Appendix A
A-1
APPENDIX A: Annotations of landscape metrics equations
Table A.1: Notations used in the landscape metrics Equations 1-6 (Chapter 4) (McGarigal and Marks, 1995).
Term
Definition
Subscript
i
1, … , m or m’ patch types (classes)
j
j 1, … , n patches
Symbol
A
Total landscape area (m2)
a
ijArea (m2) of patch ij
E
Total length (m) of edge in landscape; the user may specify whether entire landscape
boundary and background edge segments are to be included.
N
Total number of patches in the landscape, excluding any background patches
Supplementary references
McGarigal, K. & Marks, B. J. 1995. FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying
landscape structure. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-351. OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Appendix B
A-2
APPENDIX B: Box-Cox transformations (normality)
Ta ble B .1 : The B ox -Co x tra ns fo rm at io ns w ith the in di vidu al fo rm ula s fo r ea ch urba nis at io n m ea sure to a chie ve m ax im ized no rm ality o f their va lue dis tributio ns . Sta nd ard dev ia tio n, lo w er co nfi dence lim it, u pp er co nfide nce lim it, fo r the ind iv idu al m ea sures as co m pute d fo r the tra ns fo rm at io ns a re als o lis ted.
Appendix B
A-3
The following graphs represent the “before” (original) and “after” (Box-Cox transformed) normal
distribution plots for the eight urbanisation measures used in this study (see Chapter 4).
Appendix B
Appendix B
Appendix B
Appendix C
A-7
APPENDIX C: Landscape metrics correlation matrix
Ta ble C. 1: Co rr ela tio n m at rix f or the eig ht la nd sca pe m et ric s ca lcula ted fo r the 5 00 m ² grid ce lls w ithin t he st ud y are a. Sig nifica nt co rr ela tio ns (a t p <0 .0 5) a re ind ica ted in bo ld re d t ex t.
Appendix D
A-8
APPENDIX D: SPOT satellite– and in-field images of the 30 selected
grassland fragments
The images below represent SPOT 5 satellite images indicating maps of patch- and 500m matrix area
boundaries, as well as in-field photographs of the rural/peri-urban and urban grassland fragments. The
fragment and buffers sizes (ha) and specific urbanisation measure values are also provided. The
selected grassland fragments are arranged in the direction of increasing percentage impervious
surfaces (%IS).
R ural/p er i-u rb anAppendix D
A-9
Appendix D
A-10
Ur
Appendix D
Appendix D
Appendix D
Appendix E
A-14
APPENDIX E: Annotations of plant functional diversity indices equations
Table E. 1: Notations used in the species diversity indices Equations (Chapter 5) (Begon et al., 2006). Term Definition
Symbol
H Shannon’s diversity index
S Total number of species in the community Wi
E
Proportion contribution (individuals) of the i th species to the total sample Pielou’s evenness index
Table E. 2: Notations used in the species functional diversity indices Equations (Chapter 5) (Pla et al., 2012; Villéger et al., 2008).
Term Definition Symbol
EWb Weighted evenness
dij Euclidean distance between species i and j
dGi Euclidean distance of species i from the gravity centre
∆d Abundance weighted deviances
wi Abundance of species i
zi Distance of species i to the weighted centroid
Supplementary references
Begon, M., Townsend, C.R. & Harper, J.L. 2006. Ecology: from individuals to ecosystems. 4
thed.
Blackwell Publishing.
Pla, L., Casanoves, F. & Di Rienzo, J.A. 2012. Quantifying functional biodiversity. Springer.
Villéger, S., Mason, N. & Mouillot, D. 2008. New multidimensional functional diversity indices for
Appendix F
A-15
APPENDIX F: Plant species list and plant functional traits
Ta ble F. 1: Lis t of t he pla nt species (na m es f ollo w G er m is huizen et a l. (2 00 6) ) re co rded du ring t his s tud y an d their fun ct io na l t ra its ( af ter Co rnelis se n et a l. (2 00 3) a nd Aro ns on et a l. (2 00 7) ).
Appendix F
A-16
Ta ble F. 1 co ntin ueAppendix F
A-17
Ta ble F. 1 co ntin ueAppendix F
A-18
Ta ble F. 1 co ntin ueAppendix F
A-19
Ta ble F. 1 co ntin ueAppendix F
A-20
Ta ble F. 1 co ntin ueAppendix F
A-21
Ta ble F. 1 co ntin ueAppendix F
A-22
Ta ble F. 1 co ntin ueAppendix G
A-23
APPENDIX G: Multiple regression analysis results for plant species
richness, functional traits, and functional diversity
Table G.1: Correlation matrix and multiple regression results for plant species richness and diversity indices and the selected five urbanisation measures (representing pattern/process associated with urbanisation). Significant correlations (at p < 0.05) are indicated in bold text. Moderate linear relationships (0.1 ≤ r² < 0.25) are indicated in orange, and strong linear relationships (r² ≥ 0.25) in red. Matrix variable Intra-patch variable Corr. direction r value p value r² value
PURBLC Mean species richness - -0.187787 0.320358 0.035264
(% impervious Shannon's diversity index (H') - -0.294002 0.114802 0.086437
surfaces) Pielou's evenness index (E) - -0.208938 0.267836 0.043655
ED Mean species richness - -0.296551 0.111544 0.087942
(fragmentation) Shannon's diversity index (H') - -0.375811 0.040693 0.141234
Pielou's evenness index (E) - -0.249395 0.183826 0.062198
PGRALC Mean species richness + 0.353275 0.055491 0.124803
(habitat loss) Shannon's diversity index (H') + 0.478830 0.007431 0.229278
Pielou's evenness index (E) + 0.403058 0.027211 0.162456
DENSPEOP Mean species richness - -0.428276 0.018219 0.183420
(urbanisation) Shannon's diversity index (H') - -0.433315 0.016757 0.187762
Pielou's evenness index (E) - -0.328731 0.076114 0.108064
Table G.2: Correlation matrix and multiple regression results for plant functional traits and the selected five urbanisation measures (representing pattern/process associated with urbanisation). Significant correlations (at p < 0.05) are indicated in bold text. Moderate linear relationships (0.1 ≤ r² < 0.25) are indicated in orange, and strong linear relationships (r² ≥ 0.25) in red.
