Seasonality in the coastal lowlands of Kenya: Part 1: Research objectives and study design

.

\iCl

Food and Nutrition Studies Progmnun,

Seasonality in the

Coastal Lowlands of Kenya

Part 1:

Research Objectives

and Study

Design

Jan Hoorweg, Ted Kliest

&

Rudo Niemeijer

Report No. 27/1988

Food and Nutrition Planning Unit,

Ministry of Planning and National Development,

Nairobi, Kenya; and

2. ASC/Food and Nutrition Studies Programme P.O. Box 9555

LEI DEN, Netherlands Wassenaarseweg 52 2333 AK Leiden

©

Jan Hoorweg, Ted Kliest

&

Rudo Niemeijer

Jan Hoorweg, Ted Kliest & Rudo Niemeijer

SEASONALITY IN THE COASTAL LOWLANDS OF KENYA

Part 1: Research Objectives & Study Design

Contents

Note on authors 3 Acknowledgements 4 Summary 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Coast Province 9 3. Research Objectives 11 4. Research Areas 13 5. Sampling Procedure 16 6. Data Schedule 19 7. Survey Procedures 24 References 25

Note on Authors

This study has been a genuine team effort in which several researchers participated in different phases of the research. Also, during the course of the study some of our colleagues left and were replaced by others. Since it is not possible to list all of them as authors to each report, we have chosen to list as authors, the researchers who have taken a large hand in that particular report, be it in data collection, analysis, reporting or otherwise. The full team, however, has contributed to the end results and therefore needs to be mentioned. The respective names, disciplines and periods of participation in the study follow below:

Drs. Dick Foeken Ir. Marian Geuns Dr. Jan Hoorweg

1987-Acknowledgements

This report is the first of a series on seasonality in Coast Province, the result of a joint programme between the Ministry of Planning & National Development, Nairobi and the African Studies Centre, Leiden. The study was carried out over a period of 2 years and a great number of people were involved. Without the assistance and support of these individuals and the institutions they represent the study could not have been realized.

We wish to mention, firstly, the extensive support of the officers of the Ministry of Planning and National Development. Mr. 1.0. Otieno, Chief Planning Officer of the Sectoral Planning Department, contributed greatly to the realization of the study, as did Mr. F.Z. Omoro and Mrs. L.I. Shitakha, successive heads of the Food and Nutrition Planning Unit. In Mombasa, the Provincial Planning Officer, Mr. P.B. Mjambili gave invaluable assistance with the local introductions and the organization of logistics. He was later replaced by Mr. 1. Echessa. We are also indebted to the District Development Officers in the two districts: Dr. K. Oigara, Mr. H. Ajwang and Mr. R.W. Machina, as well as the Division Officers, Chiefs and Assistant Chiefs in the different locations.

Our colleagues of the Central Bureau of Statistics, Mr. P.M. Munene and Mr. N. Mwasigwa, District Statistical Officers, assisted us greatly with the sample selection and the recruitment of assistants. We wish to mention in particular, the CBS field supervisors Mr. 1. Ngolo and Mr. G. Turnbo who played an active role throughout with the supervision of field assistants. The team benefited greatly from their long experience.

We are particularly grateful to the members of our office and field staff. Although the group experienced the usual ups and downs, it functioned as a coherent and harmonious team. Mrs. P. Dzombo, Mrs. S. Ngala, Mrs. A. Kazungu, Mr. 1.A. Odingo, Mr. B.O. Ajode, Mr. R.c. Chacha, Mr. 1.K. Hamisi, Mr. M.A. Maalim, Mr. S.S. Masha, Mr. S.R. Mwaguni, Mr. I.M. Mwaropia, Mr. F.M. Nyundo, Mr. E.M. Pekeshe, Mr. L.S. Rasi, Mr. M. Salim and Mr. R.D. Washe formed a fine team and we regret that it had to be disbanded.

At various stages all our studies have benefited from the comments of members of the FNSP steering committee, of whom we wish to mention in particular, Mr. S. Akach, Central Bureau of Statistics, Mr. L. Wasonga, Office of the President, and Dr. G. Ruigu, Institute of Development Studies.

Finally, we thank the members of the administrative staff of the African Studies Centre for their assistance in general and for the preparation and printing of this and coming reports in particular, Mrs. A. Ruijgrok-van Wijngaarden, Mrs. R. van Hal-Klap, Mrs. M. Zwart-Brouwer and Mr. D. Stelpstra. Mrs. N. Betlehem-de Vink prepared the maps and Mrs. I. Rike edited the text.

Summary

This is the first of a number of reports on social, economic and nutritional conditions in Coast Province, more particular in K wale and Kilifi Districts. The reports cover several connected studies that were carried out between July 1985 and July 1987 by a team of the Food and Nutrition Planning Unit of the Ministry of Planning and National Development and the African Studies Centre. The studies were part of the Food and Nutrition Studies Programme (FNSP,1987b) and were concerned with two general topics, namely:

(-) regional and seasonal fluctuations in food supply and nutrition; and (-) nutrition in agricultural and rural development.

The major emphasis of the research concerns the first named topic namely that of seasonality, the angle from which the, often precarious, living conditions in the region have been analysed. This study was carried out in six locations in K wale and Kilifi District, i.e. two locations in each of the three major agro-ecological zones. The study consists of a longitudinal survey of 50 households in each location. Households were visited six times over a period of two years. The information collected concerns household and demographic characteristics, agriCUlture, off-farm employment, food consumption and nutritional status.

