Knowledge Chasm Knowledge Chasm

(1)

Knowing is not enough- engaging the knowledge Economy

the knowledge Economy

¾Interfacing Indigenous Knowledge with other knowledge Systems in the with other knowledge Systems in the knowledge Economy: The South

African Case African Case

¾ Yonah Seleti

¾ DST, SA

(2)

Outline of Presentation Outline of Presentation

1. Economic Transformation towards a Knowledge Economy

2. DST’s Valorization of IKS 3. National Recordal System 4. Conclusion

(3)

2010 FIFA World Cup Final Game Full time: 93minutes

Final Score: - South Africa - Brazil

(4)

Towards a Knowledge Economy

KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY

RESOURCE-BASED ECONOMY

(5)

Economic Transformation Economic Transformation

Information Age Stage of technology

development 1 = Early phase 2 = Growth phase 3 = Efficiency phase

Stage of Techno Development:

1 = Early phase 2 = Growth Phase

Information Age

3

Eco

3 Efficiency phase

3

vity

3 = Efficiency Phase Age

Age of steam 2 nom

ic acti vity

mic Acti

Age of Steam

1

1 2

Bio‐Economy

Econo

Bio-Economy

1

1829 1850s 1971 2007

Bio-Economy

1829 1850s 1971 2007

Time (Years)

1829 1850’s 1971 2007

(6)

ort ationExpo OrientaO

Agriculture Agriculture

&

& ManufacturingManufacturing

Information, Knowledge &

umer tation

&

Mining Mining

Manufacturing

Manufacturing Knowledge &

Advice

Cons Orient

Agricultural Society

Industrial Society

Information Society

Nature Learn

(7)

Economic & Scientific Wealth

Source: DA King, Nature 430 (2004) 311 (15 July 2004)

(8)

Knowledge Chasm Knowledge Chasm

Bridging the “Knowledge Chasm”

DST

Western and other Knowledge

systems

Indigenous Knowledge Production

Development

(9)

Ethics

Corporate B i

National Government

Franchise

“Back-office”

Business Medium

Enterprise Government

Provincial Government

Dem on^Master

Small Enterprise Government

Local

Government

mocrat lizatio

Development Development Facilitators Facilitators

Master Infopreneurs

Community Infopreneurs

tizatio Global

Micro

ion G^MicroEnterprisesCBOs

Citizens

Technology Convergence

(10)

The Knowledge Economy The Knowledge Economy

The Four Pillars of the Knowledge Economy

(11)

Unchallenged

Innocence

ll !

Bewilderment

Get it!

Amazement

Use it!

Mastery

Unchallenged Stall it! Get it! Use it!

Undisturbed Threatened Fascination Control

Traditional Avoidance Tinkering! Innovative

&

Purposeful Purposeful

(12)

Wealth Creation and National Development

• Leadership today is determined by creating

• Leadership today is determined by creating and harnessing knowledge

• Nation’s ability to convert knowledge into Nation s ability to convert knowledge into innovations and wealth- is a determinant factor of position among other nations

factor of position among other nations

(13)

Successful IP Dispensation in p Knowledge Economy

• A dynamic and effective IP dispensation has become a focal area and integral feature of strategic importance for a

successful economy

L l f IP i d i i d i i l

• Level of IP creation and protection recognized as a critical factor and incentive for economic activity

P t di t f i i t t d i th

– Promotes direct foreign investment and economic growth – Enhances technology transfer and industrial development

Sti l t h ti it d d t d l t

– Stimulates research activity and product development

(14)

Local is Lekker!’

• We intend to intensify the development of local, South African content in the creative industries. This is to promote growth and to enable us to export ‘Proudly South African’ products and thus ignite national pride.”

• “The development and promotion of indigenous artistic products

requires synergies with other organisations that share our vision Over requires synergies with other organisations that share our vision. Over the last few years we have strengthened relations with the DTI,

Department of Communications, National Film & Video Foundation, the International Marketing Council, Independent Development

the International Marketing Council, Independent Development

Corporation and the South African Broadcasting Corporation, to name a few.”