Matrix value Intra-patch variable direction Corr. r value p value r² value
PURBLC 1. Status (% impervious %Native - -0.504098 0.0045 0.2541 surfaces) %Exotic + 0.504098 0.0045 0.2541 2. Growth form %Forb - -0.347144 0.0602 0.1205 %Graminoid + 0.159456 0.4000 0.0250 %Shrub - -0.214419 0.2552 0.0460 %Tree + 0.440770 0.0148 0.1943 %Succulent - -0.150576 0.4271 0.0227 %Vine + 0.346752 0.0605 0.1202 %Parasite - -0.038680 0.8392 0.0015 3. Life form %Phanerophyte + 0.412661 0.0234 0.1703 %Hemicryptophyte - -0.029211 0.8782 0.0009 %Chamaephyte - -0.043909 0.8178 0.0019 %Therophyte + 0.104504 0.5826 0.0109 %Geophyte - -0.548437 0.0017 0.3008 4. Life span %Perennial - -0.132201 0.4862 0.0175 %Annual + 0.132201 0.4862 0.0175 5. Clonality %Non-clonal + 0.405263 0.0263 0.1642 %Clonal belowground - -0.476276 0.0078 0.2268 %Clonal aboveground + 0.288733 0.1218 0.0834
Appendix G
A-24
(PURBLC) 6. Spinescence %No spines + 0.106494 0.5754 0.0113 %Spines - -0.106494 0.5754 0.0113 7. Leaf periodicity %Deciduous - -0.096174 0.6132 0.0092 %Evergreen - -0.272873 0.1446 0.0745 %Semi-evergreen + 0.472326 0.0084 0.22318. Primary dispersal method
%Unassisted dispersal + 0.137817 0.4677 0.0190
%Wind dispersal - -0.212892 0.2587 0.0453
%Internal animal dispersal + 0.010093 0.9578 0.0001
%External animal dispersal + 0.055015 0.7728 0.0030
%Unassisted/internal animal dispersal + 0.416878 0.0219 0.1738
9. Primary pollination vector
%Abiotic pollination - -0.097392 0.6087 0.0095 %Biotic pollination + 0.097392 0.6087 0.0095 ED 1. Status (fragmentation) %Native - -0.516819 0.003453 0.267102 %Exotic + 0.516819 0.003453 0.267102 2. Growth form %Forb - -0.357265 0.052601 0.127638 %Graminoid + 0.216132 0.251329 0.046713 %Shrub - -0.217665 0.247901 0.047378 %Tree + 0.465496 0.009535 0.216686 %Succulent - -0.154311 0.415545 0.023812 %Vine + 0.216261 0.251040 0.046769 %Parasite - -0.037685 0.843271 0.001420 3. Life form %Phanerophyte + 0.387417 0.034412 0.150092 %Hemicryptophyte + 0.025569 0.893308 0.000654 %Chamaephyte - -0.061391 0.747251 0.003769 %Therophyte + 0.114126 0.548172 0.013025 %Geophyte - -0.605986 0.000387 0.367219 4. Life span %Perennial - -0.154895 0.413759 0.023992 %Annual + 0.154895 0.413759 0.023992 5. Clonality %Non-clonal + 0.431245 0.017345 0.185972 %Clonal belowground - -0.545707 0.001814 0.297796 %Clonal aboveground + 0.406950 0.025625 0.165608
%Clonal above-and belowground + 0.182679 0.333934 0.033372
6. Spinescence %No spines + 0.175327 0.354078 0.030740 %Spines - -0.175327 0.354078 0.030740 7. Leaf periodicity %Deciduous - -0.017547 0.926671 0.000308 %Evergreen - -0.339241 0.066660 0.115084 %Semi-evergreen + 0.435236 0.016225 0.189430
8. Primary dispersal method
%Unassisted dispersal + 0.102729 0.589064 0.010553
%Wind dispersal - -0.174340 0.356837 0.030394
%Internal animal dispersal + 0.025595 0.893203 0.000655
%External animal dispersal - -0.032151 0.866066 0.001034
%Unassisted/internal animal dispersal + 0.458078 0.010909 0.209836
9. Primary pollination vector
%Abiotic pollination + 0.017645 0.926264 0.000311
%Biotic pollination - -0.017645 0.926264 0.000311
Appendix G
A-25
PGRALC 1. Status
(habitat loss) %Native + 0.510794 0.003922 0.260911
%Exotic - -0.510794 0.003922 0.260911 2. Growth form %Forb + 0.193316 0.306051 0.037371 %Graminoid - -0.257233 0.169978 0.066169 %Shrub + 0.317801 0.087009 0.100997 %Tree - -0.319520 0.085221 0.102093 %Succulent + 0.259315 0.166426 0.067244 %Vine - -0.125799 0.507721 0.015825 %Parasite + 0.078974 0.678269 0.006237 3. Life form %Phanerophyte - -0.248132 0.186130 0.061569 %Hemicryptophyte + 0.155995 0.410410 0.024334 %Chamaephyte + 0.079025 0.678071 0.006245 %Therophyte - -0.252796 0.177724 0.063906 %Geophyte + 0.492881 0.005653 0.242932 4. Life span %Perennial + 0.292532 0.116712 0.085575 %Annual - -0.292532 0.116712 0.085575 5. Clonality %Non-clonal - -0.450153 0.012557 0.202637 %Clonal belowground + 0.485920 0.006482 0.236119 %Clonal aboveground - -0.196046 0.299141 0.038434
%Clonal above-and belowground - -0.288549 0.122009 0.083261
6. Spinescence %No spines + 0.030251 0.873917 0.000915 %Spines - -0.030251 0.873917 0.000915 7. Leaf periodicity %Deciduous + 0.061773 0.745727 0.003816 %Evergreen + 0.220291 0.242101 0.048528 %Semi-evergreen - -0.357528 0.052415 0.127826
8. Primary dispersal method
%Unassisted dispersal - -0.036380 0.848635 0.001324
%Wind dispersal + 0.048183 0.800392 0.002322
%Internal animal dispersal + 0.063679 0.738151 0.004055
%External animal dispersal + 0.156876 0.407739 0.024610
%Unassisted/internal animal dispersal - -0.456038 0.011315 0.207971
9. Primary pollination vector
%Abiotic pollination + 0.202598 0.282953 0.041046 %Biotic pollination - -0.202598 0.282953 0.041046 DENSPEOP 1. Status (urbanisation) %Native - -0.584005 0.000703 0.341062 %Exotic + 0.584005 0.000703 0.341062 2. Growth form %Forb - -0.181807 0.336285 0.033054 %Graminoid + 0.395871 0.030350 0.156714 %Shrub - -0.406758 0.025702 0.165452 %Tree + 0.201703 0.285132 0.040684 %Succulent - -0.307820 0.097961 0.094753 %Vine + 0.107282 0.572568 0.011509 %Parasite - -0.103796 0.585180 0.010774 3. Life form %Phanerophyte + 0.136879 0.470746 0.018736 %Hemicryptophyte - -0.212871 0.258726 0.045314 %Chamaephyte - -0.266423 0.154700 0.070981 %Therophyte + 0.427905 0.018331 0.183103 %Geophyte - -0.369285 0.044608 0.136371
Table G.2 continue
Appendix G
A-26
(DENSPEOP) 4. Life span %Perennial - -0.445522 0.013613 0.198490 %Annual + 0.445522 0.013613 0.198490 5. Clonality %Non-clonal + 0.498404 0.005061 0.248406 %Clonal belowground - -0.518106 0.003360 0.268433 %Clonal aboveground + 0.146900 0.438557 0.021580%Clonal above-and belowground + 0.412699 0.023422 0.170320
6. Spinescence %No spines - -0.055467 0.770958 0.003077 %Spines + 0.055467 0.770958 0.003077 7. Leaf periodicity %Deciduous - -0.002423 0.989861 0.000006 %Evergreen - -0.249321 0.183961 0.062161 %Semi-evergreen + 0.304229 0.102146 0.092555
8. Primary dispersal method
%Unassisted dispersal + 0.024647 0.897135 0.000607
%Wind dispersal - -0.074520 0.695529 0.005553
%Internal animal dispersal - -0.191744 0.310079 0.036766
%External animal dispersal - -0.012364 0.948298 0.000153
%Unassisted/internal animal dispersal + 0.669312 0.000052 0.447979 9. Primary pollination vector
%Abiotic pollination - -0.021738 0.909223 0.000473
%Biotic pollination + 0.021738 0.909223 0.000473
Table G.3: Correlation matrix and multiple regression results for plant functional diversity indices and the selected five urbanisation measures (representing pattern/process associated with urbanisation). Significant correlations (at p < 0.05) are indicated in bold text. Moderate linear relationships (0.1 ≤ r² < 0.25) are indicated in orange, and strong linear relationships (r² ≥ 0.25) in red.
