The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/29742 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation
Author: Dongen, Teun Walter van
Title: The science of fighting terrorism : the relation between terrorist actor type and counterterrorism effectiveness
Issue Date: 2015-11-18
¡Basta Ya!, 209 9/11, 17, 316
limited economic impact of, 23 AAA (Apostolic Anticommunist
Alliance), 192
Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouq, 367
Abu Hamza, 314, 362, 363, 365, 373
arrested, 372
rise to prominence in British jihadist movement, 359 suggests security covenant,
353
Abu Nidal Organisation, 63 Abu Qatada, 314, 360, 362, 373
rise to prominence in British jihadist movement, 357 Action Directe, 22, 69, 71, 75 cooperates with RAF, 163 Action Plan Polarisation and
Radicalisation, 309
based on overestimation of jihadist threat, 340, 341 limited effectiveness of, 337,
339
logic and objectives behind, 335
Adams, Gerry, 241, 247, 248, 253, 270, 271, 284, 286
argues in favour of negotiated settlement, 6
argues 'Long War' strategy, 249
as leader of Belfast section of the Provisional IRA, 237 critical of Provisional IRA, 248 on support for Provisional
IRA, 257
presses Provisional IRA for negotiations, 268
reasons for supporting armed struggle, 277
transition from armed struggle to negotiations, 5 visits US in 1994, 288 Adebolajo, Michael, 376
Agreement for Freedom and Against Terrorism, 220, 222 AIVD (General Intelligence and
Security Service), 322, 326, 329, 341
false alarms and, 342 mole in Hofstad Group, 333 on deradicalisation and
disengagement, 102
recording devices in homes Hofstad Group members, 333
tensions with police, 334 thwarts attack in Portugal, 324 Akhnikh, Ismail, 332, 333
arrested, 326
Al Qaeda, 17, 20, 21, 37, 51, 54, 66, 73, 128, 203, 358, 360, 364, 370, 407
global jihadist ideology of, 54 training camps in Afghanistan
and Pakistan, 409, 410 Albizu, Mikel
argues against continuation of ETA's armed struggle, 189 Albrecht, Susan, 144
Ali, Abdullah Ahmed, 351, 367, 396
explains motivation behind attack, 384
566
suggests way to end terrorist attacks, 386
Ali, Abdullah Ahmed, 362 Allende, Salvador, 115 Alvarez, José Luis, 201
Amnesty International, 192, 256, 259, 393
ANC (African National Congress)
as inspiration to Provisional IRA, 238
Anglo-Irish Agreement (1985), 294
Antiterrorism ETA, 192
Anti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, 371
Part 4, 388
APO (Extraparliamentary Opposition), 124
Arana, Sabino, 177 Army Council, 268 Arregui, José, 201
Assad, Bashar al-, 321, 387 Association of Muslim Lawyers,
378
Aum Shinrikyo, 70, 74 Awlaki, Anwar al-
role in radicalisation of jihadists in UK and US, 367 Ayers, Bill, 102, 112
Azkarraga, Joseba, 212
Aznár, José Maria, 214, 219, 226, 434
Azzouz, Samir, 331, 333, 339 attack plans of, 323, 324 followed by AIVD, 332 on man-made laws, 314 trials against, 327 B Specials, 233 B., Saleh, 333
B2J (2 June Movement), 153, 154
Baader, Andreas, 121, 130, 133, 142, 144, 146, 147, 149, 156 freed from prison, 124 leadership style of, 129 Bajaka, Bilal
riots following death of, 344 Balkenende, Jan-Peter, 311 Ballymurphy Seven, 260 Barosso, Manuel
target of Hofstad Group, 325, 348
Barrionuevo, José, 194
Basque Autonomy Statute, 192, 205, 218, 220
Batasuna, 182, 188, 206, 219 Belfast, 296
as Provisional IRA stronghold, 258
rioting in, 233, 235 Berazadi, Ángel, 211
Bergaretxe, Eduardo Moreno, 211
Bin Laden, Osama, 356 Birmingham Cell
terrorist plot disrupted by MI5, 397
Birmingham Six, 260
BKA (Federal Criminal Office), 147
failure to curb RAF through arrests), 155
heavyhandedness in fight against RAF, 142
widening of powers of, 151 Black Panthers, 94, 118
offended by Weather Underground's views on counterculture, 95
Black September, 141 Blair, Patrick, 274
Blair, Tony, 285, 289, 291, 370, 411, 434
