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herverdelings beleid vaak in de weg

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GLoBaLiserinG: waar BLiJft de MoraaL? (deeL 2)

Ingo Venzke Juridische keuzes bepalen de verdeling van macht en welvaart wereldwijd

inspiratie dienen als alternatief praktijkvoor­ beeld. Met haar tripartiete besluitvormings­ mechanisme geeft de IAO een stem aan verte­ genwoordigers van regeringen, werkgevers en werknemers. Als ook werkgevers en werk­ nemers aan de onderhandelingstafel van in­ ternationale economische verdragen aan­

schuiven, zouden er waarschijnlijk heel andere belangenafwegingen gemaakt wor­ den en zouden de scheidslijnen tussen ar beid en kapitaal minstens even sterk zijn als tus­ sen verschillende landen.

Vertaling uit het Engels door Asaf Lahat.

Noten

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Macht, Suhrkamp, Berlijn 2005, pp. 171­185, p. 183. 2 Horkheimer, M., Traditional

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3 Marks, S., ‘False Contingency’,

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4 Mouffe, C., Agonistics:

Thin-king the World Politically, Ver­ so, Londen: 2013.

5 Bernstorff, J. von, ‘Authority Monism in International Organisations: A Historical Sketch’, in: J. Mendes & I. Venz­ ke (red.), Allocating Authority, Hart, Oxford, pp. 99­114. 6 Venzke, I., ‘An Extended Criti­

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Debacles: Illusions and Failures in the History of International Adjudication, Oxford Univer­ sity Press, Oxford 2018, in verschijning.

7 Kennedy, D., A Critique of

Adju-dication (fin de siècle), Har­ vard University Press, Cam­ bridge Mass. 1997; Norton, P.M., ‘The Law of the Future or a Law of the Past? Modern Tribunals and the Internatio­ nal Law of Expropriation’,

American Journal of Internatio-nal Law, 85, 1991, p. 474. 8 Texaco Overseas Petroleum

Company and California Asia­ tic Oil Company v. The Gover­ nment of the Libyan Arab Republic; Award on the Merits of 19 January 1977, 53 ILR 422, 17 ILM (1978).

9 Anghie, A., Imperialism,

Sove-reignty, and the Making of International Law, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2005.

10 GATT Panel Report, United

States—Restrictions on Imports of Tuna, DS21/R, 3 september 1991, unadopted, BISD 39S/155,

punt 5.25­5.27.

11 Leiter, A., ‘The Silent Impact of the 1917 Revolutions on Inter­ national Investment Law’, ESIL Reflection, 6(10), 2017. 12 Sapphire International Petro­

leums Ltd. v National Iranian Oil Company, Award, 15 maart 1963, (1963) 35 ILR 136, punt 175­6.

13 Texaco Overseas Petroleum Company and California Asia­ tic Oil Company v. The Gover­ nment of the Libyan Arab Republic; Award on the Merits of 19 January 1977, 53 ILR 422, 17 ILM (1978), punt 45. 14 Weil, P., ‘The State, the Foreign

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15 Bevir, M., ‘What is Genealo­ gy?’, Journal of the Philosophy

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16 Gardner, R.N.,

17 Toye, R., ‘The International Trade Organization’, in: M. Daunton, A. Narlikar, & R. M. Stern (red.). The Oxford

Hand-book on the World Trade Orga-nization, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2012, p. 95. 18 Wilcox, C., ‘The Promise of the

World Trade Charter’, Foreign

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La Charte de La Havane, 1999. 20 Schrijver, N., Permanent

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21 UN GA Res. 1785 (XVII 1962, na de aanbeveling van ECOSOC, Res. 917 (XXXIV).

22 ‘Joint Declaration of the Se­ venty­Seven Countries’, uitge­ geven door UNCTAD op 15 juni 1964 (www.g77.org). Bed­ jaoui, M., ‘Non­alignement et droit international’, Recueil

des Cours, 1976, 151(III), p. 337; Toye, J., ‘Assessing the G77: 50 Years After UNCTAD and 40 Years After the NIEO’, Third

World Quarterly, 2014, 35(10), p. 1759.