Matrix value Intra-patch variable direction Corr. r value p value r² value
PURBLC Functional richness (FRic) - -0.062451 0.743032 0.003900
(% impervious Functional evenness (FEve) + 0.422524 0.020015 0.178527
surfaces) Functional divergence (FDiv) - -0.075886 0.690218 0.005759
Functional dispersion (FDis) - -0.042766 0.822453 0.001829
Functional specialisation (FSpe) - -0.129305 0.495868 0.016720
ED Functional richness (FRic) - -0.187013 0.322391 0.034974
(fragmentation) Functional evenness (FEve) + 0.410571 0.024218 0.168569
Functional divergence (FDiv) - -0.097133 0.609615 0.009435
Functional dispersion (FDis) + 0.037531 0.843907 0.001409
Functional specialisation (FSpe) - -0.146575 0.439581 0.021484
PGRALC Functional richness (FRic) + 0.104223 0.583630 0.010862
(habitat loss) Functional evenness (FEve) - -0.560394 0.001278 0.314041
Functional divergence (FDiv) - -0.001961 0.991795 0.000004
Functional dispersion (FDis) + 0.165495 0.382126 0.027389
Functional specialisation (FSpe) + 0.154569 0.414754 0.023892
DENSPEOP Functional richness (FRic) - -0.103184 0.587404 0.010647
(urbanisation) Functional evenness (FEve) + 0.477227 0.007661 0.227746
Functional divergence (FDiv) + 0.009619 0.959767 0.000093
Functional dispersion (FDis) - -0.029437 0.877281 0.000867
Functional specialisation (FSpe) + 0.058124 0.760300 0.003378
Appendix H
A-27
APPENDIX H: Tukey’s HSD test (ANOVA) results for plant species
richness, functional traits, and functional diversity
Table H.1: Tukey’s HSD for unequal N (ANOVA) to indicate significant differences between mean species richness and species diversity indices for grassland fragments in rural/peri-urban and urban surroundings. Significant differences at p < 0.05 are indicated in red.
Mean species richness Rural / peri-urban M=54.164 M=47.561 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.115071
Urban 0.115071
Shannon's diversity index (H′) Rural / peri-urban M=3.0900 M=2.7179 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.049506
Urban 0.049506
Pielou's evenness index (E) Rural / peri-urban M=.68909 M=.64737 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.185576
Urban 0.185576
Table H.2: Tukey’s HSD for unequal N (ANOVA) to indicate significant differences between the mean % species richness consisting of plant species characterised by certain functional traits for grassland fragments in rural/peri-urban and urban surroundings. Significant differences at p < 0.05 are indicated in red.
1. Status
% Native Rural / peri-urban M=83.262 M=70.538 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.004832
Urban 0.004832
% Exotic Rural / peri-urban M=16.738 M=29.462 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.004832
Urban 0.004832
2. Growth form
% Graminoid Rural / peri-urban M=23.409 M=25.702 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.149649
Urban 0.149649
% Forb Rural / peri-urban M=65.224 M=61.709 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.047385
Urban 0.047385
% Shrub Rural / peri-urban M=5.6812 M=4.7857 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.344660
Urban 0.344660
% Tree Rural / peri-urban M=1.0041 M=2.9352 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.038893
Appendix H
A-28
% Succulent Rural / peri-urban M=1.0806 M=.78535 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.575039
Urban 0.575039
% Vine Rural / peri-urban M=3.2049 M=3.7100 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.478474
Urban 0.478474
% Parasite Rural / peri-urban M=.39593 M=.37392 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.942615
Urban 0.942615
3. Life form
% Phanerophyte Rural / peri-urban M=3.7308 M=5.5960 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.095738
Urban 0.095738
% Hemicryptophyte Rural / peri-urban M=44.708 M=44.200 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.797391
Urban 0.797391
% Chamaephyte Rural / peri-urban M=28.968 M=28.212 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.751107
Urban 0.751107
% Therophyte Rural / peri-urban M=13.138 M=15.812 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.384566
Urban 0.384566
% Geophyte Rural / peri-urban M=9.4554 M=6.1804 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.001579
Urban 0.001579
4. Life span
% Perennial Rural / peri-urban M=86.552 M=82.978 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.250456
Urban 0.250456
% Annual Rural / peri-urban M=13.448 M=17.022 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.250456
Urban 0.250456
Appendix H
A-29
5. Clonality
% Non-clonal Rural / peri-urban M=67.758 M=72.465 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.011998
Urban 0.011998
% Clonal belowground Rural / peri-urban M=26.500 M=19.970 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.002375
Urban 0.002375
% Clonal aboveground Rural / peri-urban M=4.5520 M=6.1725 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.083603
Urban 0.083603
% Clonal above- and belowground Rural / peri-urban M=1.1908 M=1.3920 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.356031
Urban 0.356031
6. Spinescence
% No spines Rural / peri-urban M=92.375 M=92.876 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.546990
Urban 0.546990
% Spines Rural / peri-urban M=7.6253 M=7.1245 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.546990
Urban 0.546990
7. Leaf periodicity
% Deciduous Rural / peri-urban M=83.329 M=83.366 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.979723
Urban 0.979723
% Evergreen Rural / peri-urban M=11.785 M=9.9078 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.099191
Urban 0.099191
% Semi-evergreen Rural / peri-urban M=4.8849 M=6.7265 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.047777
Urban 0.047777
8. Primary dispersal mode
% Unassisted dispersal Rural / peri-urban M=36.064 M=36.639 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.761121
Urban 0.761121
% Wind dispersal Rural / peri-urban M=52.006 M=50.205 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.463930
Urban 0.463930
Appendix H
A-30
% Internal animal dispersal Rural / peri-urban M=4.9639 M=5.1293 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.871812
Urban 0.871812
% External animal dispersal Rural / peri-urban M=5.6289 M=5.3536 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.715627
Urban 0.715627
% Unassisted/internal animal dispersal Rural / peri-urban M=1.3370 M=2.6716 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.003929
Urban 0.003929
9. Primary pollination vector
% Abiotic pollination Rural / peri-urban M=28.506 M=28.592 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.957903
Urban 0.957903
% Biotic pollination Rural / peri-urban M=71.494 M=71.408 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.957903
Urban 0.957903
Table H.3: Tukey’s HSD for unequal N (ANOVA) to indicate significant differences between the mean functional diversity indices for grassland fragments in rural/peri-urban and urban surroundings. Significant differences at p < 0.05 are indicated in red.