adopts counterterrorism legislation after 9/11, 353 Bloody Friday, 253
Bloody Sunday, 255, 277 Bolkestein, Frits, 311 Bot, Ben, 347
Bouyeri, Mohammed, 307, 313, 331
background and character of, 337
murders Theo van Gogh, 324 possible reason for killing Van
Gogh, 319
Bradley, Gerry, 248, 273
on calling off Provisional IRA operations, 276
Brandt, Willy, 149 British Army, 280, 289
accused of torture, 259
antagonises Catholics in Northern Ireland, 37
defeats Provisional IRA unit at Gibraltar, 265
enters Northern Ireland, 235 misconduct in Northern
Ireland, 257
Operation Demetrius, 254, 255, 257, 264
Operation Motorman, 263 participation in Operation
Enduring Freedom, 409 presence in Belfast and Derry,
296
violates laws in Northern Ireland, 258
British jihadist movement cut-off from training camps in
Pakistan, 410
decreasing cohesion, 365 decreasing complexity of
terrorist attacks, 375
embedded in international networks, 361
impact of arrests, deportations, control orders and bans on, 374
integration and interaction in, 361
international orientation of, 412
liberating Muslims lands of western military presence as goal of, 356
members travelling to Somalia and Syria, 387
members travelling to Syria, 376, 408
preference for IEDs, 368 turns against UK, 360 Brown, Gordon, 411 Brussels, 153
Buback, Siegfried, 134 Bundestag, 150
BVE (Basque-Spanish Battalion), 192
CAA (Autonomous
Anticapitalist Commandos), 213
Cameron, David, 411 Carlile, Alex, 377, 380, 393 Carlos the Jackal, 183 Carrero Blanco, Luis, 175
assassination of, 201 Carter, Jimmy, 117 Castro, Fidel, 176
Catarain, Dolores González, 213 Catholics in Northern Ireland
discrimination against, 276 CCC (Communist Combat
Cells), 71, 164
Choudhry, Roshonara, 366, 367, 369, 385, 398
Christmas Bomb Plot (2010), 366 disrupted by MI5, 397
568
CIE (Criminal Intelligence Unit), 332
Clark, Mark, 96, 105, 170 Clarke, Charles, 370, 373 Clarke, Terence, 274 Clausewitz, Carl von, 419 Clinton, Bill, 288
Collins, Eamon, 241, 245, 287 on cultivation of Republican
past, 243
on paranoia in Provisional IRA, 275
Consent-principle, 283, 286, 290 Conservative Party (UK), 406 Constitutional Convention
(Northern Ireland), 290 Constitutional Court (Spain), 197 Coogan, Tim Pat, 249
Cooper, Frank, 269 Corcuera, José Luis, 217 Cordoba Foundation, 404 Council of Ireland, 282
Countering International Terrorism: the United Kingdom’s Strategy, 401 Court of Appeal (UK), 390 CPS (Crown Prosecution
Service), 373
Criminal Justice and Public Order Act, 380
Croissant, Klaus, 143 Crumley, Cathal, 275
CTIVD (Review Committee for the Intelligence and Security Services), 333
Days of Rage (1969), 92, 97, 108 Debus, Sigurd, 148
Dellwo, Karl-Heinz, 138, 144 admits RAF's disconnection
with support base, 160 Democratic Party (US), 104
Derry, 232, 263, 275, 296
as Provisional IRA stronghold, 258
rioting in, 233, 235, 277
Direct rule (by UK over Northern Ireland), 280, 283 Dohrn, Bernardine, 102
decides to surface, 112 endorses counterculture, 95 Downing Street Declaration
(1993), 284
Duddy, Brendan, 283 Duggan, Mark, 383
Dutch jihadist movement, 431 around 9/11, 316
conspiratorial behaviour in, 322
deportation of leading members, 328
discussions of legitimacy of violence in, 315
falls apart, 328
grows out of regular social contacts, 319
inability to carry out attacks, 329
intra-group marriages in, 322 lack of formal organisational
structure, 318 lack of support of, 340 leadership in, 319 main activities of, 322
members travelling to Syria, 321
national orientation of, 317, 325
numerical strength of, 318 peer pressure in, 321 recruitment by, 320
rejection of man-made instutions, 314
rise of autonomous cells in, 317
views Islam as under global attack, 312
Dutschke, Rudi, 169
assassination attempt against, 140
Dylan, Bob, 93
EAE (Basque Patriotic Action), 206