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Kili!i District Development Plan 198411988;

o 20 km Kili!i District Environmental Assessment Report 1984; Kwale District Development Plan 198411988;

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Kwale District Environmental Assessment Report 1984"

1.

Introduction

The pressure on land resources in Kenya threatens the future balance between national food demand and national food production (Senga et al.,1981; World Bank,1983). The existing agro-ecological potential for rain-fed fanning is quite limited and the country is, in fact, already short of good agricultural land (Ruigu,1987). High and medium potential lands with good to fair prospects for crop production and intensive livestock activities cover only 20% of the land area. The rapid population growth, however, necessitates substantial increases in food production in the near future, together with increases in the production of export crops. The role of agricultural policies, notably of government pricing policies is of vital importance in this respect (Meilink, 1985; 1987). Meanwhile, production increases will depend on the possibilities of increasing yields per hectare, and of bringing remaining, often marginal, areas under cultivation (GOK,1986).

Plateau in Eastern Province, the hinterlands of Coast Province and parts of Rift Valley Province (Kliest, 1985).

In the semi-arid zones, the rainfall pattern is characterized by a low reliability and low amounts of precipitation. Rain-fed agriculture shows a seasonal cycle of cultivation and harvesting. Such conditions of seasonality, particularly in areas with only one rainy season, easily lead to fluctuations in food availability and nutrition, and even to food shortages. The topic of seasonality has received increasing attention in recent years. Although many African societies traditionally had to cope with seasonal food shortages, the effects of seasonality appear to have worsened as a consequence of the introduction of commercial cropping and because of increasing population pressure. Certain groups, such as small farmers, appear to be more vulnerable to the vagaries of the seasons than others (Chambers et aI., 1981; AMREF, 1982; IDS, 1985; IFPRI, 1985).

2. Coast Province

Coast Province is the third area of major population concentration in Kenya, after the Central and Western regions of the country. The climatic and economic conditions of the region are quite different from those of the highland areas. Going inland, rainfall diminishes quickly while the potential evapotranspiration increases. Most soils are chemically poor and the fertility of the land tends to be

3. Research Objectives

Regional and seasonal fluctuations in food supply and nutrition is one of the central topics of the Food and Nutrition Studies Programme. The general objective here is to contribute to the knowledge regarding the effects of climatic seasonality on food production and nutrition among rural populations in Kenya.

A second objective is to collect information on food practices and nutritional conditions among the rural populations at district level.1

Coast Province was selected as research area, firstly because of its climatic characteristics and its variety of ecological conditions, secondly because of a relatively high incidence of childhood malnutrition in the region and, thirdly because existing knowledge about nutritional conditions in the province is scarce.

The study objective is to record, describe and analyse the effects of climatic seasonality on food production and nutrition among the rural populations in the coastal lowlands, together with the coping mechanisms that are utilized by different population groups in order to deal with these seasonal variations.

Specifically, the following aspects are addressed:

=

The characteristics of the small farms in different agro-ecological zones in terms of land and labour use, cropping patterns, farm management practices and degree of cormnercialization;

=

The differentiation in socio-economic terms among the farming households;

=

The extent and nature of off-farm activities;

= The variations in food consumption over the year;

4. Research Areas

The study was carried out in K wale and Kilifi, the two districts that account for more than two-thirds of the rural population2 _{in the province.}3 _{Attention is}

further concentrated on three agro-ecological zones, namely the coconut-cassava, cashewnut-cassava and livestock-millet zone which sustain the bulk of the population in the districts. One location was selected in each zone in each district: 6 research locations altogether (see Map 1, p. 5). The research locations are listed in Table 1, under the names of the administrative units in which they are situated, with the district and agro-ecological zone which they represent and the population density. In Table 1 follows a brief description of the six research locations, more detailed information on the ecological and economic characteristics of these areas is presented in the next report (part 2).

Table 1. Research Areas

DIS1RICT LOCATION SUB- A-E RESEARCH POPUL LOCATION ZONEl AREA2 DENS.

Kwale Diani Bongwe CL3 L3K w. Bongwe 133 Mwavumbo Mwatate CL4 lAKw. Mwatate 203 Kinango Kibandaongo CL5 L5K w. Kibandaongo 40

Kilifi Jibana Chilulurrsagwa CL3 L3Ki. Chilulu 312 Chonyi (N) Kitsoeni CL4 lAKi. Kitsoeni 109 Bamba Mikamini CL5 L5Ki. Bamba 35

1) CL3: Coconut-cassava; CL4: Cashewnut-cassava; CL5: Livestock-millet 2) The density figures are for the Sub-locations concerned (CBS,1981)

2 The inhabitants of the two districts belong to the Mijikenda population group which is subdivided in three large groups: the Giriama, Duruma and Digo and six smaller groups: the Rabai, Ribe, Kambe, Jibana, Chonyi and Kauma.

Coconut-Cassava Zone: Bongwe and Chilulu

Bongwe is situated about 25 km. south of Mombasa, inland from Diani Beach, a tourist area with many hotels. By coastal standards, conditions in this area are favourable: soils are fertile, there is substantial rainfall, with a dense cover of coconut palms and fruit trees. Moreover, there are employment opportunities in trade, in the nearby tourist hotels and in Mombasa which is easily reached with public transport. The local population is of Digo origin and of Islamic denomination. The counterpart area, Chilulu in Kilifi District is situated inland, in the hilly landscape near the township of Kaloleni with a mostly Chonyi population. Here also, conditions for cultivation are relatively favourable. Farmers in this area used to produce and sell considerable amounts of palm wine, until these sales were officially banned. Employment opportunities are few, Mombasa lies at about 50 km. distance, but can be reached along a tarmac road.