Functional richness (FRic) Rural / peri-urban M=7.9645 M=7.6174 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.593046
Urban 0.593046
Functional evenness (FEve) Rural / peri-urban M=.48273 M=.53368 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.009094
Urban 0.009094
Functional divergence (FDiv) Rural / peri-urban M=.92091 M=.91053 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.550311
Urban 0.550311
Functional dispersion (FDis) Rural / peri-urban M=1.1627 M=1.1774 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.849831
Urban 0.849831
Functional specialisation (FSpe) Rural / peri-urban M=1.8227 M=1.7984 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.377529
Urban 0.377529
Appendix I
A-31
APPENDIX I: Scoring method and ranges of the eleven Soil Surface
Assessment (SSA) indicators.
Table I.1: Specific scores and class values for the eleven soil surface indicators assessed during the SSA step of LFA (after Tongway & Hindley, 2004).
1. Vegetation canopy /rock cover (rainsplash protection)
Projected aerial cover Class Interpretation
<1% 1 No rainsplash protection
1-15% 2 Low rainsplash protection
15-30% 3 Moderate rainsplash protection
30-50% 4 High rainsplash protection
>50% 5 Very high rainsplash protection
2. Perennial vegetation cover
Basal/canopy cover Class Interpretation
>1% 1 No subsurface contribution
1-10% 2 Low subsurface contribution
10-20% 3 Moderate subsurface contribution
>20% 4 High subsurface contribution
3. Litter
Plant litter cover Class
<10% 1 10-25% 2 25-50% 3 50-75% 4 75-100% 5 100%; >20mm thick 6 100%; 21-70mm thick 7 100%; 70-120% 8 100%; 120-170mm thick 9 100%; >170mm thick 10
Litter origin Symbol
Local L
Transported T
Litter degree of decomposition
Nil N
Slight S
Moderate M
Extensive E
4. Cryptogam cover
Biological crust cover Class Interpretation
N/A 0 No stable crust present
<1% 1 No contribution
1-10% 2 Slight contribution
10-50% 3 Moderate contribution
Appendix I
A-32
5. Crust brokenness
Crust brokenness Class
No crust present 0
Crust present; extensively broken 1
Crust present; moderately broken 2
Crust present; slightly broken 3
Crust present; intact, smooth 4
6. Soil erosion type and severity
Erosion type Symbol
Sheeting E
Pedestal P
Terracette T
Rill R
Scalding S
Erosion severity Class
Severe 1
Moderate 2
Slight 3
Insignificant 4
7. Deposited materials
Deposited material (alluvium) Class Interpretation
>50% 1 Extensive amount
20-50% 2 Moderate amount
5-20% 3 Slight amount
0-5% 4 None/small amount
8. Soil surface roughness Soil surface roughness
(microtopography) Class Interpretation
<3mm relief 1 Smooth
3-8mm relief 2 Low retention
8-25mm relief 3 Moderate retention
Deep depressions with visible base 4 Large retention
Very deep depressions/cracks; >100m 5 Extensive retention
9. Surface resistance to disturbance
Soil surface nature Class Interpretation
Loose sandy surface 1 Surface is not crusted
Crust easily broken 2 Surface easily penetrated
Moderately hard crust 3 Moderately hard physical crust present
Hard and brittle crust 4 Needs metal instrument to break hard surface
Non-brittle 5 Soil surface shows "springiness"; self-mulching clay; no physical crust under dense perennial grass sward
Appendix I
A-33
10. Slake test
Soil fragment behaviour
in distilled water Class Interpretation
N/A 0 No coherent fragments
Very unstable 1 Fragment collapses in less than 5 sec.
Unstable 2 Fragment collapses in 5-10 sec; >50% of sub-crust material slumps Moderately stable 3 Surface crust remains intact; <50% sub-crust slumping
Very stable 4 Fragment remains intact with no swelling
11. Soil texture Texture
(determined by moist bolus test) Class Interpretation
Silty clay to heavy clay 1 Very slow infiltration rate
Sandy clay loam to sandy clay 2 Slow infiltration rate
Sandy loam to silt loam 3 Moderate infiltration rate
Sandy to clayey sand 4 High infiltration rate
Supplementary references
Tongway, DJ. & Hindley, N. 2004. Landscape function analysis: procedures for monitoring and
assessing landscapes. With special reference to minesites and rangelands. Canberra: CSIRO
Sustainable Ecosystems.
Appendix J
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APPENDIX J: Multiple regression analysis results for landscape function
Table J.1: Correlation matrix and multiple regression results for physical landscape attributes and the selected five urbanisation measures (representing pattern/process associated with urbanisation). No significant correlations (at p < 0.05) were evident.