• Minister Pallo Jordan, Parliamentary Media Briefing Economic Cluster, 10 February 2006“

(15)

Towards a Knowledge Economy:

g y

The Policy Landscape

White Paper on S &T (1996)

SA National R&D Strategy (2002)

National Biotechnology Strategy (2001)

Indigenous Knowledge System Policy (2004) Indigenous Knowledge System Policy (2004)

Ten Year Innovation Plan 2007

Pharma ecurity hange amicsience

2007

Farmer to Energy Se Climate C H&S Dyna

Space Sci

F E C HS

(16)

F2P Deliverable Outcomes F2P Deliverable Outcomes

B f th t th i i i th l b l

• Be one of the top three emerging economies in the global

Pharmaceutical industry, based on an expansive innovation system using the nation’s indigenous knowledge and rich biodiversity

using the nation s indigenous knowledge and rich biodiversity

• Designed and created the appropriate technology platforms, and R&D and innovation infrastructure that facilitate diagnostic and g medical solutions

• Created and funded five theme-specific consortium–based centres of competence that focus on the five top national health priorities, linked to the growth of the local Pharmaceutical industry

I d f i i t t i S th Af i h lth l t d R&D

• Increased foreign investment in South African health-related R&D through reinvigorated health research, with particular emphasis on pharmaceutical R&D;

pharmaceutical R&D;

(17)

DST Vision: Interfacing

IKS in F2P g

Biodiversity Indigenous

Knowledge FARMER

TO TO PHARMA

Biotechnology

(18)

Challenges in Interfacing IKS in g g the knowledge Economy

• Contextual rhetoric and simplistic views of IK application

• The focus on the knowledge content and assumption that IK is out there ready for

h ti

harvesting

• Superficial and weak IKS research methodologies

• Inability to mainstream IKS within the Education system at primary and tertiary levels

• Failure to accommodate IKS within the knowledge frameworks in private and public institutions

• The lack of demonstrable success stories

• Piracy, misappropriation and misuse

(19)

The Farmer to Pharma Integrated Model

BIODIVERSITY ^farmer

ENABLERS GOALS

BIODIVERSITY ^farmer BENEFIT SHARING

O C O IKS

MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT

APPLIED

PROTECTION REGULATIONS

BASIC INNOVATION

IKS DEVELOPMENT

GOALS NATIONAL

INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE

HCD

INNOVATION

BIOTECH PRIORITIES

WEALTH CREATION

chemical forestry

pharma energy

Food/

nutraceutical INDUSTRY

HCD CREATION

TIA GLOBAL

COMPETITIVE

chemical forestry

biotech TECHNOLOGY

TRANSFER

COMPETITIVE

(20)

Scoping the innovation cycle for the IKS ithi th F t Ph G IKS within the Farmer to Pharma G.

Challenge

(21)

Farmer to Pharma

Biotech IKS

Phytomedicine Food & Industrial Phytomedicine

& botanicals

Food &

nutraceuticals

Industrial biotech

Bioprospecting

(Discovery, adaptation, validation)

Farmer

Preclincal tests Clinical trials

(DoH)

Commercialization

(BRICS / TIA) (DTI) Pharma

(22)

IKS Value Addition Consortium IKS Value Addition Consortium

IK Holders IK Holders

Government Government

Researcher Researcher Researcher Researcher

Private

Private PartnershipPartnership

(23)

Phytomedicines and

Botanicals

Ph t di i h b l

• Phytomedicine or herbal

medicine is the science, art, and exploration of using

and exploration of using herbal remedies to treat illnesses or diseases of illnesses or diseases of humans and animals

• Botanicals are defined as

drugs, medicinal preparations, or similar substances

or similar substances

obtained from a plant(s).