Cashewnut-Cassava Zone: Mwatate and Kitsoeni

Mwatate research area4 _{is situated about 25 km. north-west of Mombasa near}

the trunk road to Nairobi, a few km. past Mazeras. This area is less fertile and has less treecover (mostly cashewnut trees but also batches of coconut palms). With good road connections workers are able to commute to Mombasa, boarding matatus early in the morning and returning late in the afternoon or in the evening. The population is a mixture of the indigenous Nduruma and later

immigrants. Kitsoeni, the corresponding area in Kilifi District, has similar ecological conditions, with many cashewnut trees as a main characteristic but also coconuts in the higher part. This area is situated along the murram road connecting Kaloleni with Kilifi, at middle distance from the two towns. The population is mostly Kauma. Matatus, the bustling signs of economic activity, are relatively few and people have to depend on busses for transport.

Livestock-Millet Zone: Kibandaongo and Bamba

5. Sampling Procedure

For each research area, a map was available identifying about 150 households in a sub-area.5 _{The study sample consisted of every third household in the mapped}

area, i.e. 50 households in each area.

A household was defined as a group of people who reside together under a roof or under several roofs within a single compound, who are answerable to the same head and share a common source of food.6 _{In some of the research}

locations, this meant that the size of the household might go up to twenty, because of the prevailing extended families. In one case the total number reached fourty-seven. Household members can be either resident, part-time resident or non-resident. Full-time residents are persons taking one or more meals from the household kitchen on a daily basis. Part-time residents are persons who normally live in the compound but who are or have been absent for an uninterrupted period of two weeks or more during the last three months. Non-resident members are members of the household who are staying elsewhere for reasons of employment, education or otherwise, but who return regularly, and keep economic ties with the household.

The 300 households sampled in the 6 areas numbered a total of 2,664 people. Among this population 2,315 were full-time resident, 107 were part-time resident, while 233 were, in fact, non-resident (Table 2).

5 We wish to thank the staff of the Central Bureau of Statistics, who had done the actual mapping, for their assistance.

Table 2.

Sample Composition: Number of Household Members by Residency and Area

L3 L3 L4 L4 L5 L5 Total (%) Kw Ki Kw Ki Kw Ki Households: N=50 N=50 N=50 N=50 N=50 N=50 N=300 Full-time residents 279 458 290 375 331 582 2315 86.9 Part-time residents 9 8 11 2 10 67 107 4.0 Non-residents 11 71 24 55 23 49 233 8.8 Unknown 1 2 6 9 0.3 Total 299 538 325 434 370 698 2664 100

•

The resident population was composed of 95 elderly people over 60 years; 784 adults between the ages of 20 and 59 years; and 1436 youngsters under twenty. Of the youngsters, 573 were between 10 and 19 years, 414 between 5 and 9, and 449 under-fives (Tables 3 and 4).

Table 3.

Sample Composition: Number of Full-Time Residents by Age Group and Area

Table 4

6. Data Schedule

Six survey rounds were conducted in the period between June 1985 and July 1987 so that each household was visited six times, at roughly four months intervals. The material collected during the first round is detailed below and concerned household and demographic characteristics, agriculture, off-farm employment, food consumption and nutritional status. The information collected during subsequent rounds, covered household events since the previous interview and consisted of a full interview schedule with the exception of housing and demographic characteristics for which only changes were inquired after. The topics covered during the different rounds are listed in Table

5, which also lists the growing season and harvest concerned.

Table 5. Survey Rounds

(+) full information recorded (-) only changes recorded

R PERIOD DATA SCHEDULE AGRICULTURAL N DATA Hsng Fann NStat SEASON

D COLLECTION Demog FdCons COVERED

1. Jun-Jul 1985 + + + + + short rains, 1984/85

2. Oct-Nov 1985 + + + long rains, 1985

3. Mar-Apr 1986 ₊ + + short rains, 1985/86 4. Jun-Jul 1986 _{+ + +} long rains, 1986* 5. Oct-Nov 1986 + + + long rains, 1986

6. Jun-Jul 1987 ** + + + short rains, 1986/87

*

Pre-harvest

** Restricted to 3 research locations in Kilifi District

Housing circumstances and living conditions

=

house, kitchen, water source, distance water, sanitation (Form 2.1) A small map was drawn of each compound, identifying the main house as well as other houses and shelters. For the main house the type, style, roof material, wall material, and floor material were recorded. The water source was recorded separately for drinking water and for the watering of livestock.

Demographic characteristics of household members

=

sex, age, marital status, education, occupation

= period and type of employment; income estimate

=

non-resident members; reason absence, frequency of visits, remittances

=

adult women; pregnancy, antenatal visits

=

child births and deaths over the past 36 months

Farm characteristics (Form 3.1) (Form 3.2) (Form 3.3) (Form 3.3) (Form 3.4)

=

annual crops; acreage, type ownership, crops and crop mixture,

farming practices, quantity harvests, quantity sales (Form 4.1)

=

treecrops and perennials; number of plants, farming practices,

quantity harvests, quantity sales (Form 4.2)

=

livestock; type livestock, tum-over, livestock products,

number of poultry, goats, sheep and cattle that were added or deleted from the existing herd; together with estimates of milk and egg production and milk sales. Further items concerned crop cultivation practices and livestock management.