EDL (English Defence League) terrorist plot against, 366, 368,
387, 398
EHAK (Communist Party of the Basque Homelands), 206 Elizabeth II, 293, 358 Elkarri, 209
Ellian, Afshin, 311
Ensslin, Gudrun, 121, 130, 132, 142, 146, 147, 149, 156
responds to death of Ohnesorg, 140
ETA (Fatherland and Freedom), 16, 37, 43, 45, 424, 430, 432, 433, 434
announces ceasefire, 218, 221 composition of, 176
death toll of, 173
decreasing precision of terrorist attacks by, 202 demonstrates working class
credentials, 178
demonstrations against, 186, 208
detachment from Basque roots, 181
eases demands on new recruits, 181
ends ceasefire, 219
first overtures towards, 216 founding of, 175
kale borroka and, 187 leaders arrested, 200
loses popular support, 195, 210
loses will to fight, 189, 222 organisations that support,
182
pacification of moderate wing, 214
prestige of, 175
provokes violent response from the state, 183
reasons of members for
abandoning armed
struggle, 211
refusal to disarm before negotiations, 215, 221 safe haven in France, 199, 203 splits and feuds in, 177, 210 targeting preferences of, 184 use of car bombs by, 185 wages war of attrition against
the state, 184 Etxebarrieta, Txabi, 175 Etxeberria, Rufino, 223 Etxebeste, Antxon, 217 Etxegarai, Alfonso
argues against continuation of ETA's armed struggle, 189 EU (European Union)
counterterrorism cooperation in, 346
European Convention on Human Rights, 258, 388, 391, 394
European Court of Human Rights, 41, 147, 259, 262 condemns stop and search
powers, 392
Euskadiko Ezkerra, 205, 212 Euskal Herritarok, 182 Eusko Alkartasuna, 217 Evans, Linda, 98
on FBI's inability to infiltrate Weather Underground, 109
570
Faisal, Abdullah al-, 373 Falls Road curfew, 235, 236, 255 FARC (Revolutionary Armed
Forces of Colombia), 183 ties with Provisional IRA, 287 FATF (Financial Action Task
Force), 347
Fathni, Nouredine el-, 338 followed by AIVD, 332 intimidates new members, 320 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation), 96, 98, 110, 112, 431
and Counter Intelligence Program, 104
drops cases against Weather Underground, 116
inability to gather intelligence
about Weather
Underground, 105, 106
isolates Weather
Underground from support base, 113
misunderstands Weather Underground, 107
organisational culture of, 109 Finsbury Park mosque, 357, 360,
367
as headquarters of Abu Hamza, 363
raid against, 372 Flanagan, Brian, 103
on pointlessness of armed struggle, 113
FLN (National Liberation Front), 63
FLQ (Libertation Front of Québec), 70
Force Research Unit, 272, 274 Fortuyn, Pim, 310, 311
criticises Islam, 311
Franco, Francisco, 204, 226 represses Basque nationalism,
174
Front de libération du Québec (FLQ), 63
Fulton, Kevin, 272, 274, 275 GAL (Antiterrorist Liberation
Groups), 37, 193, 199
GCHQ (Government
Communications Headquarters, 396
GCHQ (Government
Communications Headquarters)
supplies intelligence for drone strikes, 410
GDR (German Democratic Republic), 164
supports RAF, 162
German Autumn, 121, 135, 159, 434
costs RAF popular support, 122
Gesto por la Paz, 209 Gestoras Pro-Amnistía, 213 Ghaffur, Tarique, 382 Ghurabaa, al-, 374
GIA (Armed Islamic Group)
European branches
dismantled, 356 Gilbert, David, 100, 102
Gogh, Theo van, 307, 311, 320, 324
González, Felipe, 191, 217 involvement in GAL activities,
193
limits freedom of the press, 197
signs Pact of Madrid, 217 strengthens hold over police
apparatus, 194
Good Friday Agreement, 286, 287, 291, 292
GRAPO (Antifascist Resistance Groups First of October), 164 Grathwohl, Larry, 98, 111
cover blown, 106
Guardia Civil, 186, 192, 194, 198 exercises restraint in fight
against ETA, 196
handling of demonstrations, 192
Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’, 94, 176 Guildford Four, 260
Guipúzcoa, 181 Haag, Siegfried, 144 Hamas, 73
Hamid, Mohammed (a.k.a.
