5. Conclusion and Discussion
5.3 Limitations of the case study
During this research, several limitations occurred. The first limitation is that there was no case study present that was solely classified as a country with an H institutional void level. In future research, it might be interesting to investigate a community situated in a country with only H levels of institutional voids. Secondly, no comparable case study situated in
Mozambique near an SOE to compare the Moatize community. Due to this no case study with a similar institutional void level but a different ownership structure was present. To mitigate this problem, Cuango was added as an additional case study with M/HH level of institutional void. Unfortunately, this case study did not provide a lot of documents and different
perspectives, therefore the findings are less substantial. The third limitation is that the articles
75
from Angola, Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of Congo had to be translated from
Portuguese and French to English. These articles were translated with the automatic function
of Google translate which can be used as a valid translating tool (Patil, & Davies, 2014). Patil
and Davies (2014) verified whether translations by Google translate were trustworthy by
comparing medical files that were translated with Google translate and translations produced
by official translators. Even though some errors occurred, they concluded that Google
translate poses a cost-effective solution when translations are acquired (Patil, & Davies,
2014). Lastly, the documents show many different biases. These are the company biases with
their sustainability reports and websites, the community bias from the Community Monitors
database and the NGO bias with reports. Also, the newspaper articles presented a bias,
because in some countries the newspapers were state-owned. Nevertheless, all the documents
were included to collect all the different perspectives and statements in order to develop the
most comprehensive overview.
76
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Appendices
Appendix A: Influence Tactics Community Monitors’ Database
Influence tactics / Community
Sakania Community
Ruashi Community
Kansanshi Community
Chiadzwa Community
incl. Arda Transau
Sefikile Community
Ga-Mampa Community
Moatize Community
Cuango Community
Institutional void level M/HH M/HH M M L L HH/M M/HH
POE/SOE POE SOE POE SOE POE SOE POE SOE
Articles / Media Community
Monitor's database 31 37 34 73 30 32 55 7
Containing Influence tactics 18 24 14 51 11 25 35 1
Direct Usage & Negotiation tactics
Partnerships 1 3 9 53 1 7 27
Partnerships initiated by the
enterprise 2
Multi-stakeholder dialogue 2 1 1 21 6 10 20 1
Directly speaking with the
enterprise 1 1 4 5 2 7
Making proposals such as land for land, company
stocks, infrastructure 2 2
Negotiating for cash, including payments and
salaries 1 5
Proposing compromises win-win
Reaching settlements out of
court: initiation of projects 1 1 5
Reaching settlements out of
court: no projects 1 1 1
Initiation of developmental projects, directly by the
enterprise. 5 1 1 4 2 3
Developmental project initiated by company, but
results are not as expected 9 5 4 20 5 1 10 1
Indirect Usage &
Negotiation tactics
Letter-writing campaign 1 5
Shareholder resolution Training / educating the community, not initiated by
the enterprise 1 11 2 2 3 1
Direct Withholding &
Resistance Tactics
Blockade 2
Reports of violence between community members and security guards of mining
enterprises and the police 4 14 6 3
84
Indirect Withholding &
Resistance tactics
Boycott
Litigation: suing the
company or court 1
Lobbying: targeting government officials / authorities / traditional
leaders 2 1 5 3 5 3
Pressuring firms through the
media 2 4 4
Rejecting / Revoking
agreements 1
Communication Strategies
Protest 5 4 2
Blockade 1
Report production: raise
awareness 8 16 8 11 1 5 5
Report production: official
not by the enterprise 3 1 1 2 1 3 4
Report production: official
by the enterprise 1
Shareholder resolution
Total 31 36 29 160 28 48 109 3
85 Appendix B: Influence Tactics Community Monitors’ Database & Additional
Documents
Influence tactics / Community
Sakania Community
Ruashi Community
Kansanshi Community
Chiadzwa Community
incl. Arda Transau
Sefikile Community
Ga-Mampa Community
Moatize Community
Cuango Community
Institutional void level M/HH M/HH M M L L HH/M M/HH
POE/SOE POE SOE POE SOE POE SOE POE SOE
Articles / Media Community
Monitor's database 31 37 34 73 30 32 55 7
Containing Influence tactics 18 24 14 51 11 25 35 1
Additional documents
Company Websites 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 0
- Reports from Company
websites 3 0 13 1 0 0 4 0
Reports (produced by NGOs) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
Newspaper articles 2 3 3 24 1 2 21 3
Google search 0 0 0
Minesandcommunities.org 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0
Possible legal documents of
litigation 0 0 2 1 0 0 0
Containing Influence tactics 6 3 16 28 1 4 3 1
Direct Usage & Negotiation tactics
Partnerships 3 5 10 66 1 16 31 2
Partnerships initiated by the
enterprise 1 2 2 2 7
Multi-stakeholder dialogue 2 1 5 27 6 10 29 2