Food consumption

=

household food preparation and consumption, dishes, ingredients, amounts, origin

=

food preparation recipe

=

dietary recall of young children

(Form 5.1) (Form 5.2) (Form 6.1) Food consumption was assessed by two recall methods: (a) a recall of all food prepared in the compound during the day prior to the interview, and (b) a 24-hour recall of the quantities of food consumed by individual children, aged 6-35 months, also for the previous day. The recall of food preparation was collected for each kitchen of the household. The women concerned, were questioned about all the foods and drinks they had prepared in the course of the previous day. Starting with the first dish of the day, all subsequent dishes (drinks and snacks) were covered. The women were further asked to demonstrate the cooking procedures, and to indicate the volumes of the different ingredients used, as well as the total volume of the dish as finally prepared. In case of left-overs from meals, the volume of food that had not been eaten was separately estimated and subtracted. For each ingredient it was further noted whether it was home-produced or not.

including the number of times the child was breastfed. She was requested to demonstrate the portions consumed with the help of the cup or plate which had been used by the child. The volumes of the different dishes were estimated with procedures similar to those used for the food preparation.

Nutritional status

=

anthropometry; weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference

=

health; examination for signs of malnutrition, breastfeeding history, recent illnesses

(Form 7.1)

(Form 7.1)

Anthropometry included the measurements commonly used in nutrition studies: weight, height and mid-upper arm circumference. These measurements were collected for all children aged between 6 months and 11 years, as well as the mothers of these children.

The children under the age of two years were weighed using a SALTER 235 scale (max. 25 kg. with an accuracy of 100 grs.). The weighing of these children was done with a pair of 'trousers' with a harness for support. The weights of older children and adult women were measured with a TERAILLON digital scale (max. 135 kg. with an accuracy of 200 grs.).

The height of children under two years was measured with a portable length board with a fixed head rest and a moveable footrest. The children were measured in supine position. Older children and adult women were measured standing straight with their backs against a portable pole with a sliding head rest.

As regards health infonnation, mothers were requested to report the number of days the child had been ill during the two week period prior to the interview.

7. Survey Procedures

Preparations for the fieldwork started in April 1985. The research locations were selected, the research outline was completed (FNSP,1985b) and the study was introduced to the local authorities. Preliminary questionnaires were drafted.

Enumerators were recruited from the respective locations with the help of the Mombasa Office of the Central Bureau of Statistics. The 12 enumerators eventually selected were young people (eleven men and one woman) between the ages of 18 and 25 years, who had completed at least 4 years of secondary education. The training of the enumerators took place during the month of May 1985 and covered the necessary aspects of interviewing, recording and coding. Special attention was given to the recording of food preparation and dietary recall. Training and trial interviews were conducted at Mtwapa Farmers' Training Centre and Mtwapa Settlement Scheme as well as the home areas of the trainees. The final interview schedule was developed concurrently with the training of enumerators. A refresher training course was given before the start of round 2.

To make appointments for interviews with individual households, compounds were visited the day before the planned home-visit. All interviews were conducted in the local vernacular (in a few cases Swahili was used when the respondents belonged to a non-local ethnic group). Completed interview schedules were checked twice weekly by supervisors and senior staff. In order

References

AMREF (1982) Report on the regional workshop on seasonal variations in the provisioning, nutrition and health of rural families, March 31-April 2. Nairobi: African Medical and Research Foundation.

Boxem H W, Meester T de & Smaling E M A (1987)

Soils of the Kilifi Area. Wageningen: PUDOC.

Braun H M H (1982) Exploratory Soil Map and Agro-Climatic Zones of Kenya. (1:100,000). Nairobi: Kenya Soil Survey.

CBS (1981) Kenya Population Census 1979, vol. 1. Nairobi: Ministry of Planning and Development, Central Bureau of Statistics.

CBS (1983) Third Rural Child Nutrition Survey 1982. Central Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Finance and Planning, Nairobi.

CBS (1986) Statistical Abstract, 1986. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics.

CBS/UNICEF (1984) Situation Analysis of Children and Women in Kenya, Vol. 4: The Well-being of Children. Nairobi: Central Bureau of Statistics/UNICEF.

Chambers R, Longhurst R & Pacey A (1981) (eds), Seasonal dimensions to rural poverty. London: Frances Pinter.

Cooper F (1981) From Slaves to Squatters; Plantation Labor and Agriculture in Zanzibar and Coastal Kenya, 1890-1925. New Haven/Nairobi: Yale University Press/Kenya Literature Bureau.

Epp H & Kilmayer A (1982) Determination of the Cultivation Boundary in Kenya. Nairobi: Kenya Rangeland Ecological Monitoring Unit: Technical Report No. 90.

FNSP (1985a) Nutritional Conditions at Settlement Schemes in Coast Province - Kwale and Kilifi Districts (Research Outline). Nairobi/Leiden: Ministry of Planning & National Development/African Studies Centre. FNSP Report 12.

FNSP (l985b) Seasonality in Food Production and Nutrition in the Coastal Lowlands of Kenya - Kwale and Kilifi Districts (Research Outline) Nairobi/Leiden: Ministry of Planning & National Development/African Studies Centre. FNSP Report 13.

