Various exercises, all representing relevant parts of a possible military mission, each have their effect on the protection factor of a respirator. Even with the inaccuracy of the method taken into account it can be stated that for experienced mask users the
protection offered by full face masks, in some cases, is insufficient for adequate protection. During the standard protocol crawling and running appeared to yield the lowest protection values.
Breathing rates, recoil of the rifle and sweat each contribute to a decrease of the protection factor. It is not possible yet to correlate each contribution to a reduction of the protection factor. Hence a prediction of a situation in which a mask fails is yet not possible.
Adding a blower to the mask, results in a clearly improved numbers for pressure.
However for the single successful experiment this did not result in a higher average protection value. Clearly additional experiments are needed.
During the trials average minute volumes up to 100 I/minute were found. The large breathing volume but also the severe movement of the mask and the sweating of the soldiers indicate that the current NATO standard and in service equipment need to be evaluated.
During the recording of the baseline pattern, speech and the first part of the heavy breathing exercise, particles are generated by the test-subject. Since this gives rise to artificially lowering of the protection factor, at least speech should not be included in the standard Portacount test protocol.
TNO report I DV2 2005-AI51 34/34
11 Signature
Rijswijk, March 2005 TNO Defence, Security and Safety
Dr. S. van der Gijp L.A.W.M. Steenweg
Group leader/Author Author
B. Nijboer Author
TNO report I DV2 2005-A 15 1 Appendix A I I/I
A Calibration Pressure Sensor
300
250 * Maximum flow w minuutvolume 200
' 150
100
50
0
20 520 1020 1520 2020 2520 3020 3520
Pressure difference
Figure A. I Calibration lines for maximum and minute volume as measured for the old system. Data was generated on a dummy head using a breathing machine.
TNO report I DV2 2005-A 15 1 Appendix B 11/1l
B Longmoore: Baseline
3500 100000
3000
4)E
> 2500 -"f1
10000 LL
00 200
1500
1000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (s)
- Pressure a x y -#;-PF
Figure B. I Baseline recording on UK soldier Andy, left axis shows pressure and movemnent, right axis protection factor (light blue line).
TNO report I DV2 2005-AI5 I Appendix C 11/1
C Long Moore: Run with shooting
2600 __ -100000
2400 1
10000
2200 -- -... ~ --.--- 10
E 2000
0 100 M
E 1800 a.
F 10
1600 •1
1400 1
1200 0.1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
time (s)
-x--y PF
Figure C.I Protection Factor and movement during a run of Angus with shooting. running and crawling.
TNO report I DV2 2005-A 15 1 Appendix D I/!
D Long Moore: Second simulation run
4000. 100000
3500Pressure
30 - Protection factor
3000 10000
2500
= 2000 1000 C0
15002 0..
1000 100
500
0 10
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
time (s)
Figure D.I Pressure and protection factor measured during the Long Moore trial with Angus. During this exercise the soldier simulated shooting and walked, kneeled and crawled through the field.
TNO reportI DV2 2005-AI5 I Appendix E i1/1
E Long Moor: Particles created by shooting
1000000 2400
100000 2200
10000 2000
E 1000..o
4)1800 E
101
10001
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Time (s)
-X -y Counts mask
Figure E. I Results of the Long Moore field trial. Clearly visible are the sharps x and y signals, which represents shots. Sometimes the ambient air particles concentration, which is monitored at some distance, increases after a shot but not always.
TNO report I DV2 2005-A 15 I Appendix F I I/1
F Porton Down: concentration particles during digging
1000 PF 100000
- ambient
S .mask
10000
S100. 1000
0
100
10 10
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Time (s) Figure F. I Results of digging as measured with the new system.
TNO report I DV2 2005-A15 1 Appendix G 1I/I
G Porton Down: Digging (high average protection factor)
5000-- ~-____- 100000
S~---pFressure
4000
10000 3000 .0
(U
00
2000
1000 IL 1000
01000 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Time (s)
Figure G. I Protection factor and pressure during the digging exercise. Results were obtained with Aage wearing the old system.
TNO report I DV2 2005-A 15 1 Appendix HI I/I
H Porton Down: Walking and Shooting
100000 -T -.. 10000000
10000 - 1000000
0 4)
0 100000
2
C. E
1000
10000
100 1000
0 100
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Time (s)Figure H.1 Protection factor and ambient particles concentration measured during the Porton Down Field trial. Aage was walking and shooting. Shots are recognised by sharp increases in ambient air concentration.