Osama bin London), 362, 363, 367, 394
Hampton, Fred, 96, 105, 170 Hasan, Nidal, 367
Haughey, Charles, 294 Heissler, Rolf, 152
Herold, Horst, 143, 151, 154, 166 on a-political nature of RAF in
later years, 161
Herri Batasuna, 182, 205, 206, 209, 210, 217, 219
Heuvel, Ien van den, 149 High Court (UK), 390, 391 Hirsi Ali, Ayaan, 307, 311, 324 Hitler, Adolf, 161
Hizb ut-Tahrir, 358, 404
Hofstad Group, 318, 320, 326, 329, 330, 331
AIVD knowledge of, 331 as most active jihadist cell in
the Netherlands, 312 holds electorate responsible
for government policy, 315 limited explanatory value of
socio-economic factors, 337 peer pressure in, 338
similarities with jihadist travellers, 321
threatens members with physical violence, 320, 322 trials against, 326
Hoover, J. Edgar, 91, 106, 109, 112
Hughes, Brendan, 251, 270 on ideology in Provisional
IRA, 243
speaks out against sectarianism in Provisional IRA, 240
Human Rights Watch, 256, 257, 259, 393
Hume, David, 284 Hurst, Ian, 273
Ibrahim, Andrew, 366, 385, 398 Ibrahim, Mukhtar, 362
Independent International
Commission on
Decommissioning, 287 India, 37
Intelligence and Security Committee (UK), 395
IRA (Irish Republican Army), 234, 235
Irish War of Independence, 234 Islam, Umar, 386
Islam4UK, 374
Islamic Society of Britain
offended by link terrorism and Islam in Prevent strategy, 402
Issa, Redouan al-, 319, 329, 331 Iturbe, Jon
assessment of ETA's position in 1986, 216
Iturbe, Txomin, 200 Jefferson, Thomas, 68
Jemaah Islamiyyah (Egypt), 352 Jemaah Islamiyyah (Indonesia),
73
572
Johnson, Alan, 390 Jones, Jeff, 103, 107 Jyllands Posten, 54 Kaddouri, Yeyah, 326
attack plans of, 323
explains turn to jihadism, 316 KAS Alternative, 179, 215, 217,
225
Khan, Mohammed Qayyum, 361 Khan, Mohammed Siddique,
361, 394
as authority figure to fellow cell members, 365
as non-priority intelligence target, 395
explains motivation behind attack, 384
suggests way to end terrorist attacks, 385
visits training camp, 363 Khan, Parviz, 363
bugged by MI5, 397
plan to behead British soldier, 369
Khyam, Omar, 361, 363 Kim Il Sung, 126
Klar, Christian, 138, 144, 156 Klöpper, Gerald, 158
Law Lords (UK), 388, 390, 391 Leary, Timothy, 95
Leeds, 365
Liberal Democrats (UK), 390, 393, 406
Liberty, 393 Libya, 164
LIFG (Libyan Islamic Fighting Group), 352
London Bombings (2005), 351, 361
Long Kesh prison, 237, 264 Lorenz, Peter, 153, 154
MacStiofáin, Sean, 236, 241 as traditional Catholic, 236 on Bloody Friday, 253
overtures to British government, 279
Madrid Bombings (2004), 351 Magee, John Joe, 274
Mahler, Horst, 132 Major, John, 291
introduces Mitchell principles, 285
refusal to talk to Provisional IRA, 278
responds to Hume-Adams initiative, 284
Mallon, Seamus, 291 Manzanas, Méliton, 175 Marighella, Carlos, 133 Mason, Roy, 289 May, Theresa, 406 McGartland, Marty, 287 McGovern, George, 104
McGuinness, Martin, 241, 248, 271, 286, 291
as leader of the Belfast faction of the Provisional IRA, 237 reasons for joining Provisional
IRA, 277
McKearney, Tommy, 250 McKee, Billy, 280
McKevitt, Michael, 287 McKevitt, Mickey, 17 McLoughlin, Mitchell, 239 Meehan, Martin, 234
Meinhof, Ulrike, 121, 125, 126, 129, 130, 133, 138, 142, 146, 147, 149, 156
criticised by other RAF leaders, 132
falls out with Horst Mahler, 131
Meins, Holger, 138, 141, 144, 145, 146
MI5, 351, 372, 381, 389, 403 acquires new manpower, 396 disrupts terrorist plots, 396 fails to prevent London