FNSP (1985c) Women's Associations and their Importance for Rural Development: A Study at Two Settlement Schemes in Coast Province (Research Outline). Nairobi/Leiden: Ministry of Planning & National Development/African Studies Centre. FNSP Report 15.

FNSP (1987a) Nutrition and Dairy Development in Coast Province (Research Outline). Nairobi/Leiden: Ministry of Planning & National Development/African Studies Centre. FNSP Report 19.

GOK (1986) Sessional Paper No. 1 of 1986 on Economic Management for Renewed Growth. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.

IFPRI (1985) Seasonal Causes of Household Food Insecurity: Policy Implications and Research Needs. Workshop organized by the International Food Policy Research Institute.

IDS (1986) Seasonality and Poverty. Conference held at the Institute of Development Studies, Sussex (1985). Papers published in IDS Bulletin, 17, 3.

Jaetzold R & Schmidt H (1982; 1983) Farm Management Handbook of Kenya, Vol II, Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information; Part A: Western Kenya. Part B: Central Kenya. Part C: East Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Agriculture.

Kliest T (1985) Regional and Seasonal Food Problems in Kenya. Nairobi/Leiden: Ministry of Planning & National Development/African Studies Centre. FNSP Report 10.

Meilink H (1985) Agricultural Pricing Policy in Kenya: Scope and Impact. NairobilLeiden: Ministry of Planning & National Development/African Studies Centre. FNSP Report 11.

Meilink H (1987) Food Consumption and Food Prices in Kenya: A Review NairobilLeiden: Ministry of Planning & National Development/African Studies Centre. FNSP Report 21.

MENR (1984a) Kilifi District Environmental Assessment Report. Ministry of Environment and National Resources, Nairobi.

MENR (1984b) Kwale District Environmental Assessment Report. Ministry of Environment and National Resources, Nairobi.

Oosten C van (1988) Farming, Food Security and Off·farm Activities. A Study of Farming Systems in Kwale District, Kenya. M.A. Thesis, University of Utrecht.

Peters C & Niemeyer R (1987) Protein·Energy Malnutrition and the Home Environment: A study among children in Coast Province, Kenya. NairobilLeiden: Ministry of Planning & National Development/African Studies Centre. FNSP Report 22.

Ruigu G M (1987) Large·Scale Irrigation Development in Kenya: Past Performance and Future Prospects NairobilLeiden: Ministry of Planning &

National Development/African Studies Centre. FNSP Report 23.

Senga W M, Faruqee R & Ateng B A (1981). Population Growth and Agricultural Development in Kenya. Nairobi: Institute of Development Studies. Occasional Paper no. 40.

Spear T T (1978), The Kaya complex: a history of the Mijikenda peoples of the Kenya coast to 1900. Nairobi: Kenya Literature Bureau.

Appendix: Questionnaire/Record Form

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2- . . . r ... 0.10,...."' ... 3-,... 3 - . . . r ... JwiI.

...

_{O· •• t _ _} : . . . 1 • 4 • cltl ... 4-..., ... . . --..ryfor •. 5 - ... of cltt ... 5- ... I ... II 6 - .rat.'.later 2-11-16 P . . - _ I I I _ : 1 - ... of .rat . . ' ... E . . . : 3 - 11-19 I · , r _ t _'-~I'" I • _ far_I -.:. 4 - 20-2') 2 -sat , . . - . 9 - . . . of eraMcltl ... 2 - ... 1tc . . . ty 5 - 30-39 (

...

) _{10 - ... re ... ""} 3 -,r'~ 1- 4 6 - 40-59 3-sat , . . - t II

-_ldI ...

r . . 4-,r1~5-' 1 - 60 + 4 • _ _ _

,aot ... )

lIota ... 12- ... 5- ... 'r'~ (_cast.WV ... ··)

""""I - ....,1_; reI ... • nlll\*, • _ I d ... ; . . . s - . . . Ital _ . . ; _ - -'Ion; off- - off-f . . . actlvlt_; cas - _11a11eer; ra -ra~;

... Is - pr_nce ... ltt_.

persons cootlnIJ for 9"000 0 .. 5

FOOD AND NUTRITION STUDIES PROGRAMME CFNSP-4/S1 DEMOGRAPHY ].2

DISTRICT CLUSTER HOUSEHOLD AREA

DJ[]]]DJJDJ

off-farm occupation and casual labour:

pers CODES: If off-f .... """"petl ... Is 3. 4. 5 .... 6 ' ... ., ... ke .... ): 1-111_ .... . 2 - I I I " " " " I&. 3 - I. 1tIYt . . . 1 . . . 1 - III fllltrlct _ _ 5-"-1,.1 6- .... . . 7 - ...

Me_

IIIl1trlct

description 0( Pf"Het'lt prim..-.... off -f .. m OCCIJC)IIUon

, ... ..-bIt:

...

_

.... .,

. . . ...uJI ... I . . ..-t 12..u.. ... 11I_ ., ,...,l81t. et_ I . . mit. Eetl . . . _ ' - I : 1- . . . . 200 kelt 2 - 200 - 5 " kelt 3-600

-11"_

1-1200-17"_ 5-1100 ... _ e ... _{_ . . . . 0} I ... ~

perl ... - ... worked; Inc - es\l._ 1 _ ; ar . , - . . of _ I e .,10\IWd;

FOOD AND NUTRITION STUDIES PROGRAMNE (FNSP-4/SJ DEMOGRAPHY].]