Matrix value Intra-patch variable Corr. direction r value p value r² value
PURBLC Landscape organisation index (LOI) - -0.045428 0.811594 0.002064
(% impervious Mean patch width (cm) + 0.037476 0.844133 0.001404
surfaces) Interpatch length (cm) + 0.022719 0.905144 0.000516
Total patch area (m²) - -0.075173 0.692987 0.005651
Longest interpatch (cm) - -0.172660 0.361564 0.029811
ED Landscape organisation index (LOI) + 0.017559 0.926621 0.000308
(fragmentation) Mean patch width (cm) + 0.158828 0.401855 0.025226
Interpatch length (cm) + 0.067486 0.723090 0.004554
Total patch area (m²) + 0.009178 0.961607 0.000084
Longest interpatch (cm) - -0.243255 0.195213 0.059173
PGRALC Landscape organisation index (LOI) - -0.147620 0.436293 0.021792
(habitat loss) Mean patch width (cm) - -0.175142 0.354594 0.030675
Interpatch length (cm) - -0.002572 0.989237 0.000007
Total patch area (m²) - -0.019659 0.917877 0.000386
Longest interpatch (cm) + 0.098082 0.606107 0.009620
DENSPEOP Landscape organisation index (LOI) + 0.104074 0.584171 0.010831
(urbanisation) Mean patch width (cm) + 0.146613 0.439462 0.021495
Interpatch length (cm) - -0.086309 0.650191 0.007449
Total patch area (m²) + 0.005690 0.976192 0.000032
Longest interpatch (cm) - -0.217752 0.247709 0.047416
Table J.2: Correlation matrix and multiple regression results for the soil surface indicators and total SSA functionality, and the selected five urbanisation measures (representing pattern/process associated with urbanisation). Significant correlations (at p < 0.05) are indicated in bold text. Moderate linear relationships (0.1 ≤ r² < 0.25) are indicated in orange and strong linear relationships (r² ≥ 0.25) in red. Matrix value Intra-patch variable Corr. direction r value p value r² value
PURBLC Stability + 0.012876 0.946159 0.000166
(% impervious Infiltration - -0.422318 0.020083 0.178353
surfaces) Nutrient Cycling - -0.350207 0.057797 0.122645
Total SSA functionality - -0.278941 0.135513 0.077808
ED Stability + 0.054395 0.775271 0.002959
(fragmentation) Infiltration - -0.340479 0.065609 0.115926
Nutrient Cycling - -0.275469 0.140651 0.075883
Total SSA functionality - -0.191157 0.311590 0.036541
PGRALC Stability + 0.126066 0.506814 0.015893
(habitat loss) Infiltration + 0.364243 0.047834 0.132673
Nutrient Cycling + 0.301887 0.104947 0.091136
Total SSA functionality + 0.304455 0.101879 0.092693
DENSPEOP Stability + 0.012863 0.946213 0.000165
(urbanisation) Infiltration - -0.202741 0.282606 0.041104
Nutrient Cycling - -0.134170 0.479653 0.018002
Appendix J
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Table J.3: Correlation matrix and multiple regression results for physical landscape attributes soil surface indicators and SSA parameters. Significant correlations (at p < 0.05) are indicated in bold text. Moderate linear relationships (0.1 ≤ r² < 0.25) are indicated in orange and strong linear relationships (r² ≥ 0.25) in red.
Physical landscape
attribute SSA parameter Corr. Direction r value p value r² value
LOI Stability + 0.3877 0.0342 0.1503
Infiltration + 0.5159 0.0035 0.2662
Nutrient cycling + 0.5535 0.0015 0.3064
Total SSA functionality + 0.5408 0.0020 0.2924
Mean patch width (cm) Stability + 0.2601 0.1652 0.0676
Infiltration + 0.3892 0.0335 0.1515
Nutrient cycling + 0.3366 0.0690 0.1133
Total SSA functionality + 0.3716 0.0432 0.1381
Total patch area (m²) Stability + 0.3043 0.1021 0.0926
Infiltration + 0.2099 0.2656 0.0441
Nutrient cycling + 0.1743 0.3569 0.0304
Total SSA functionality + 0.2591 0.1668 0.0671
Mean interpatch length (m) Stability - -0.3704 0.0439 0.1372
Infiltration - -0.2071 0.2722 0.0429
Nutrient cycling - -0.2022 0.2838 0.0409
Total SSA functionality - -0.2985 0.1092 0.0891
Shortest interpatch (m) Stability - -0.2410 0.1995 0.0581
Infiltration - -0.1089 0.5666 0.0119
Nutrient cycling - -0.0555 0.7708 0.0031
Total SSA functionality - -0.1409 0.4577 0.0198
Longest interpatch (m) Stability - -0.1242 0.5130 0.0154
Infiltration - -0.0474 0.8034 0.0022
Nutrient cycling - -0.0799 0.6746 0.0064
Appendix K
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APPENDIX K: Tukey’s HSD test (ANOVA) results for landscape function
Table K.1: Tukey’s HSD for unequal N (ANOVA) to indicate significant differences between mean physical landscape attributes for grassland fragments in rural/peri-urban and urban surroundings. There were no significant differences at p < 0.05.
Landscape organisation index (LOI) Rural / peri-urban M=83.900 M=84.879 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.877958
Urban 0.877958
Mean patch width (cm) Rural / peri-urban M=122.72 M=166.24 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.321149
Urban 0.321149
Mean total patch area (m²) Rural / peri-urban M=55.382 M=57.832 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.879578
Urban 0.879578
Mean interpatch length (m) Rural / peri-urban M=.32182 M=.32737 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.935889
Urban 0.935889
Shortest interpatch (m) Rural / peri-urban Urban
M=.11273 M=.11000
Rural / peri-urban 0.904404
Urban 0.904404
Longest interpatch (m) Rural / peri-urban Urban
M=.87636 M=.82105
Rural / peri-urban 0.825452
Urban 0.825452
Table K.2: Tukey’s HSD for unequal N (ANOVA) to indicate significant differences between mean SSA functionality indices for rural/peri-urban and urban surroundings. There were no significant differences at p < 0.05.
Stability SSA index Rural / peri-urban M=57.985 M=58.935 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.773001
Urban 0.773001
Infiltration SSA index Rural / peri-urban M=35.345 M=29.521 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.074442
Urban 0.074442
Nutrient cycling SSA index Rural / peri-urban M=30.902 M=25.563 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.169138
Urban 0.169138
Total SSA functionality Rural / peri-urban M=126.45 M=117.72 Urban
Rural / peri-urban 0.346035
Appendix L
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APPENDIX L: Multiple regression analysis results for plant
diversity-landscape function
Table L.1: Correlation matrix and multiple regression results for physical landscape attributes and the selected five urbanisation measures (representing pattern/process associated with urbanisation). Significant correlations (at p < 0.05) are indicated in bold text and moderate linear relationships (0.1 ≤ r² < 0.25).