23 Sacerdoti, G., ‘New Internatio­ nal Economic Order (NIEO)’, in: R. Wolfrum (red.), Max

Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Oxford

University Press, Oxford 2011; Anghie, A., ‘Legal Aspects of the New International Econo­ mic Order. Humanity: An International Journal of Hu­ man Rights’,

Humanitarian-ism, and Development, 2015, 6(1), p 145.

24 Sauvant, K.P., ‘The Negotiati­ ons of the United Nations Code of Conduct on Transna­ tional Corporations’, Journal

of World Investment & Trade,

2015, 16, pp. 11­87; Bair, J., ‘Cor­ porations at the United Nati­ ons: Echoes of the New Inter­ national Economic Order? Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights’,

Humanitarianism, and Deve-lopment, 2015, 6(1), pp. 159­171. 25 A/RES/3201(S­VI) (actiepro­

gramma) and A/RES/3202(S­ VI) (Declaration), beide aan­ genomen op 1 mei 1974. 26 Geciteerd in Meagher, R.F., An

International Redistribution of Wealth and Power: A Study of the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, Perga­ mon, New York 1979, p. 3. 27 CERDS: Charter of Economic

Rights and Duties of States (Handvest van de economi­ sche rechten en plichten van staten); A/RES/29/3281(XXIX), aangenomen op 12 december 1974.

28 A/PV.2315 en Corr. 1, punt 47. 29 Pahuja, S., Decolonizing

Inter-national Law: Development, Economic Growth and the Poli-tics of Universality, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2011; Venzke, I., ‘An Extended Critique of International Investment Arbitration’, in: L. Gradoni & H. Ruiz­Fabri (red.),

Debacles: Illusions and Failures in the History of International Adjudication, Oxford Univer­ sity Press, Oxford 2018. 30 A/PV.2315 en Corr. 1, punt 130. 31 Broches, A., ‘The Convention on the Settlement of Invest­ ment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States’,

Recueil des Cours, 136, 1972, p. 343.

32 Idem, p. 345.

33 Özsu, U., ‘Neoliberalism and the New International Econo­ mic Order: A History of ‘Con­ temporary Legal Thought’’, in: C. L. Tomlins & J. Desautels­ Stein (red.), In Search of

Con-temporary Legal Thought, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2017.

34 Geciteerd in: Moyn, S., ‘Justice Delayed: The Political Origins and Uncertain Future of Glo­ bal Justice’, ABC Religion and

Ethics, 2016 (www.abc.net.au/ religion/articles/2016/01/ 27/ 4395512.htm, 26 maart 2017).

35 Zie ook: Sabel, C. & Zeitlin, J., ‘Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics, Markets and Technology in Nineteenth­Century Industri­ alization’, Past and Present, 108, 1985, pp. 161­162. 36 Honneth, A., Die Idee des

Sozi-alismus, Surhkamp, Berlin 2016, p. 114; Wright, E.O.,

Envi-sioning Real Utopias, Verso, Londen 2010.

37 Bernstorff, J. von & Dann, P. eds., The Battle for

Internatio-nal Law in the Decolonization Era, Oxford University Press, Oxford 2018, te verschijnen. 38 Artikel 140 en 144 UNCLOS. 39 Zie ook de klassieker Wal­

lerstein, I., Historical

Capita-lism: With Capitalist Civiliza-tion, Verso, Londen 1983. 40 Juma, C., How the EU starves

Africa into submission, 2016. 41 Hoegen, M., High duties keep

food imports from poor coun-tries out of Europe, 2010 (www. dw.com/en/high­duties­keep­ food­imports­from­poor­ countries­out­of­ europe/a­5127705).

42 Rodrik, D., The Globalization

Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy, Norton, New York 2012, p. 57.

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