DISTRICT CLUSTER HOUSEHOLD AREA

OJ[IIJ[]]][I]

ROUND CONFIDENTIAl

o

_.

CODES: _-res_t co.polnM _ .... S r I d,le of dep.,..Lure d f r name e b d.-y mttl yr • , . . PI_ III

r.""""

I - I. _ . flstrlct 2- ... 1 .... ' 3- ... ....

4-._""

• • " - I f . . . , I - _ _

It""

2-warltl . . 3-1_I . . farwarlt

4 -

.at.

' - I

.1..-.

5 -"Iattl . . 6 -at . . ;

•

m oegr.If ... _ I --...-.rY 2- .... _ t (wltll till I .... tt .. If ~t . . . t .... _ yaW'1 ._11 of 16 _ .... r resldl"" In .-pou"':

por5 w P C visltlnQ oalaS rwmt 0 r I pl«e of meh clinic

m • I

_ _ ... _ ... I . . . Ia - ' _ . es _11 _ _ ... 1. III I

_ _ S ... 101 III _ter ... 11St11lll till _ ... III till -"'111. P _ _ _ . . t8 III d - = - -1IIt . . . . 1I ... _ . .

_ltll ... _til,..,...", ... _ ... It Is ... 11y

_ I ... III ftrat ... t "Islts ,.101 t8 till

_It

II - ' r . or

lit...,

MIll u.. 1D _ ...

t.,

ID far •

cIIIct-., ._

, ... I • • IIIY _ . _Iy _ Y'OIIr • • , . . . t ts . . . . 1 . .

• ...-.cv. A..." . . for ell.1e ...

FrIIJIIIIICY _{I - _ _ _ tar . .} fI( "Iatts:

2 - _ . l t t . . . _ _ 3- _ _ 1y 4 - - . 1 tt ... _ t h 5-._tIIly 6 - _ . l t t . . . .,...

1-_ . .,...

• -.... ,....-t

~tU­ I - ... 1_1y ... -wv _~"tstta 2- ... t ... - - V _.~"Iatta 3- . . . . . , ...

IIUt . . tta ttn III'''' vlalts

W_·a~. prllllllMY .... at . . . ta--_ I elt.1e: I -yes

2-_

. : .... tIIIIm till .... of clt.1e at ...

res· pl_ of rlSt ... ; . s - r _ III~; .... - ... fI( .... _ ; frq - fr~ of "I.tts; r _ - ••• I t _ ;

FOOD AND NUTRITION STUDIES PROGRN'1NE (FNSP-4/S1 DEMOGRAPH'I' 3_4

child mortality

Ltve ... elllldr ... , . . 31i _ t i l . ...-,

...

nr mothor CODES: Sa:

,

..

-2-. __

p _ t l y .lIft?:

,

.,..

2. eo , I r btrthdlt..e . t e p e r 5 U. mtll vr , v , h e * -

_{'-1._ ... ..}

2-1._ ... _ _

.r ...

t .-t3_t .. • .".2 . . . . _ - . 3-_11y ... ... (.~Iy~' 4-_11y ... ( .... _ t .. _ ... , nr

DISTRICT CLUSTER HOUSEHOLD AREA ROUND

annual crops 4. I plot t o t m y w r I en,""'" I(relQe D

. . .

n • )C t crogs pllf'lted season

DJITIJDIJDJ

o

o

t s . u source of ,.eds o d c r u - n t n h s n c g m ' l ' l d s e e d s l o h l o o • I l m 0 I 0 v w ( I " c • • n U 0 QUlntlty qu.ntlty n I • r , ,. m h~t sold 1'1 d t • p p COOES: S - : OW _ _ lp: 1 " . . 1

-era, .Ixtere: Unltflll_: a.. far BIMIt . . . 1 _ ....

i

I - ... tr.I . . .. 2 • loag r.i . . . 5 3- ... tr.I • • S ... loag r.i .. 16 Ty,,", I • ... dI..-y_ 2 ~ ~111'" 3 = •• IIay-Mt_ 2- _ _ ,r_ty

3-_

... far.I-o f ... at ... 5-r_tadOllt T . . . slty: 1- ... tr_ 2 • 0II1y 011 ... 3-f _ _ _ . _ .. - f.lr Iy _er_ 5- _ _ I • sl ... er'" 2 - Intar, ... t_ PIBRtI . . tI_: I · W .... r.l .. 2 • at . . . r.i .. 3 - 1 _ .. . .. -2_s11fter 5 - 3

_.1Ifter

6 • .. tar ..

_s

... .or. I - 9 0 l , _ 2-20l,MII 3- .... ... lD tin 5 ·lD_ .... t 6- _nBaedtin 7-~.u .. • • tr ... tt .. 9 • at .... (wrIte

__0

for ... Iy . . tar tllB _ or tile

cr_.

far at .... crops enter tile n •• "" fill _Iega _ tile ... of t I _ tlle,1ot w • . - . .

far . - . MIte DIlly tile •••• er of steaas . . tllB ,lat.

AddiLionll informaLion on plou (form 4.1)

rlol pen qu dis nr ,I t.I IUblocation boa

u. '"

Comments: Qual.iIY land: I Coud Iond 2 mode-rau: 3 nol ,ood

HoulC(or structure): _C.maker'

Baed _~.~Ieel .. ar ,nel-o. 1--=t1C . . . . ...-...t

_,Ieted:

I · y e e ( _ . . . , 2- . . ( _ _ . . . , P.r_ fill crap: I ... _.,tIOll .. Iy 2 - - . t 1 _ _ 1cI 3- ... _Iy . . 1cI .. • . . lyfar." fartlllzw:

1-_

2- . . . r. 3 • fartlllar ...~.