(24)

Phytomedicines and

Botanicals

Ph t di i d b t i l d li d

• Phytomedicines and botanicals are now used as licensed medicinal products in many countries

• Traditional medicines & IKS (undocumented and documented)

• Cosmoceuticals IKS and natural beauty/health products

• Cosmoceuticals- IKS and natural beauty/health products

• Other – not linked to IKS / not yet documented

• Reverse pharmacology

– phytomedicine + phytopharmacology – PhytotherapiesPhytotherapies

(25)

Traditional

Medicines/phytotherapy

• Depending on the condition being treated or the plant

chemistry, infusions, decoctions, tablets, capsules, pessaries, y p p creams, gels, vinegars, ointments or poultices are made and prescribed by the phytotherapist for his/her patient.

p y p y p p

• This process requires in-depth knowledge of plant-chemistry, biochemistry & pharmacology (how the active constituents

biochemistry & pharmacology (how the active constituents

interact with the human body and how they potentially interact with conventional drugs the patient may be taking) extraction with conventional drugs the patient may be taking), extraction processes and medicinal diagnostic skills.

(26)

Food and Nutraceuticals

• A nutraceutical is defined as any food supplement that has health benefits in addition to its nutritive value. Nutraceuticals are also called botanical supplements ergogenic aid functional are also called botanical supplements, ergogenic aid, functional foods, herbal, medical food, or nutriceutical.

• Enhanced foods/nutraceutical

• Enhancement of traditional food

• Functional foods and beverages

• Pharmaceuticals (naturaceuticals)

• Additives

• Biomass

(27)

IKS and Biotechnology are envisaged to play a significant role in this focus – IKS and Biotechnology are envisaged to play a significant role in this focus

area of the Farmer to Pharma Grand Challenge.

– A Food and nutraceutical Centre of Competence will be established (byA Food and nutraceutical Centre of Competence will be established (by NIKSO).

– The following indicate possible areas where bioprospecting, as well as IKS g p p p g, and biotechnology can play a role in ensuring improved and sustainable food and nutraceutical production:

• Food Technology Agriculture and Nutraceuticals

• Improve yield from crops

R d d l bilit f t i t l t

• Reduced vulnerability of crops to environmental stresses

• Increased nutritional qualities of food crops

• Improved taste texture or appearance of food

• Improved taste, texture or appearance of food

• Reduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticides and other agrochemicals

• Production of novel substances in crop plants

(28)

Industrial Biotechnology

• use of renewable raw materials (biomass) to replace raw material derived from fossil fuels

• use of biological systems such as cells or enzymes (agents or catalysts) to replace conventional non- (agents or catalysts) to replace conventional, non- biological methods

•

A third area = biocomposites

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Proposed Platforms or Centres Competence

• ^Biomass

• Biocatalysis

Bi it

• Biocomposites

Objectives

• Effective use of natural resources and waste material

• Improved, less harmful bio-processes (vs chemical processes)

processes)

• Benefits to the environment

(30)

Matrix

AA II

HH

Matrix

AgricultuAgricultu IndustriaIndustria

HealthHealth

Bioprospecting

ureure alal

PCDDP

Biosafety Platform Biosafety Platform Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics Structural Biology Pilot plant

Pilot plant

Manufacturing Facility

(31)

Supporting Platforms

Preclinical drug development platform – toxicology, ADME Bioprospecting platform (IKS and non-IKS)

Supporting Platforms and CoCs within Biotechnology Supporting Platforms and CoCs within Biotechnology

• Functional Genomics & Bioinformatics Platform

• Structural Biology Platformgy

• TB CoC

• HIV Prevention and Treatment Platform SAMI

• SAMI

• Pilot plants and Manufacturing Platforms

• Cancer CoCCancer CoC

• Diabetes CoC

• Human and Animal Vaccine Initiative

– The National Recordal System to Capture IKS

(32)

NRS Background

• IKS Policy (2004)IKS Policy (2004)

– Created a platform for the recognition, affirmation, development, promotion and protection of IKS

promotion and protection of IKS.