Corr. Direction r value p value r² value
Mean species richness
Stability + 0.024040 0.899655 0.000578
Infiltration - -0.047824 0.801847 0.002287
Nutrient Cycling - -0.035629 0.851728 0.001269
Total SSA functionality - -0.027960 0.883398 0.000782
LOI - -0.359666 0.050920 0.129360
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.336441 0.069084 0.113192
Interpatch length (m) + 0.268768 0.150964 0.072236
Total patch area (m²) - -0.248391 0.185657 0.061698
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.225419 0.231034 0.050814
Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.073538 0.699354 0.005408
Shannon's diversity index (H')
Stability - -0.021946 0.908357 0.000482
Infiltration - -0.011653 0.951265 0.000136
Nutrient Cycling - -0.020362 0.914950 0.000415
Total SSA functionality - -0.032325 0.865347 0.001045
LOI - -0.437542 0.015606 0.191443
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.229960 0.221522 0.052882
Interpatch length (m) + 0.280600 0.133105 0.078737
Total patch area (m²) - -0.122230 0.519929 0.014940
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.181944 0.335914 0.033104
Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.079223 0.677307 0.006276
Pielou's evenness index (E)
Stability - -0.024601 0.897325 0.000605
Infiltration - -0.055919 0.769144 0.003127
Nutrient Cycling - -0.051820 0.785659 0.002685
Total SSA functionality - -0.061325 0.747513 0.003761
LOI - -0.492788 0.005663 0.242840
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.142425 0.452783 0.020285
Interpatch length (m) + 0.356333 0.053265 0.126973
Total patch area (m²) - -0.067735 0.722106 0.004588
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.175913 0.352448 0.030945
Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.020582 0.914032 0.000424
Functional richness (FRic)
Stability - -0.033287 0.861379 0.001108
Infiltration + 0.106490 0.575424 0.011340
Nutrient Cycling + 0.096540 0.611812 0.009320
Total SSA functionality + 0.045238 0.812367 0.002047
LOI - -0.148061 0.434907 0.021922
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.202678 0.282760 0.041078
Interpatch length (m) + 0.137580 0.468454 0.018928
Total patch area (m²) - -0.134388 0.478932 0.018060
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.188984 0.317225 0.035715
Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.185338 0.326824 0.034350
Functional evenness (FEve)
Stability + 0.056846 0.765420 0.003232
Appendix L
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Nutrient Cycling - -0.077077 0.685600 0.005941
Total SSA functionality - -0.038668 0.839235 0.001495
LOI + 0.213643 0.256963 0.045643
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.002068 0.991347 0.000004
Interpatch length (m) - -0.067057 0.724781 0.004497
Total patch area (m²) - -0.092349 0.627418 0.008528
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.070342 0.711853 0.004948
Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.078586 0.679765 0.006176
Functional divergence (FDiv)
Stability - -0.025100 0.895256 0.000630
Infiltration + 0.214357 0.255340 0.045949
Nutrient Cycling + 0.178053 0.346527 0.031703
Total SSA functionality + 0.138147 0.466607 0.019085
LOI + 0.274247 0.142493 0.075211
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.042740 0.822562 0.001827
Interpatch length (m) - -0.131264 0.489304 0.017230
Total patch area (m²) + 0.035899 0.850617 0.001289
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.202459 0.283293 0.040989
Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.147984 0.435148 0.021899
Functional dispersion (FDis)
Stability + 0.054105 0.776440 0.002927
Infiltration - -0.004119 0.982763 0.000017
Nutrient Cycling - -0.076134 0.689255 0.005796
Total SSA functionality - -0.037466 0.844172 0.001404
LOI - -0.232869 0.215571 0.054228
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.390185 0.033037 0.152244
Interpatch length (m) + 0.051355 0.787539 0.002637
Total patch area (m²) + 0.372608 0.042578 0.138837
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.018548 0.922500 0.000344
Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.179624 0.342217 0.032265
Functional specialisation (FSpe)
Stability - -0.139554 0.462036 0.019475
Infiltration + 0.239914 0.201612 0.057559
Nutrient Cycling + 0.152382 0.421469 0.023220
Total SSA functionality + 0.019853 0.917066 0.000394
LOI + 0.002333 0.990236 0.000005
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.143930 0.447971 0.020716
Interpatch length (m) + 0.097990 0.606449 0.009602
Total patch area (m²) + 0.129574 0.494963 0.016790
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.047226 0.804278 0.002230 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.099658 0.600304 0.009932 %Native Stability + 0.029568 0.876739 0.000874 Infiltration - -0.062684 0.742104 0.003929 Nutrient Cycling - -0.062168 0.744155 0.003865
Total SSA functionality - -0.002601 0.989117 0.000007
LOI - -0.173720 0.358578 0.030179
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.333418 0.071777 0.111168
Interpatch length (m) - -0.047267 0.804109 0.002234
Total patch area (m²) - -0.182552 0.334275 0.033325
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.094884 0.617960 0.009003 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.040240 0.832789 0.001619 %Exotic Stability - -0.029568 0.876739 0.000874 Infiltration + 0.062684 0.742104 0.003929 Nutrient Cycling + 0.062168 0.744155 0.003865
Total SSA functionality + 0.002601 0.989117 0.000007
LOI + 0.173720 0.358578 0.030179
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.333418 0.071777 0.111168
Appendix L
A-39
Interpatch length (m) + 0.047267 0.804109 0.002234
Total patch area (m²) + 0.182552 0.334275 0.033325
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.094884 0.617960 0.009003 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.040240 0.832789 0.001619 %Forb Stability - -0.037131 0.845549 0.001379 Infiltration + 0.298398 0.109227 0.089041 Nutrient Cycling + 0.313998 0.091066 0.098595
Total SSA functionality + 0.181439 0.337280 0.032920
LOI + 0.246530 0.189081 0.060777
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.029149 0.878473 0.000850
Interpatch length (m) + 0.118972 0.531197 0.014154
Total patch area (m²) - -0.004939 0.979334 0.000024
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.039123 0.837369 0.001531 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.307125 0.098761 0.094326 %Graminoids Stability + 0.018133 0.924231 0.000329 Infiltration + 0.016618 0.930547 0.000276 Nutrient Cycling + 0.062522 0.742749 0.003909
Total SSA functionality + 0.044121 0.816924 0.001947
LOI + 0.107535 0.571658 0.011564
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.121335 0.523013 0.014722
Interpatch length (m) + 0.033997 0.858448 0.001156
Total patch area (m²) + 0.052178 0.784211 0.002723
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.212609 0.259328 0.045203 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.016037 0.932968 0.000257 %Shrub Stability + 0.050677 0.790281 0.002568 Infiltration + 0.061633 0.746286 0.003799 Nutrient Cycling - -0.043826 0.818127 0.001921
Total SSA functionality + 0.083073 0.662523 0.006901
LOI - -0.110592 0.560708 0.012231
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.144853 0.445032 0.020983
Interpatch length (m) - -0.169600 0.370263 0.028764
Total patch area (m²) - -0.067570 0.722758 0.004566
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.101834 0.592330 0.010370 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.333658 0.071561 0.111328 %Tree Stability - -0.078387 0.680533 0.006145 Infiltration - -0.345448 0.061522 0.119335 Nutrient Cycling - -0.363547 0.048293 0.132166