\\'.lkin& disalnce (one-way)"

1 De., home 2 len than 30 minutes 3 leu than I hour 4 less than 2 houn S ",",0 hoon or 1nOft

J ordinary houR I bou .. hoId _ ....

2 temporay IlJUdure only

3ao 2 !dati"" _{3 ...} chman or .ardena Iivina ""or plOI

I

FOOD AND NUTRITION STUDIES PROGRAtW1E (FNSP-4/S)

DISTRICT CLUSTER HOUSEHOLD AREA ROUND CONFIDENTIAL

rn

ITIJ

OJ]

IT]

treecrops. perennials. and livestock 4.2

otner c.r_ls rna" SCM¥ce, In P8!lt 3 month5 1 2 3 4

I

I I I

I

, , d

.-.

.

0 I 41'SUnc' • m • ,

, ,

I

_{I I}

season

0

t f , ,

type QuantIty QUantIty s r h''''~'5ted ,old com~t m t e p

II fllilltil II

--s-,

, c • f . . . ~r _.... IV"

ED

• m , .... n _Oo~' 001.

I

I I I

CelU. C"..Uk.,. r r

_•

• _"

.

.

0 t month nr .... ",.

• , •

.

•

• born bc>.qIt !Old

I

.

I d d

I I I I I I I

CIIdIe for ... , _ . trl • • I . . . . ,r •• I ... _ . , . . . I _ I c _ : 'I~' died'iost

I I I I I

• h n nr tot.l,..,. u 0 • dledllosl esUmalld

·

ml

•

•

,

I I II

c.. __ 'oaltry .... nr .. Id ,~,

I

•

• GIlly C h milk n C o "..oductMn ,

•

,

I I

_I

I

_ I y

-.

nr~

I

I

...'

~ic._

....

,

_r_flf __

1e (I. o r . fIf I . . . >:

o

I -ywe( ... ) 2 - . . (IMIt ... ) , -.11 I. _ _ lid

2-_ .... ..,..

3 - _ I. _,...1Id _{I . . . ....-:t ...} P"r,... fIf""lIJ or .lIt: I - . . . .

_.'t ...

ty 2 - _ 1 _ _ 1d 3 - r ... ty_1d 4 - . . lyf • • 1e tadI tile . . . tltles ... _ _ . . . . . Id . . ty for

cr_

tNt _ act_Ity _Id _~ _ f . , ... _ , All citra t .... _ .. _.1 ....

••• _ ... _r"

f • . . -••

ts._.ts.

.-.».,.._ .• , ... , ... -. - .. ...

If

, -ellllt_,_

l i t . . . , 2 -lit dIf ... ' ' -O' .... _tle . . . ...,. ,.ltry

1IIt1 ... ~.If. reletl . . ar fr ... .1IY1tII f ... , . . . . •

... I . . f ... dI, • • lIt _ _ lit . . . Id Ia _ ... r •. Ia ICC. Ia...., • at . . . tet:

,--2- ...

2·..., ..

_tet 3 · IICPI

4·,...'_ ..

f r ' - * 5· f_,..,W 6 · CIt$ 7 · f _ f a r _ t

,.--f . . ttllzw:

1·-2·-.

3 · fartlllzw yeas. All ot_ fn't t r _ . . " . . _.1 ... " . . . .

,lie , . . -Is _Id.

4 · . . " f . . tile _ ... cIIat.M _ _ -ty tIIII-wr ~

elt_ I. _ _ or I. _ • • fill.,..

L....-, trl. - trl • • I/II; f .. t - fartlllzar; , _ - ' _ I c _ ; ,.r, - , . r . - fIf CMIJ" .nt; cae-_ I ; ,... -r .... I . . ; pre - ,,...; _ -

_,.l1li; ... _....--;

. , - .If; IIlr -IIlrllll ... r; rei - ,..Iet ... or fr .... ; f _ - .tIVI .. f ... or ... ;

f ... - . . _I ... f ... ;

,tr,-,.r.-c,... ...

lIt; .... -.nt _ _ at .... ;

FOOD AND NUTRITION STUDIES PROGRAMME (FNSP-4/S) rood preparat I on 5. 1 dio/liingrodlonls CONFIDENTIAl r <_Is

DISTRICT CLUSTER HOUSEHOLD AREA

IT!

[ill [ill

CD

_<001<1"9

-

,.,.

-

rr

T YOIumo In!rtd1ont "'OII.~ _.IoR_

ROUND

o

,...1

-o • r v

CODES: Pr.,.._. ~ T:

Or".:

AftI ... nlty 1.,aIIt . . . I-oaat_._w.-. I - I ... t 4-'"* . . . I - . . . ,~. 1- . . . ,... 2-oaat_._lIIIr-1I 2-...

3-...

5-n.r 2-,... 2-...t1_-....u . . ...

ta

6-...

3-...

3- . . . -....u .. ...

Pr ... tor r ... ___ •• Isor ... tctt . . . t .1 ... , , . . , . . . . tnlta.

l'ylsllarsC .... . . , . 'ar. 3.1) _ . . . ,wtllllt ... rtte ... l r _ ... I .... - . . .

