4. Discussie
4.4 Conclusie
Sociaal buurtkapitaal is een nieuw onderzoeksterrein in de pedagogische wetenschappen en een actueel thema als het gaat om politieke maatregelen voor het verbeteren van het opgroeiklimaat van kinderen, met name in probleemwijken (Rijksoverheid, 2012b). Ondanks de bovenstaande
beperkingen draagt deze exploratieve studie bij aan inzichten in het belang van sociaal buurtkapitaal op de opvoedvaardigheden van ouders. Binnen deze steekproef van ouders die veel sociaal
buurtkapitaal ervaren en kinderen zonder een relatief moeilijk temperament, zijn er geen significante verbanden gevonden tussen sociaal buurtkapitaal, temperament van het kind en sensitiviteit van ouders. Hoewel de uitkomsten van dit onderzoek met voorzichtigheid moeten worden geïnterpreteerd heeft sociaal buurtkapitaal en temperament van het kind in relatie tot sensitiviteit voor deze groep geen hoofdeffect. Mogelijk is sociaal buurtkapitaal in relatie tot sensitiviteit met name van belang voor ouders die in probleemwijken wonen, en heeft sociaal buurtkapitaal in relatie tot sensitiviteit een indirecte of gecombineerde rol. De uitkomsten uit deze studie in combinatie met de lage correlaties van Kohen et al. (2008) en de gecombineerde en indirecte verbanden van Drukker (2004) geven weer dat het belang van sociaal buurtkapitaal met name gezocht dient te worden in een groter model met gecombineerde en indirecte relaties voor subgroepen ouders of kinderen.
Referenties
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Bell, S. M., & Stayton, D. F. (1974). Infant-mother attachment and social
development: Socialization as a product of reciprocal responsiveness to signals. In M. P.
Richards (Ed.), The integration of a child into a social world (pp. 99–135). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A
psychological study of the Strange Situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Alink, L. R. A., Mesman, J., Van Zeijl, J., Stolk, M. N., Juffer, F., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., …Koot, H. M. (2009). Maternal sensitivity moderates the relation between negative discipline and aggression in early childhood. Social Development, 18, 99-120. doi: 10.1111/j.1467- 9507.2008.00478.x
Appleyard, K., Egeland, B., & Sroufe, L. A. (2007). Direct social support for young high risk children: Relations with behavioral and emotional outcomes across time. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 35, 443-457. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9102-y
Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta- analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological
Bulletin, 129, 195–215. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195
Bates, J. E., Benett Freeland, C. A., & Lounsbury, M. L. (1979). Measurement of infant difficultness.
Child Development, 50, 794-803.
Bates, J. E. (1989). Applications of temperament concepts. In Kohnstamm, G. A., Bates, J. E., & Rothbart, M. K. (Eds.), Temperament in Childhood (pp. 321-355). West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Bates, J. E., Wachs, T. D., & Emde, R. N. (1994). Toward practical uses for biological concepts of temperament. In Bates, J. E., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.), Temperament, individual differences at
the interface of biology and behavior (pp. 275-306). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Belsky, J. (1997a). Theory testing, effect-size evaluation, and differential susceptibility to rearing influence: The case of mothering and attachment. Child Development, 64, 598-600.
Belsky, J. (1997b). Variation in susceptibility to environmental influence: An evolutionary argument.
Psychological Inquiry, 8, 182–186. doi: 10.1207/s15327965pli0803_3
Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). For better and for worse, differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in Psychological
Science, 16, 300-304. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x
38
Boyce, W. T., Chesney, M., Alkon–Leonard, A., Tschann, J., Adams, S., Chesterman, B., …Wara, D. (1995). Psychobiologic reactivity to stress and childhood respiratory illnesses: Results of two prospective studies. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 411– 422.
Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary– developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and
Psychopathology, 17, 271–301. doi: 10.10170S0954579405050145
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Cochran, M. M., & Brassard, J. A. (1979). Child development and personal social networks.
Child Development, 50, 601-616.
Crnic, K. A., Greenberg, M. T, Ragozin, A. S., Robinson, N. M., & Basham, R. B. (1983). Effects of stress and social support on mothers and premature and full-term infants.
Child Development, 54, 209-217.
Crockenberg, S. B. (1981). Infant irritability, mother responsiveness, and social support influences on the security of infant-mother attachment. Child Development, 52, 857-865.
Deater-Deckard, K., Ivy, L., & Petrill, S. A. (2006). Maternal warmth moderates the link between physical punishment and child externalizing problems: A parent-offspring behavior genetic analysis. Parenting. Science and Practice, 6, 59-78.
De Wolff, M. S., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: a meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68, 571-591.
Drukker, M., Kaplan, C., Feron, F. J. M., & Van Os, J. (2003). Children's health related quality of life, neighbourhood socio-economic deprivation and social capital. A contextual analysis. Social
Science and Medicine, 57, 825-841.