Bombings (2005), 394 introduction of legacy teams,
395
misses terrorist plots, 399 Operation Crevice, 395 Operation Rhyme, 395
pressed for resources in 2004, 395
MLNV (Basque National Liberation Movement), 182 Mohammed, Bilal
explains motivation behind attack, 385
Mohammed, Omar Bakri, 362, 365, 376
leaves the UK, 373
rise to prominence in British jihadist movement, 358 Mohnhaupt, Brigitte, 138, 156,
163
takes on leadership of RAF's second generation, 156 Möller, Irmgard, 121
admits failure German Autumn, 160
defends past in RAF, 139 Moluccan terrorism in the
Netherlands, 48 Morrison, Danny, 268 Mountbatten, Louis, 293 Moussaoui, Zacarias, 358, 363 Múdiga, Francisco, 201 Muhajiroun, al-, 358, 359
various guises of, 374 Muslim Brotherhood, 358 Muslims in the Netherlands
criticised, 311
decreasing tolerance towards, 310
distrustful of police, 343 Muslims in the UK
discriminatory use of counterterrorism powers against, 381
first-hand experience with jihadist preachers among, 382
opinions on British government of, 382
National Democratic Convention (1968), 104
National Police (Spain), 192, 194, 198
exercises restraint in fight against ETA, 196
handling of demonstrations, 192
involvement in GAL activities, 193
Nazi Germany, 60, 124, 127 NCTb (National Coordinator for
Counterterrorism), 307, 341 Northern Ireland Assembly, 281,
283, 286
Northern Ireland Assembly Bill, 281
Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association, 232, 233
November 17 group (N17), 69, 75
O’Callaghan, Sean, 246 O’Neill, Terence, 233, 234 Oatley, Michael, 283
Oever, Martine van den, 332 Ohnesorg, Benno, 169
shot by police officer, 139 Orde, Hugh, 7
Organic Law 21/1978, 196 Organic Law 56/1978, 196 Organic Law 9/1984, 198
574
Organic Law on Political Parties, 219
Osborne, Stuart, 351 Osman, Hussein
explains motivation behind attack, 384
Otegi, Arnaldo, 220 Oyarzun, 216
Pact of Ajuria-Enea, 217, 218 Pact of Lizarra, 218, 219 Paine, Thomas, 231 Patton, George S., 419 Payne, Cril, 109 Peru, 37
PFLP (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine), 129, 162
hijacks Landshut, 121, 131, 135, 153
trains RAF members, 163 Pimental, Edward, 137, 163 Pinochet, Augusto, 115 Piranha-case, 330
PKK (Kurdistan Workers' Party), 16
PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party), 60
PL (Progressive Labor Party), 93 PLO (Palestine Liberation
Organisation), 61
as inspiration to Provisional IRA, 238
PNV (Basque Nationalist Party), 174, 177, 187, 192, 219, 220 signs Pact of Lizarra, 188 Ponto, Jürgen, 144
Port Huron Statement, 93 PP (People’s Party), 16, 220 Prevent strategy (UK), 354, 371
accusations of intelligence gathering under, 403
associates Islam with terrorism, 402
ignores British foreign policy, 408
limited influence on potential radicals, 407, 412
new version of, 406
Preventing Violent Extremism Together
activities financed under, 401 Prevention of Terrorism
(Emergence Powers) Act, 258 Prevention of Terrorism Act
(1974), 370
Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, 389
Price, Marian, 291 Proll, Astrid, 129, 138
Provisional IRA, 17, 21, 37, 43, 45, 49, 60, 219, 353, 370, 371, 372, 424, 430, 433, 435
‘Long War’-strategy of, 249
’Armalite and the ballot box – strategy’, 248
Active Service Units, 242, 252, 264, 265
Army and RUC repression as reason for joining, 277 Army Council, 240, 247, 253,
281, 285
Army Executive, 240