FOOD AND NUTRITION STUDIES

PROGRAMME (FNSP-4/S) CONFIDENTIAL food preperetlon recipe S.2

_ _ I

-DI ... aftar preparation:

Incl. cooking pot

(II) cooking pot

dIsh dIsh

a

walg .. t. kg . kg kg valuma L..-_ _ _ _ ..JI cc boiling tlma D h r s D m i n code Ingndlent. .-tftv

DISTRICT CLUSTER HOUSEHOLD AREA ROUND

~ II:il

[ill"

~.

LU L..J...i...J LL.J

,... ,....on rnpond ....

...

...

well .. t

(II) cooking pot

FOOD AND NUTRITION STUDIES PROGRAMME (FNSP-4/S)

dietary recall 6.1

CONFIDENTIAl

DISTRICT CLUSTER HOUSEHOLD AREA

OJ

[OJ [OJ

OJ

...

nr nomodlllcl ROUND

o

h i d v p e r s l g I . l t o n r m t M . l . m

I I II I

lim. dj,hllnO"'.dlents comments T wlllnt Hr"Wd wlwne l.nrNW'

COOES: T:

1 - 1 ... t 4 • IIrot . . . 1211

2 · . _ 5 -fleur

3 - .110 Ie • • 1211 6 -.-MI

11.1. Pr_ for ,... _ _ _ _ _ _ -'-1

Write . . . . tile . , r . . . U ... tlle foad_.

ear_ (_.

only).

FOOD AND NUTRITION STUDIES PR06RN1r1E (FNSP-4/S) DISTRICT CLUSTER HOUSEHOLD AREA ROUND CONFIDENTIAl

anthropometry and health 7.1

[]][I]JDJ][]J

o

If u.. IMOer IS IIIIt • ,.ntlM .... 1dIIIt •

... of to be nnod bV

c_

_{• • IS leotI .. en.} tI .... 1 . . . . ,

per, nom, I Dlr! nomo hll9I>t w . . . t

...

... ""tfor WI

-f.thor MOthor v ki III <_Iolnt hI!I!!t rr f_lo _ _

I I

I I

I

I

btrllldolt < b w hI""t ... ""t INC 0 h • m p m I'trot en.... r < d • p f w h

•

• h

per! nomo 190 1 r 0 k 0 r I e " " 1 2 , 0 t 0 r _• o 1 n I 1 dey mill yr r 1 1 an ka em I 0 0 r t In v U 1 m 0 I r t _•

•

1 "." ::: -: _: ::: ~~ ~ ;~ ~ t .;. : _:: ::= :

to be filled In by <odof": to be mild In by <_:

pers hti9ht for "'11Qht 101'" wtttht for mec ror pon hI""t for ... ",,1 for weith! for moe for

nr • • hol~t oat • • hI""t •

COO[$: 11 ... '-'119= Certtflclt8: W_I . . ..., OItler'llltton: D ' - :

.,-

ylS!tIII ... I -a.tybr_f. 1- , r _ 1 o - alii ~r""f. I - .11d I • • n .... zte I · , . . - 1 '-lUI metre.

2 = ,.,.llIIlty--.d 2 - .rIU . . illite I·_~""'fed 2 - - . 2 - _ ... 2- .... ' . . - t ... I.I? 3 -'ully--.d 3 ·cltltle ... 2 ' 0-5_u.. 3 • .... , . . - t 3- _ _ tery

.

.-

...

.,

I · . . .

4-_lty 3 ' 6-11 ~. _ _ _ ton ... ., 4- _Iltlllrlt . . f _ ... I ... r ... 2 - . P . . . . b ... ? • _I\cUd 4-12-11_1 • . . . - - . . . . tIIllaIt 5 - _ .... 111 _ I l l . . . . ratr ... _Ity.

1--

5 • dlfflcllit 5 - tI-23_1. '" .1 •• flety _lit.

6- _ _

f.n ... 0 ... _ _ •

' . . - I ... lUI 2 = 110 tAlestl." 6-24-29_1. _ f _ . ' r a t r ... 1- , _ _ 111 dpIt . . . '" .1 •• I . . . . JUIy

1-30 _\110 . . _Ity. _ _ Ie. I ' polto _ I e 2-1 •••

w_

IRer ... . - '" Itclt.,lly 9- ... 3 • ellll t11

A4IItS'" _ _ ... to .. ftll. lit .MIe ltatl .. I . . . Id _ ... c.r.r.lly cIIoct .n .... ~ . . I .. fer __ tl, ... cltltle _ _ er - _ _ ...,.,..1110 , . . ".1 ... _. AI . . . . fer cIIlldr . . . In . - -. . . ....,.. ~. dllaW I . . . dIff..--~ t . cIIlldreIt.

L . . .

oed._.;

ltv • ~tty .It ... ; _ • _tift . . . ; ' " • -...r.ct .. ; _ -_ I " , ... ; .1·dI ... t.tten"' .. I.; IItI·nKy_I.; • • • ....r-;

pro • ,rotr ... ", .Ily; . . . _le; ect· 1_ efltCllYlly;

'ev - _ . _ I ... ef f . . . 3.4; vI • • vl •• UII . . . ltII-"' •• er ... 1;

FOOD A.ND NUTRITION STUDIES PROGRN1ME (FNSP-4IS)

comments 8. I

CONFIDENTlA.L

DISTRICT CLUSTER HOUSEHOLD "-REA.