– Implementing the policy: Chapter 1.4, 6 and 8

• A development function; including, academic and applied research, development and innovation in respect of IKS

• A recordal system for indigenous knowledge and indigenous

knowledge holders; where appropriate, to pro-actively secure their legal rights;

rights;

• The promotion of networking structures among practitioners, to be located in the Department of Science and Technology; andp gy;

• Creation of legal benefit sharing framework.

(33)

NRS Components NRS Components

Commu it 1

NRS

Commu nity 2 nity 1

C t li d

Metadata System &

Taxonomies

• The NRS support the NIKMAS in standardising the management and

t ti f IK i

Commu nity 3

IKSCs

Centralised Database

protection of IK in SA by supplying a multi-media IK information management

Commu nity 4

Decentralised

Host institution NIKMAS

management system and documentation that is focused on capturing IK in

Commu 6

Commu nity 5

databases

Steering Committee

p g

identified spheres.

nity 6

(34)

NRS Role Players y

& Relationships

The Host Trust and knowledge transfer agreements

IKSC

Institution

2 The

Community 3

Cross- faculty

IKSC 5

3

DST/NIKSO

Contract

Protection

IP agreements Data transfer

y support

Structure and funding

DST/NIKSO 1

NIKMAS 6

IK Specialists

& users

Hosting &

Management Data transfer

Usage Rules

D t i i

6 & users

4

Data mining

(35)

What is an IKS Centre (IKSC)?

• A place where IK is identified, recorded, stored, processed and disseminated on behalf of and for the benefit of its owners

• It recognises the value of IK

• It focuses the debate on IK

• It liaises with the owners of IK to share the IK

• It records IK

• It stores and protects IK practices and technologies

• It disseminates IK

• It makes communities proud of their IK

• Location

– Preferably in community

– Mixture of management frameworks applied

– Existing institutions: universities national parks botanical gardens science – Existing institutions: universities, national parks, botanical gardens, science

centres, etc.

(36)

Possible IKSC Types and their Functions ( t d b diff t d t b )

(supported by different databases)

Sustainable Development

Grassroots innovation Local language networking p

Public awareness Library

Community focused

Generic

Specialised y

Recording function Information hub

Herbarium

Traditional Medicine Theme

Music Research

Hybrid Teaching

Training

(37)

Physics Chemistry

Materials

Safekeeping/

Systemise IK

Verify

Documentation Books

Journals Indexing

Video Science relating

to IKS Astronomy

Physics y

Zoology Botany

Engineering Collections

Safekeeping/

Redundancy Transcription

Digital Photography

y

Oral Histories

Documentation

Reports

Theses Research Papers

Recording

Audio

Fil

Advice to IKS owners Botany Pharmacy Mathematics

Medicine

SC

Film

8mm movie

16 mm movie

35 mm still Tape Digital

Consulting Centre IKS Think Tank

IKS Business Incubation

Support

IKSC Advice to IKS practitioners Advice to IKS users

Certification and accreditation of

practitioners Standards

Qualifying tests Compliance

Interact with

Living Lab/Archive Commercialisation

f IK d IKS

Link to digital

Content on IKS for DD Public awareness

Exhibitions

TV programmes Defocus from computer to experience Role play (Theatre)

Dissemination of information

P bli ti

communities Living Lab/Archive

in Community of IK and IKS

Link to digital doorway in communities

Placement of IKS specific DDs ub c a a e ess

of IKS

Linkages with Science Centres Showcases

Auditoriums TV programmes Videos and DVDs

Performing arts Artefacts Linguistics

Publications

Newsletters Web sites

Radio programmes Meet the IKS practitioner sessions

Guard against show business

Arts and Culture relating to IKS

Performing arts

Fine arts Artefacts

Philosophies Story telling facility

(38)

National IK Management System (NIKMAS)

100% of data remains

with

System

architecture Model used for IP

with owner

0% of

Link under owner’s conditions

Central Information

S

0% of data is shared

Y% of 100%

System

0% of X% of

100% access Firewall with selected access

100%

of data is shared Y% of

data is shared

Model initially used for data – Centralised Model open access via the internet.