Directly speaking with the
enterprise 2 1 1 4 5 2 9
Making proposals such as land for land, company stocks,
infrastructure 1 4 3 4
Negotiating for cash, including payments and
salaries 1 1 2 7
Proposing compromises
win-win 2
Reaching settlements out of
court: initiation of projects 1 1 2 5
Reaching settlements out of
court: no project 1 1 1 1
Initiation of developmental projects, directly by the
enterprise. 14 1 12 15 4 14
Developmental projects initiated by company, but
results are not as expected 9 5 10 25 5 1 11 1
Indirect Usage & Negotiation tactics
86
Letter-writing campaign 1 1 5
Shareholder resolution Training / educating the community, not initiated by
the enterprise 1 11 2 2 4 1
Direct Withholding &
Resistance Tactics
Blockade 2
Reports of violence between community members and security guards of mining
enterprises and the police 5 1 21 11 4
Indirect Withholding &
Resistance tactics
Boycott
Litigation: suing the company
or community in court 2 1
Lobbying: targeting government officials /
authorities / traditional leaders 2 1 7 3 5 4
Pressuring firms through the
media 2 5 4
Rejecting / Revoking
agreements 1 2
Communication Strategies
Protest 1 7 5 8
Blockade 1
Report production: raise
awareness 13 17 8 14 1 7 7
Report production: official not
by the enterprise 4 3 3 6 1 7 7
Report production: official by
the enterprise 3 1 3
Shareholder resolution
Total 55 42 57 226 32 72 167 6
87 Appendix C1: Sefikile Community Monitors
Quote Influence tactics used Corresponding
Codes
References
Last year early October we met with the mine as our discussions were unfolding to fruitful results and some of the agreed projects came along the discussions and commitments were made and how the projects will be done with time frames on each project. ... Makuka Secondary School Ablution Toilet is doing just fine and it’s about to be finished at any day from this month of ... Monitoring of the project is done by the Mine and the community office (us community leaders) working hands in hands with the community at large.
Meeting directly between community activists and the mine took place. The community is satisfied with the project and how it is monitored.
Multi-stakeholder dialogue / Directly speaking with the enterprise / Initiation of developmental projects, directly by the enterprise
Thsabala, 2020, One of our success stories
Sefikile Village Moses Kotane Local Municipality ... We have not received our certificate from Department of Social Development but we have been having meetings and when it comes to developing youth and children, our community is very supportive.
Meetings between community activists andthe Department of Social Development.
Multi-stakeholder dialogue
Mogobye, 2020, Community Action – We have a plan for our Youth
The board of the Lekgotla had a conference call with the Anglo Platinum mine at Amadabuilt due the food parcels. ... We then said to him (Matome) everything regarding the Sefikile community should be discussed with our spokesperson and the Bakgatla Ba Kgafela (BBK) Administrator since the commission report was released. We made an agreement that we are going to have another conference call on the 21/05/2020 … He (Matome) then agreed to that and we wrote the letter to the BBK
Administrator to write to Matome and direct him to our spokesperson and tell him (Matome) that anything regarding the Sefikile community should be discussed with the Sefikile board of Lekgotla and we agreed and wrote to the BBK Administrator.
Two conference calls with the mine took place, discussions among Sefikile community and a letter was written to the BBK administrator.
2x Directly speaking with the enterprise / Multi-stakeholder dialogue / Letter-writing campaign
Thsabala, 2020, Anglo Platinum Mine at
Amadabuilt agrees to talk directly with the Sefikile Community
I started Bench Mark Foundation Activists course in June 2019.
... We did our further investigations and interviewed some few villagers who expressed their pain of being in a risk, not just on cracked houses but their health as well is being put at risk, the following are some of the concerns from the few villagers that we interviewed ... This is what we did as Activists: -We approached relevant people. -Checked on affected communities regularly so that they don’t lose hope on us. -Asked affected communities to take pictures after every blasting. -Alerted the village leaders about this problem and our activism course. We also alerted the ward councillor … Solution-: After thorough investigation to the mine and from the affected houses in this community, decision would be taken from there because the mine made false excuses which favoured them, so I believe that we as activists would find closure. The community also needs a workshop regarding this so that they know how to handle this situation to avoid further damage in their houses because climate change is also a problem.
The community works together with the Bench Mark Foundation. One workshop for already existing community activists took place and they are planning to facilitate other workshops. They tried to engage with the community in order to conduct an
investigation.
