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Appendix 1: Translation definitions
The following definitions, from chapter one, are loosely translated.
1898
Mulatto: person that is born out of a white man and negro, or of a white woman and a negro. Also person coming from a mulatto and a white person.
2017
Mulatto: half blood with mixed ancestry, black and white.
Mulatto: Offspring of a black and white parent. Today many people experience this term as outdated and derogatory. They use the less specific word mixed, to describe children of parents having a different ethnic background.
Appendix 2: General information interlocutors
First Generation Black-White Biracial (23):
Female (16) Male (7) Ages: 19 (1) 20-30 (19) 50+ (3) Nationalities: Surinamese - NL (10) Ghana - NL (3) Curaçaoan - NL (2) Cape Verdean - NL (1) Sierra Leone - NL (1) Guinean - Dutch (1) Guyanese - Dutch (1) Zimbabwean - Dutch (1) Brazilian - Dutch (1) Aruban - ? (1) African-American - Belgian (1) Living in Amsterdam (20) Living in Rotterdam (2) Living in Amersfoort (1) Grew up in NL (22) Grew up outside of NL (1) Speak Dutch (23)
Speak a Pan-African language (3) Wanted to be White as a child (13) Parents talked to them about race (6) Parents did not talk to them about race (17)
Feel at home in the Netherlands (1) Don’t feel at home in the Netherlands (22) Went to country of Black parent (16)
Did not go the the country of Black parent (4) Search for their black side - All (23)
Denied their blackness at some point (5) which led to psychological stress
Having black mothers + white Fathers (7) Having white mothers + black fathers (15) Were adopted (1)
Are Parents (5):
Mothers (4), Fathers (1)
Appendix 3: Details individuals
The following is an alphabetical list of information about each of the twenty-three interlocutors. Those that want to remain anonymous have been given names that refer to colours. I choose colours because my topic is race related, the colour of their skin mattering to the society they inhabit. The colours are absurd which is also a critic on the social
construction of race. Aisha
Sierra-Leonean-Dutch, female, twenties Amanda
Aruban-?, female, twenties Anique
Surinamese-Dutch, female, fifties Azul
Ghanaian-Dutch, female, twenties Djata
Ghanaian-Dutch, male, twenties Etchica
Surinamese-Dutch, female, fifties Friderika
Cape-Verdean-Hungarian, female, twenties Grey
Ghanaian-Belgian, male, twenties Iris
Surinamese-Dutch, female, twenties Jahkini
Guyanese-Dutch, female, nine-teen Kevin
Surinamese-Dutch, male, twenties Latiffah
Guinean-Dutch, female, twenties
Lila
Surinamese-Dutch, female, twenties Maringo
Curaçaoan-Dutch, male, twenties Melanta
Curaçaoan-Dutch, female, twenties Paul
Surinamese-Dutch, male, sixties Red
Surinamese-Dutch, male, thirties Rose
Surinamese-Dutch, female, twenties Sandy
Ghanaian-Dutch, female, thirties Silver
Brazilian-Dutch, male, twenties Sophia
African-American - Belgian, female, twenties Tess
Zimbabwean-Dutch, female, twenties Yellow
Appendix 4: Table of stereotypical perceptions
This table was inspired by my readings of Frantz Fanon (1952), Gloria Wekker (2016) and mostly by conversations with interlocutors. I thought about Fanon’s internalized racism, connected it with Wekker’s take on feminism and added the lived experiences of those that I spoke. It is an attempt to schematically represent some issues, and relates very much to the Dutch context and the experiences of my interlocutors.
Relationships
Black man + white woman = well done, congratulations (in the eyes of other Black men) (in a sense humanity is proven by having a white partner) = jealousy and competition (in the eyes of white men)
and also a sexual threat for black men are said to have more sexual drive (racial stereotypes) = jealousy and competition (in the eyes of black women - competing with white woman) Black woman + white man = jealousy and competition (in the eyes of black men) +
believe she must not love her blackness enough otherwise she would date black men = jealousy and competition (in the eyes of white women) +
feeling of racial superiority to black women Biracial women have the same outcome as black women in this regard. Black man + biracial women = she thinks she is better than us and
why can’t he appreciate a ‘real’ black woman? (in the eyes of black women) - second reaction similar to thought of white women stealing black men from them = well done in the eyes of a black man (same as with white woman but maybe this is even better)
= most white people just see this as two black people together
Parents and child
White father + biracial adult daughter = seen as dating to outsiders, he has agency she does not (gold digger + sex object)
‘she must be a prostitute’
White mother + biracial adult son = seen as dating, she has agency but less for she is a woman, he has agency to but less because he is seen as Black,
he might be dangerous for her (as seen by White outsiders) ‘he is her gigolo’ (gold digger + sex object)
White mother + biracial child = child is adopted White father + biracial child = child is adopted Biracial mother + her white child = she is the nanny
Biracial father + his white child = dangerous, might be a kidnapping (‘must save White child’), not related
When this is with opposite sex (example elderly white father + biracial daughter or elderly white mother + biracial son, a sexual relationship is expected)
Biracial child (adult or child) + black parent = they are related
Biracial child (adult or child) + white parent = power relationship ( when an adult this relationship is seen as sexual and when the biracial person is a child, this child must be adopted - in both cases
white individuals are always seen as more powerful )