Security will be managed via different levels of user

0% of data remains

with owner X% of

data Remains

with owner

different levels of user profiles. Access will be

prioritised via the IKSC’s, IKS capture points and DST NIKSO.

Future model for data – distributed Model

Able to function on/offline

owner owner

(39)

IK IP

P t ti IK IP i it

External IK E b dd d IK

Protection of content Cultural values in globalisation

Protecting IK IP in open community

IK IP

Embedded IK

Protection of procedure Current IP regimes inadequate

Not disclose undisclosed information in public domain

IK not novel

f h Fundamentals

p Community is custodian of IK, not individual

Community has right to full control and enjoyment of IK Access rights to be carefully managed

Community agreements Benefit sharing agreement Materials protection agreement Traditional vs indigenous

Prior informed consent Duration of protection

Holistic nature: part science, part social, part spiritual Holistic nature: part science, part social, part spiritual

(40)

The National Recordal System

IKS Research IKS

The Host Institution

Trust and knowledge transfer agreements

IKS

Education IKS Sources

IKS

Management IKS

IKSC

Institution

The Community

Contract

Protection Cross‐

faculty

support Recognition

Management

IKS Sourcing, recording &

Dissemination

Recipients

IKSC

NIKSO

Protection

IP agreements

Hosting &

M t

Data transfer

Usage Rules Structure

and funding

IKS Transfer IKS

Promotion Dissemination

NIKMAS IK Users

Management

Data mining

IKS Researcher

s

IKS Business Development IKS Product

IKS Policy IKS

Recognition, A

IKS Accessibility

Developers Awareness

IKS

Protection Promote IK

developmen t

(41)

(42)

A N t k f IKSC A Network of IKSC

(43)

Functions of an IKSC

(44)

IK Holder Community

(45)

Deployment of Digital Doorways by NIKSO

(46)

Wireless Mesh Network Technology Description

• Wireles Mesh Network(WMN)Wireles Mesh Network(WMN) is a communications network made up of radio nodes

organized in a mesh topology organized in a mesh topology

• Allows buildings to be linked that are in line of sight of each

th ( ith di t th 7

other (with distances more than 7 km)

• Broadband connectivity (more Cantena

y (

than 5 megabits/second), at very low cost, and no need for

centralised infrastructure such as high masts and “base stations”

• Large geographic areas are covered

covered

• Ideal for rural settings and other poor communities

(47)

Conclusion Conclusion

I t d t t l ll b ti t ki

• Inter-departmental collaboration- networking

• Community participation and ownership- trusty p p p

• Shifting mindsets in the country- buy-in Role of the LIS Sector in the collection

• Role of the LIS Sector in the collection,

development, storage and dissemination of IK

• Sustained support through other instruments; i.e.

research chairs, centres of excellence etc.,

• An appropriate legal framework

Need for dissemination of success stories

• Need for dissemination of success stories

(48)

The future of IKS in SA The future of IKS in SA

• Let us commit ourselves to using libraries to unlock the minds of our nation, become repositories of our cultural

h it h lit t l t d b ti

heritage, showcase our literary talent and become an active role player in bridging the digital divide.

• In the words of Ray Bradbury, the famous science fiction

it " ith t lib i h t h ? W h t

writer, "without libraries what have we? We have no past and no future." (Pallo Jordan, 14 March 2009)

• “Without the NRS to capture, codify, store and disseminate IK what have we? We have no past and no future”

(49)

2010 FIFA World Cup Final Game Full time: 93minutes

Final Score: 3 - South Africa 1 - Brazil

(50)

Thank You and

Welcome to the DST

Social ecology Cosmology

Thank Public health and medicines Cosmology

You

Biodiversity

d f d d f d

From Muthi & Myths, Heather Dugmore and Ben‐Erik van Wyk

Indigenous technologies Indigenous food and food

technologies