assessment of strategic context, 267, 280, 288 attack in Roermond, the
Netherlands, 307
attacks on British mainland, 251, 266, 268, 285
Auxiliary, 244, 258 East Tyrone Brigade, 265 forced to call off operations,
275
General Army Convention, 240, 286
General Head Quarters, 241, 242
Green Book, 242, 252 infiltration of, 273
Irish diaspora in the US and, 250
leftist leanings of, 237, 238 Northern Command, 242 numerical strength of, 266 nutting squad, 241, 274 operational failures of, 253 operational learning curve of,
250
opinion polls about, 297 publicly declared reasons to
fight, 278
sectarianism of, 238 Southern Command, 242 sympathisers of, 242
use of supergrasses against, 270, 271
weapons acquisition by, 250, 268
PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party), 16, 176, 194, 220
Qutb, Sayyid, 314, 384, 411 on need for restoration of
Muslim community, 355 RAF (Red Army Faction), 169,
170, 427, 430, 433
and ‘propaganda of the deed’, 127
association with
euroterrorism, 163 Contact Ban against, 150 former members' differing
views on use of violence, 138
hostage taking in German embassy in Stockholm, 152
hunger strikes by, 141
impact of end of Cold War on, 137
internationalist aspirations of, 126
lack of plans for post- revolutionary order, 127 leaders revered as martyrs,
145
leadership disrupts own trial, 149
loses sight of political cause, 157
loses touch with protest movement, 136
low morale after German Autumn, 154
Patsy O'Hara Commando, 137 position papers of, 125
public signs of discord in, 137 reasons for attacks, 158 second generation of, 136 supported by Committees
against Isolation Torture, 144
supported by lawyers, 143 supported by Socialist
Patients Collective, 144 takes up armed struggle, 124 third generation of, 157 torture claims of leadership,
141
uses info-system, 130, 156 views FRG as fascist, 123, 127 waning success of torture
claims in 1980s, 147
Raspe, Jan-Carl, 121, 132, 142, 147, 149, 156
Rauf, Rashid, 362 Real IRA, 17, 61 Red Army Faction, 183 Red Army Faction (RAF)
supported by Red Help, 145
576
views FRG as fascist, 121 Red Brigades, 46, 68, 164, 183
and amnesty reglations, 57 organisational fatigue in, 25 Red Hand Commando, 69 Rees, Merlyn, 281, 290
depicts Provisional IRA as criminals, 295
Reid, Alec, 283
Reid, Richard, 358, 363 Reilly, Nick, 366, 385, 398
suggests way to end terrorist attacks, 386
Republic of Ireland, 43, 293 fails to put a stop to
Provisional IRA activity, 294
Reynolds, David, 284 Rigby, Lee, 376, 399
Riots in British cities (2011), 383 Robbins, Terry, 100
Rosón, Juan José, 212
RUC (Royal Ulster
Constabulary), 233, 235, 250, 254, 264, 280, 283, 286, 296 accused of torture, 259
collusion with loyalist militias, 260
defeats Provisional IRA unit at Loughgall, 265
heavyhandedness against Catholic protest marches, 256
legitimacy undermined by shootings, 255, 262
Special Branch, 272, 274 violates laws, 258 Rudd, Mark, 103
Sahla, Soumaya, 324, 332 Sands, Bobby, 247
and prison protests / hunger strikes, 296
Saudi Arabia, 57, 358 Saved Sect, 374
Scappaticci, Freddie, 274 Scheel, Walter, 166 Scheveningen, 153
Schiller, Margrit, 131, 138, 145 Schleyer, Hanns-Martin, 121,
122, 134, 136, 150, 153, 156, 160, 166
Schmidt, Helmut, 149, 165, 166 defends hard line against
RAF, 155
presides Crisis Staff, 154 Schulz, Adelheid, 156
SDLP (Social Democratic Labour Party), 284
SDS (Socialist German Student Union), 140