Total SSA functionality - -0.309334 0.096236 0.095688
LOI - -0.085094 0.654811 0.007241
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.173117 0.360274 0.029969
Interpatch length (m) - -0.068342 0.719715 0.004671
Total patch area (m²) + 0.181980 0.335819 0.033117
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.011403 0.952311 0.000130 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.029578 0.876700 0.000875 %Succulent Stability + 0.041745 0.826629 0.001743 Infiltration - -0.122486 0.519050 0.015003 Nutrient Cycling - -0.136437 0.472194 0.018615
Total SSA functionality - -0.025579 0.893266 0.000654
LOI - -0.401955 0.027675 0.161568
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.138534 0.465345 0.019192
Interpatch length (m) + 0.012992 0.945674 0.000169
Total patch area (m²) - -0.177175 0.348949 0.031391
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.069170 0.716459 0.004784
Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.158014 0.404302 0.024969
Appendix L
A-40
%Vines Stability + 0.136407 0.472293 0.018607 Infiltration - -0.236879 0.207546 0.056112 Nutrient Cycling - -0.173470 0.359279 0.030092Total SSA functionality - -0.125230 0.509657 0.015683
LOI - -0.247893 0.186569 0.061451
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.300690 0.106401 0.090414
Interpatch length (m) - -0.061745 0.745838 0.003812
Total patch area (m²) - -0.206402 0.273818 0.042602
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.246850 0.188488 0.060935 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.194693 0.302553 0.037905 %Parasite Stability - -0.168081 0.374627 0.028251 Infiltration - -0.220733 0.241134 0.048723 Nutrient Cycling - -0.296946 0.111045 0.088177
Total SSA functionality - -0.266903 0.153930 0.071237
LOI - -0.183204 0.332521 0.033564
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.368564 0.045058 0.135839
Interpatch length (m) - -0.032989 0.862608 0.001088
Total patch area (m²) + 0.164955 0.383702 0.027210
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.082488 0.664764 0.006804 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.089906 0.636592 0.008083 %Phanerophytes Stability - -0.007053 0.970494 0.000050 Infiltration - -0.292806 0.116355 0.085735 Nutrient Cycling - -0.335842 0.069611 0.112790
Total SSA functionality - -0.231966 0.217407 0.053808
LOI - -0.069307 0.715918 0.004804
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.140717 0.458274 0.019801
Interpatch length (m) - -0.166328 0.379700 0.027665
Total patch area (m²) + 0.180196 0.340658 0.032471
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.012798 0.946486 0.000164 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.173585 0.358957 0.030132 %Hemicryptophyte Stability + 0.485051 0.006593 0.235274 Infiltration + 0.195886 0.299542 0.038371 Nutrient Cycling + 0.279643 0.134490 0.078200
Total SSA functionality + 0.400622 0.028244 0.160498
LOI - -0.020637 0.913802 0.000426
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.271142 0.147251 0.073518
Interpatch length (m) + 0.101603 0.593176 0.010323
Total patch area (m²) - -0.222404 0.237499 0.049464
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.033862 0.859006 0.001147 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.117077 0.537805 0.013707 %Chamaephyte Stability - -0.175804 0.352751 0.030907 Infiltration - -0.400629 0.028241 0.160504 Nutrient Cycling - -0.394470 0.030995 0.155606
Total SSA functionality - -0.336699 0.068858 0.113366
LOI - -0.244002 0.193803 0.059537
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.179665 0.342106 0.032280
Interpatch length (m) - -0.020880 0.912794 0.000436
Total patch area (m²) - -0.126308 0.505990 0.015954
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.011343 0.952564 0.000129 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.001835 0.992320 0.000003 %Therophyte Stability - -0.175667 0.353130 0.030859 Infiltration + 0.208547 0.268753 0.043492 Nutrient Cycling + 0.186464 0.323839 0.034769 Table L.1 continue
Appendix L
A-41
Total SSA functionality + 0.030337 0.873560 0.000920
LOI + 0.191677 0.310250 0.036740
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.268329 0.151658 0.072001
Interpatch length (m) + 0.103996 0.584453 0. 010815
Total patch area (m²) + 0.121291 0.523164 0.014712
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.042391 0.823988 0.001797 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.092138 0.628208 0.008489 %Geophyte Stability + 0.011627 0.951375 0.000135 Infiltration + 0.222321 0.237680 0.049426 Nutrient Cycling + 0.169587 0.370299 0.028760
Total SSA functionality + 0.158672 0.402322 0.025177
LOI + 0.091999 0.628730 0.008464
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.027713 0.884421 0.000768
Interpatch length (m) - -0.240032 0.201383 0.057615
Total patch area (m²) + 0.132359 0.485658 0.017519
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.044975 0.813439 0.002023 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.273849 0.143095 0.074993 %Perennial Stability + 0.179883 0.341511 0.032358 Infiltration - -0.169141 0.371578 0.028609 Nutrient Cycling - -0.135193 0.476281 0.018277
Total SSA functionality + 0.008338 0.965120 0.000070
LOI - -0.111787 0.556457 0.012496
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.319627 0.085110 0.102161
Interpatch length (m) - -0.130387 0.492237 0.017001
Total patch area (m²) - -0.132325 0.485770 0.017510
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.033998 0.858447 0.001156 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.111651 0.556939 0.012466 %Annual Stability - -0.179883 0.341511 0.032358 Infiltration + 0.169141 0.371578 0.028609 Nutrient Cycling + 0.135193 0.476281 0.018277
Total SSA functionality - -0.008338 0.965120 0.000070
LOI + 0.111787 0.556457 0.012496
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.319627 0.085110 0.102161
Interpatch length (m) + 0.130387 0.492237 0.017001
Total patch area (m²) + 0.132325 0.485770 0.017510
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.033998 0.858447 0.001156 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.111651 0.556939 0.012466 %Non-clonal Stability - -0.282850 0.129893 0.080004 Infiltration - -0.262424 0.161222 0.068866 Nutrient Cycling - -0.246364 0.189388 0.060695
Total SSA functionality - -0.309079 0.096525 0.095530
LOI - -0.074425 0.695897 0.005539
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.089459 0.638277 0.008003
Interpatch length (m) + 0.209608 0.266271 0.043935
Total patch area (m²) - -0.071334 0.707966 0.005089
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.195255 0.301133 0.038124 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.275995 0.139862 0.076173 %Clonal belowground Stability + 0.307367 0.098482 0.094474 Infiltration + 0.283131 0.129495 0.080163 Nutrient Cycling + 0.281494 0.131822 0.079239
Total SSA functionality + 0.326540 0.078209 0.106628
LOI + 0.081093 0.670113 0.006576
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.205568 0.275806 0.042258
Interpatch length (m) - -0.219865 0.243035 0.048341
Appendix L
A-42
Total patch area (m²) + 0.008638 0.963864 0.000075
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.150701 0.426670 0.022711 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.246697 0.188772 0.060859 %Clonal aboveground Stability - -0.1499447 0.429020 0.022483 Infiltration - -0.1604963 0.396865 0.025759 Nutrient Cycling - -0.1808237 0.338950 0.032697
Total SSA functionality - -0.1525015 0.421100 0.023257
LOI - -0.0703474 0.711834 0.004949
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.3085861 0.097086 0.095225