Drukker, M. (2004). The neighbourhood matters, the neighbourhood social environment and differences in self-reported quality of life and mental health (Proefschrift Universiteit Maastricht, 2004). Maastricht, Nederland: Datawyse, Universitaire Pers Maastricht.
Drukker, M., Kaplan, C., Schneiders, J., Feron, F., & Van Os, J. (2006). The wider social environment and changes in self-reported quality of life in the transition from late childhood to early adolescence: A cohort study. BMC Public Health, 6, 1-11. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-133 Egeland, B., Erickson, M. F., Clemenhagen-Moon, J. C., Hiester, M. K., & Korfmacher, J. (1990). 24
Months tools coding manual. Project STEEP revised 1990 from mother– child project scales.
Unpublished manuscript, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
Ellis, B. J., Boyce, W. T., Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential susceptibility to the environment: an evolutionary-neurodevelopmental theory.
Furstenberg, F. F. J. (1993). How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods. In W. J. Wilson (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 231-258). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Goldstein, L. H., Diener, M. L., & Mangelsdorf, S. C. (1996). Maternal characteristics and social support across the transition to motherhood: associations with maternal behavior. Journal of
Family Psychology, 10, 60–71.
Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. P., Lochner, K., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1491-1498.
Kivijärvi, M., Räiha, H., Virtanen, S., Lertola, K., & Piha, J. (2004). Maternal sensitivity behavior and infant crying, fussing and contented behavior: The effects of mother’s experienced social support. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 45, 239-246.
Kohen, D. E., Leventhal, T., Dahinten, V. S., & McIntosh, C. N. (2008). Neighborhood
disadvantage: Pathways of effects for young children. Child Development, 79, 156-169. Kohnstamm, G. A. (1984, April). Bates’ infant characteristics questionnaire (ICQ) in the
Netherlands. Paper presented at the fourth biennial International Conference on Infant
Studies, New York, NY.
Marlet, G., Poort, J., & Woerkens, C. van (2009). De baat op straat, het effect van de investeringen van woningcorporaties op overlast, onveiligheid en verloedering in de buurt. Atlas voor gemeenten, Utrecht, Nederland.
McKenzie, K., Whitley, R., & Weich, S. (2002). Social capital and mental health. The British
Journal of Psychiatry, 181, 280-283.
Muller-Nix, C., Forcada-Guex, M., Pierrehumbert, B., Jaunin, L., Borghini, A., & Ansermet, F. (2004). Prematurity, maternal stress and mother-child interactions. Early Human
Development, 79, 145-158. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.05.002
NICHD Early Childcare Research Network (2004). Affect dysregulation in the mother-child relationship in the toddler years: Antecedents and consequences. Development and Psychopathology, 16, 43-68.
O’Brien Caughy, M. Patricia J. O’Campo, P. J., & Muntaner, C. (2003). When being alone might be better: Neighborhood poverty, social capital, and child mental health. Social Science &
Medicine, 57, 227-237.
Raad voor Maatschappelijke Ontwikkeling & Raad voor de Volksgezondheid en Zorg (2009).
Investeren rondom kinderen. Den Haag, Nederland: RMO & RVZ. Verkregen van
http://www.rvz.net/publicaties/bekijk/investeren-rondom-kinderen Rijksoverheid (2012a). Aandachtswijken. Verkregen van
40
Rijksoverheid (2012b). Prestatievelden in de WMO. Verkregen van
http://www.invoeringwmo.nl/onderwerpen/prestatievelden-de-wmo.
Rothbart, M. K., & Bates, J. E. (1998). Temperament. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3, Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 105-176). New York, NY: Wiley.
Sampson, R. J. (1997). Collective regulation of adolescent misbehavior: Validation results from eighty Chicago neighborhoods. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 227-244.
doi:10.1177/0743554897122005
Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: a multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924. doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.918
Van den Boom, D. C. (1994). The influence of temperament and mothering on attachment and exploration: An experimental manipulation of sensitive responsiveness among lower-class mothers with irritable infants. Child Development, 65, 1457-1477.
Van den Boom, D. C., & Hoeksma, J. (1994). The effect of infant irritability on mother-infant interaction: A growth curve analysis. Developmetnal Psychology, 30, 581-590. Van Zeijl, J., Mesman, J., Stolk, M. N., Alink, L. R. A., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-
Kranenburg, M. J., …Koot, H. M. (2007). Differential susceptibility to discipline: The moderating effect of child temperament on the association between maternal discipline and early externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 626–636. doi: 10.1037/0893- 3200.21.4.626
Weinfield, N. S., Sroufe, L. A., Egeland, B., & Carlson, E. A. (1999). The nature of individual
differences in infant-caregiver attachment. In J. Cassidy, & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of
attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 68–88). NewYork, NY: The Guilford Press.
Werner, C. D. (2010). Kinderen in het Centrum: Verbetering van kwaliteit van kindercentra in achterstandswijken (Onderzoeksvoorstel, Universiteit Leiden). Leiden, Nederland: auteur.