SDS (Students for a Democratic Society), 93
infiltrated by FBI, 106 Shabaab, al-, 387
Sikh Community Action Network, 404
Sinn Féin, 237, 238, 246, 247, 248, 253, 275, 285, 286, 291, 292, 297 publicly declared reasons to support Provisional IRA, 278
SMN (Coalition of Moroccan Dutchmen), 344
Solaun, Mikel, 213 Sotelo, Leopoldo, 191, 197 South Africa, 231
South Armagh, 242
as Provisional IRA stronghold, 238, 258, 296 Soviet Union, 60
Speitel, Angelika, 145
Speitel, Volker, 145 Springer Publishers, 133 Sri Lanka, 37
Stalin, Joseph, 60
Stammheim prison, 132, 141, 147, 156
Steele, Frank, 279
Stormont parliament, 237, 280 Strickland, Don, 110
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 97
Suárez, Adolfo, 191, 205, 222 Subcommittee to Investigate the
Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws (US Senate), 107
Sunningdale Agreement, 281, 283
similar to Good Friday Agreement, 286, 290
Supergrasses, 270
Swearingen, Wesley M., 109, 110 Syria, 358
takfir, 355
Tamil Tigers, 43, 60 Tanweer, Shezhad, 394
as non-priority intelligence target, 395
suggests way to end terrorist attacks, 385
Taymiyya, Ibn, 314
Terrorism Act 2000, 370, 383 Schedule 7, 379, 380, 381 section 44, 378, 379, 380, 391,
392
Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Bill, 390
Thatcher, Margaret, 289
refusal to talk to Provisional IRA, 278
Timms, Stephen, 366, 369
Trevi group, 164 Tsouli, Younes, 362 Tupamaros, 94, 183 Tyrone, 242
UDA (Ulster Defence Association), 69, 261
UDR (Ulster Defence Regiment), 251, 261
UK (United Kingdom)
as safe haven for jihadists, 352 UN (United Nations), 260
counterterrorism cooperation in, 347
United Irishmen, 231 Urrutikoetxea, Josu, 217
UUUC (United Ulster Unionist Council), 282
UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force), 69, 261
UWC (Ulster Workers Council), 282
Vietcong, 94
as inspiration to Provisional IRA, 238
Vietnam War, 93, 114, 115, 126, 432
Wahhab, Muhammed Ibn, 314 Walters, Jason, 315, 332, 333, 339
arrested, 326
attitude towards unbelievers, 320
susceptibility to peer pressure, 321
suspects mole in Hofstad Group, 333
visits training camp in Pakistan, 317
Walters, Jermaine, 340 Watergate affair, 117
Weather Underground, 169, 170, 425, 427, 430, 431, 432, 433 arrested members, 107
578
attempts to become communist party, 116 authority of leadership in, 99 boast about vigilance, 112 criticism/self-criticism
sessions of, 97
difficult living conditions in, 111
endorses counterculture, 94 grown out of anti-war
movement, 114
impact of end to Vietnam War on, 48
internationalist aspirations of, 94
members experience police respression, 104
'need-to-know' rule in, 99 on the run for FBI, 111 organise Days of Rage, 95 preferred targets of, 100 preparation of attacks by, 101 reasons for moving
underground, 96 rejects monogamy, 98
reluctance to kill or wound, 100, 101
shocked by murder of Fred Hampton and Mark Clark, 96
supporters refuse to talk to FBI, 108
widening political focus of, 115
Westergaard, Kurt, 325, 386 Westminster parliament, 280,
281, 282
Whitelaw, William, 279, 290 Wilders, Geert, 340
Wilkerson, Cathy, 97 Wilson, Harold, 283 Wisniewski, Stefan, 144 Wolfe Tone, Theobald, 231 World Bank, 31
World Food Programme, 31 Yemen, 164
Zabala, Lorenzo, 178 Zaman, Waheed, 386
Zapatero, José Luis Rodríguez, 220, 226, 434
Zaragoza, 217
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 356 Zimmerman, Ernst, 137