Interpatch length (m) + 0.1329844 0.483580 0.017685
Total patch area (m²) + 0.1463214 0.440382 0.021410
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.0538309 0.777544 0.002898
Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.0548945 0.773262 0.003013
%Clonal above- and belowground
Stability - -0.0865367 0.649328 0.007489
Infiltration + 0.0378443 0.842619 0.001432
Nutrient Cycling - -0.0029715 0.987566 0.000009
Total SSA functionality - -0.0421359 0.825031 0.001775
LOI + 0.1115452 0.557315 0.012442
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.0564693 0.766933 0.003189
Interpatch length (m) - -0.1190199 0.531032 0.014166
Total patch area (m²) - -0.082453 0.664896 0.006799
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.0804256 0.672677 0.006468 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.0929141 0.625305 0.008633 %No spines Stability + 0.218259 0.246582 0.047637 Infiltration - -0.005681 0.976232 0.000032 Nutrient Cycling - -0.031475 0.868855 0.000991
Total SSA functionality + 0.050691 0.790226 0.002570
LOI - -0.133383 0.482258 0.017791
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.267906 0.152331 0.071773
Interpatch length (m) + 0.160883 0.395714 0.025883
Total patch area (m²) + 0.210291 0.264679 0.044222
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.053190 0.780130 0.002829 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.004013 0.983210 0.000016 %Spines Stability - -0.218259 0.246582 0.047637 Infiltration + 0.005681 0.976232 0.000032 Nutrient Cycling + 0.031475 0.868855 0.000991
Total SSA functionality - -0.050691 0.790226 0.002570
LOI + 0.133383 0.482258 0.017791
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.267906 0.152331 0.071773
Interpatch length (m) - -0.160883 0.395714 0.025883
Total patch area (m²) - -0.210291 0.264679 0.044222
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.053190 0.780130 0.002829 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.004013 0.983210 0.000016 %Deciduous Stability + 0.399995 0.028515 0.159996 Infiltration + 0.289471 0.120767 0.083794 Nutrient Cycling + 0.373328 0.042149 0.139374
Total SSA functionality + 0.400046 0.028493 0.160037
LOI + 0.251190 0.180588 0.063096
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.008296 0.965297 0.000069
Interpatch length (m) - -0.035151 0.853695 0.001236
Total patch area (m²) - -0.031027 0.870709 0.000963
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.143664 0.448819 0.020639
Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.009853 0.958788 0.000097
Appendix L
A-43
%Evergreen Stability - -0.242224 0.197174 0.058672 Infiltration - -0.037620 0.843540 0.001415 Nutrient Cycling - -0.102517 0.589837 0.010510Total SSA functionality - -0.146961 0.438366 0.021597
LOI + 0.083428 0.661167 0.006960
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.006674 0.972076 0.000045
Interpatch length (m) - -0.208579 0.268679 0.043505
Total patch area (m²) + 0.146265 0.440559 0.021394
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.041464 0.827780 0.001719 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.013735 0.942575 0.000189 %Semi-evergreen Stability - -0.303610 0.102882 0.092179 Infiltration - -0.385869 0.035202 0.148895 Nutrient Cycling - -0.432401 0.017014 0.186971
Total SSA functionality - -0.418620 0.021316 0.175243
LOI - -0.474494 0.008067 0.225144
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.004396 0.981608 0.000019
Interpatch length (m) + 0.303689 0.102787 0.092227
Total patch area (m²) - -0.130224 0.492784 0.016958
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.263222 0.159905 0.069286 Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.031121 0.870319 0.000969 %Unassisted dispersal Stability - -0.258871 0.167179 0.067014 Infiltration - -0.060250 0.751799 0.003630 Nutrient Cycling - -0.189104 0.316913 0.035760
Total SSA functionality - -0.227736 0.226148 0.051864
LOI - -0.202275 0.283739 0.040915
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.201405 0.285860 0.040564
Interpatch length (m) - -0.012795 0.946497 0.000164
Total patch area (m²) - -0.164613 0.384703 0.027097
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.163219 0.388797 0.026640 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.332287 0.072806 0.110414 %Wind Stability + 0.218903 0.245156 0.047918 Infiltration + 0.158289 0.403474 0.025056 Nutrient Cycling + 0.270059 0.148937 0.072932
Total SSA functionality + 0.251054 0.180832 0.063028
LOI + 0.226391 0.228976 0.051253
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.236350 0.208593 0.055861
Interpatch length (m) + 0.054443 0.775081 0.002964
Total patch area (m²) + 0.188509 0.318466 0.035536
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.148838 0.432473 0.022153
Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.402238 0.027556 0.161795
%Internal animal dispersal
Stability - -0.044515 0.815316 0.001982
Infiltration - -0.136902 0.470669 0.018742
Nutrient Cycling - -0.201741 0.285040 0.040699
Total SSA functionality - -0.122585 0.518709 0.015027
LOI - -0.053778 0.777758 0.002892
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.092882 0.625425 0.008627
Interpatch length (m) - -0.165872 0.381029 0.027513
Total patch area (m²) + 0.107462 0.571920 0.011548
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.012760 0.946642 0.000163
Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.169104 0.371683 0.028596
%External animal dispersal
Stability - -0.108076 0.569713 0.011680
Infiltration - -0.118495 0.532859 0.014041
Nutrient Cycling - -0.109418 0.564902 0.011972
Appendix L
A-44
Total SSA functionality - -0.097476 0.608348 0.009502
LOI - -0.279053 0.135349 0.077870
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.463150 0.009953 0.214508
Interpatch length (m) + 0.251950 0.179229 0.063479
Total patch area (m²) - -0.349406 0.058411 0.122085
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.158056 0.404177 0.024982
Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.040692 0.830938 0.001656
%Unassisted/internal animal dispersal
Stability + 0.146431 0.440036 0.021442
Infiltration - -0.093279 0.623941 0.008701
Nutrient Cycling - -0.041438 0.827884 0.001717
Total SSA functionality + 0.017002 0.928945 0.000289
LOI + 0.172615 0.361689 0.029796
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.100265 0.598077 0.010053
Interpatch length (m) - -0.255834 0.172393 0.065451
Total patch area (m²) - -0.001453 0.993921 0.000002
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.142437 0.452742 0.020288 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.317441 0.087387 0.100768 %Abiotic pollination Stability + 0.270860 0.147688 0.073365 Infiltration + 0.148042 0.434965 0.021917 Nutrient Cycling + 0.153697 0.417424 0.023623
Total SSA functionality + 0.258039 0.168596 0.066584
LOI - -0.040403 0.832125 0.001632
Mean patch width (cm) - -0.036955 0.846273 0.001366
Interpatch length (m) + 0.057440 0.763039 0.003299
Total patch area (m²) - -0.015186 0.936518 0.000231
Longest interpatch (m) - -0.186286 0.324311 0.034702 Shortest interpatch (m) - -0.081392 0.668962 0.006625 %Biotic pollination Stability - -0.270860 0.147688 0.073365 Infiltration - -0.148042 0.434965 0.021917 Nutrient Cycling - -0.153697 0.417424 0.023623
Total SSA functionality - -0.258039 0.168596 0.066584
LOI + 0.040403 0.832125 0.001632
Mean patch width (cm) + 0.036955 0.846273 0.001366
Interpatch length (m) - -0.057440 0.763039 0.003299
Total patch area (m²) + 0.015186 0.936518 0.000231
Longest interpatch (m) + 0.186286 0.324311 0.034702
Shortest interpatch (m) + 0.081392 0.668962 0.006625
