gegee word. Gedurende elke onderhoud is van 'n bandopnemer gebruik gemaak om data op te neem. In vergelyking met notas is die data wat opgeneem word gedurende onderhoude soveei meer omvangryker deur gebruik te maak van Vi bandopnemer (Smith et al., 1995:17). Dit gee ook die navorser die geleentheid om meer te konsentreer op die verloop van die onderhoud (Greeff, 2005:296). Ten einde treffende en algemene tendense vas te vang is die ingesamelde inligting van deelnemende waarneming en fokusgroep- en een-tot-een- onderhoude getranskribeer. Hierdie tendense sal verder gekategoriseer word in temas en subtemas wat met mekaar verband hou, ten einde die samehang van die totale ondersoek te kan weergee.
Vir die ontleding van kwalitatiewe data is gebruik gemaak van interpreterende data- analise (Tesch, 1990:113-123). Gedurende die proses word die teks (getikte dokumente van een-tot-een-onderhoude, fokusgroep-onderhoude en deelnemende waarneming) as'n reel ontleed ten opsigte van katagoriee, segmente, items, eenhede of temas, wat dan verder in groepe geplaas word. Tesch (1990:116) definieer suike temas as 'n gedeelte van die teks waarvan die betekenis baie bevatiik is en een idee, episode of 'n gedeelte van die inligting verteenwoordig (soos vernuwing, fisiese welstand, primitiwiteit, nederigheid, tydloosheid, alleenheid, privaatheid, vryheid van keuse, persoonlike welstand en gees- telike verryking). Die proses bestaan hoofsaaklik uit twee stappe, naamlik dekontekstuali- sering en herkontekstualisering.
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Dekontekstualisering, wat ook bekend staan as kodering, begin deur relevante gedeeltes te skei van die oorspronklike teks. Volgens De Vos (2005b:340) vind kodering hoofsaaklik plaas deur middel van oopkodering, aksiale kodering en selektiewe kodering. Kodering kan plaasvind deur gebruik te maak van afkortings, nommers of kleure. Sulke gedeeltes bestaan hoofsaaklik in die vorm van aanhalings wat georganiseer word in die vorm van temas. Aanvanklik is hierdie prosedure relatief vaag, maar soos die proses vorder, word die identifisering van relevante data meer spesifiek. Die proses herhaal homself volgens Tesch (1990:121) twee tot drie (indien nie meer) keer. Nadat kodering plaasgevind het, word alle data wat verband hou met 'n spesifieke tema in groepe geplaas. Die doel hiervan is dat die navorser op 'n aaneenlopende wyse en sonder onderbrekings verbandhoudende data kan bestudeer. Die proses staan bekend as herkontekstualisering. Uit herkontekstualisering gebeur dit dikwels dat nuwe strukture vorm, wat volgens Tesch (1990:123), in sy eenvoudigste vorm die ontstaan van subtemas is.
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