TNO report I DV2 2005-A15 I Appendix I 11/1
I
Porton Down: Games at NBC school
100000
10000
1000
U-100
10 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
time (s)
Figure I I Protection factor measured during exercises at the NBC-School. Results were obtained with Aage wearing the new system.
TNO report I DV2 2005-A 15 I Appendix J I 113
J Leeuwarden: Standard Protocol
100000 4000
Yes No Walking Digging Shelter Crawling Jump Grenade Grenade and run
Figure J1.2 Protection factor per event: data collected at the Leeuwarden field trial; standard protocol.
TNO report DV2 2005-A 15 Appendix J12/3
3 0 0 0 0 . ... .... ... .. .. .. . .. . . ..
25000
20000
1
15000
0 10000
5000
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Breathing frequency (Brimin)
Figure J.3 Correlation graph of breathing frequency versus protection factor. Clearly no correlation is present between the two. Data is taken from data collected at the Leeuwarden field trial; standard protocol.
30000 . . . . . ...
25000
20000
.2 15000C
10000 B •
5000
U U
, , )
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Breathing volume (I/min)
Figure .. 4 Breathing volume versus protection factor. The breathing volume is the average taken one event, data collected at the Leeuwarden field trial: standard protocol. Clearly no correlation is present.
TNO report I DV2 2005-A151 Appendix J 13/3
250005
000
A U+a
difference from average movement
Figure Movement versus protection factor. The value shown is the avee d.5 ment per event minus the overall movement. Data is taken from the Leeuwarden field trial: standard protocol.
TNO report I DV2 2005-A 15 Appendix K 11/1
K Leeuwarden: Shooting in a simulator
30000 - 18000
- Protection factor
-Ambient 16000
25000
14000
20000 020 12000..
4! 10000
.o 15000
-S8000 o VLD
10000 a.0 6000
5000 4000
2000
0 0
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Time (s)
Figure K. I Results generated during the Leeuwarden trial with Gerard as volunteer. Shown in this figure are the protection factor and the ambient air concentration. The average protection factor was approximately 400 during this exercise.
ONGERUBRICEERD
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
(MOD-NL)
1. DEFENCE REPORT NO (MOD-NL) 2. RECIPIENTS ACCESSION NO 3. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
TD2005-0015 DV2 2005-A 15
4. PROJECTITASKIWORK UNIT NO 5. CONTRACT NO 6. REPORT DATE
014.15234 V015-519D March 2005
7. NUMBER OF PAGES 8. NUMBER OF REFERENCES 9. TYPE OF REPORT AND DATES COVERED
47 (inclI I1 appendices, 2 Final
excl RDP & distribution list) 10. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Respirator Field Trials
11. AUTHOR(S)
Dr. S. van der Gijp, L.A.W.M. Steenweg and B. Nijboer
12. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
TNO Defence, Security and Safety, P.O. Box 45, 2280 AA Rijswijk, The Netherlands Lange Kleiweg 137, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
13. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
LBBKL/KPU-bedrijf, P.O. Box 109, 3769 ZJ Soesterberg, The Netherlands
14. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
The classification designation Ongerubriceerd is equivalent to Unclassified.
15. ABSTRACT (MAXIMUM 200 WORDS (1044 BYTE))
In this report the results are described of three field trials. The purpose of these field trials was to measure the actual protection level of respirator during realistic NBC-exercises, like e.g. patrol and decontamination. Two field trials were conducted in the UK and one field trial in the Netherlands. In the latter special attention was given to the effect of recoil on the mask. The data show the protection offered by the Dutch FMI2 respirator is not always adequate. No correlation between specific actions and reduction in protection factors were found.
16. DESCRIPTORS IDENTIFIERS
Respirator Field Trial Protection Factor
17a.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 17b.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 17c.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
(OF REPORT) (OF PAGE) (OF ABSTRACT)
Ongerubriceerd Ongerubriceerd Ongerubriceerd
18. DISTRIBUTION AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 17d.SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
(OF TITLES
Unlimited Distribution Ongerubriceerd
ONGERUBRICEERD
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