Partnership / Multi-stakeholder dialogue / 2x Training / educating the community, not initiated by the enterprise / Report production: official not by the enterprise
Mogobye, 2020, Activists Training – My investigation on cracked houses from Mining
The problem faced by the community of Sefikile village is cracked houses as a résult of blasting from the mine- Anglo Platinum Union Mine that is now called Siyanda Bakgatla Platinum Mine. ... The community is aware of the problem and have taken it up with the Deputy Minister of DMR last year.
Trying to raise awareness for the problems caused by explosions. This is done by contacting the Deputy Minister of DMR.
Report production:
raise awareness / Lobbying: targeting government officials / authorities / traditional leaders
Magobye, 2019, Cracked houses
88
In 2010 Anglo Platinum Union Mine that is today called Siyanda Bakgatla Platinum Mine built a Maths and Science lab.
The lab that they presented in their SLP is different compared to the one they have built. The one that they have built has old furniture inside. What they have presented in their SLP to the DMR is different. … The mine promised to do side visits on both primary school and the high school. On the 30th of July we went to do the sides visits as promised and made a time table and the time frame on when the maths and science lab should be finished and the mine agreed to our terms.
The lab built is different than presented in the SLP.
A new plan is agreed on, in order to finish the lab as promised.
Developmental projects initiated by the company, but results are not as expected / Initiation of developmental projects, directly by the enterprise
Thsabalala, 2019, Maths and Science Lab
The mine placed the billboards saying that this internal road is maintained by Anglo Platinum but the road has never been maintained. The condition of the road is not satisfying at all. It is very dusty, a lot of potholes and very muddy at rainy times. The community is complaining of because the mine has placed the billboards saying that they are maintaining it why is it in that condition. ... When the community started asking questions about the billboards that the mine placed they removed them without the knowledge of the community. ... We then again arranged the meeting with the General Manager and the CED manager Miss Gontse Sekudu they replied our email the day we were supposed to meet but we still went to try and meet with them and the message we got is that they went to East London.
And as for now we still want to meet with the mine to discuss how they should help the municipality on making the road right. The municipality agreed to help us but has fewer resources so what we want is the mine to help the municipality with the resources. As for in the coming future we want the mine to keep their promises when it comes to maintaining the road.
Main problem is the bad state of the roads due to mining.
Promises were made to improve the roads, which were not kept according to the community. The community tries to meet with the enterprise, until now unsuccessfully.
Municipality says to help the community to meet with the mine.
Developmental project initiated by the company, but results are not as expected / Multi-stakeholder dialogue / Lobbying:
targeting
government officials / authorities / traditional leaders
Thsabalala, 2018, Anglo puts billboards that they maintaining roads when questioned because the roads are in poor conditions they remove the billboards
The mine built the clinic for the community which is good for the community. ... Then Chief Mr Nnyalala said that the clinic will have 2 ambulances, will work 24 hours, will have a professional doctor and qualified nurses and but none of that has happened. The clinic is short staffed, no doctor, it is not working 24 hours as it should and no ambulances as promised. ... We as the community say that justice should be served to Sefikile community by those who wronged them and do the right things and also by ones who wronged the Sefikile community.
Promised duties should be delivered to Sefikile
community. The clinic should work 24 hours, professional doctor, 2 ambulances that were promised, professional nurses as promised for the benefit of the whole community of Sefikile.
Blog post about the failed project concerning the clinic in Sefikile village.
Developmental project initiated by the company, but results are not as expected
Thsabalala, 2018, Clinic built and promises made but there experienced by the community of Sefikile
On the 27 Monday I went to the mine as I was supposed to be there to collect the SLP documents ... Mine police were and a mine police official wanted to cause a scene but I did let him if that’s how they handle their problems then it means he has the wrong person. I made my self clear and told everyone who was there that am not going anywhere without those documents and I ended up getting those documents even they are not all.
An activist went to the mine to collect SLP documents.
Directly speaking with the enterprise
Tshabalala, 2018, Mine police harassment when requesting mine SLP
The last recruitment was made in 2012. According to the senior HR manager, the mine has to hire 15 people in our community every quarter in 1 year. That is what the mine has to do every year but is not doing that. That means the mine has to hire 45 people in a year. ... S L P: Social Labour Plan Since the mining took place it has never done anything for us in terms of SLP. The mining started in 1946 and they only built clinic and community center in 2014. The problem that we are facing with the mine is the fact that, the mining company is hiding the SLP documents and take decisions for us about what we want without asking us the mine hosting
The mine is obligated to hire local
employees, this has not happened since 2012.
Overall, the mine does not follow the Social Labour Plan, according to the community.
2x Developmental project initiated by the company, but results are not as expected
Tshabalala, 2018, Priority issues of Sefikile village