Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/73814 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Joswig, A. Title: The Majang Language Issue Date: 2019-06-04

Cover Page

The handle

http://hdl.handle.net/1887/73814

holds various files of this Leiden University

dissertation.

Author: Joswig, A.

Part VI: Texts and Lexicon

VI.1 Texts with Interlinear Translation

VI.1.1 Dog and Donkey – _wárL _{à kúꜜrój}

This text is a traditional narrative, originally collected and transcribed in a si-milar form by Pete Unseth in 1989, as told by Ermias Rite. It was re-told (and recorded), with some modifications, by Joseph Kalakun in March 2013. A different version of this story is related by Getachew (2014, p. 252ff).

làk dúnděŋ gúnL _{kɔ̀ kí rérín. kíːɗɛ}L _{dúndè.” nɛ càːdí}L _{rùːmé téján}L _{nɛːk bàŋɛ. nɛ} kùc ɗúŋéL _{nɛ ɗàm tà ːr nɛːk ɟɛt nɛ ŋàːr nɛ kɛː ɗéːgà rŋ.} máL _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ wár àgàlkún}L _ɛːkL _{nɛ kɛː ɗàm ɟɛt. nɛ ɓɔ̀ rɛ dùnkú ɗé}L_{. nɛ ŋàːrkí ɗúŋé}L kɛkàr nɛ kùc tòngéːL _{kɛ “ŋàː tá}L _{ɗɛ wár}L _{cèːdí .” nɛ tòngéː}L _{wár kɛ “á}L _{mókó tó}L téːjà tà ːr cìnɛ cǎːk?” nɛ ɗáɗámíːL _ɗúŋéL _{dòŋɛ ɗé}L_{, nɛ ŋǎːrŋ.} máL _wárL _{kɔ̀nk ŋàːrkí nɛ ɗàm à óbí ːŋ. nɛ ŋàːrkí càːdí}L _{kɔ̀nk nɛ kàwɛ ɗùŋéɗ}L _cìnɛ ɓákL _{kóːmúc nɛːk à ɓòkòtí ːr dákɛɗà, àgút cìnɔ̀ kán}L _{ɓòkòtìːɗ ɗúŋé}L _{cìnɛ càːkóm}L nɛːkík, àgút cìnɔ̀ ègè kánL _{kúꜜrój cìnɛ à wár}L _{cìnɛ càːkómák}L_{. nɛ kán}L _càːdíL nɛːkɛL _wárL _{cìnɛ ɓòkòtú ɗùŋéɗ}L _nɛːkíŋ. nɛ kánL _{tònú wár}L _{cìnɛ kɛ “má}L _kɔ̀ːL _{èːt mó?” nɛ kán}L _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ ŋàːr wàː. má}L _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ} dàkɛ tàːrL _{cìnɛ kánk}L _càːdíL_.

VI.1.1.1 Free translation

Once there was a dog and a donkey. They went to a place. It was said to them “You are troublemakers!” Dog was beaten and barked “ouch!” Don-key, too, did like this. Dog said to Donkey “Friend, because we are hated, let’s go!”

They went to a different country far away, into the forest. There was a hyena at that place. He, Donkey, was eating. But he, Dog, was hungry. He found an ash-pile and was sleeping on the ashes, but Donkey was eating there. At midnight Donkey said to his friend “Friend, let me try this thing a little!” Dog told him, “You, don’t try it! There is someone who is coming to us, someone called Hyena.” But he, Dog, sniffed. He smelled Hyena far away. He said “Please don't try!”

After that it became 4 o’ clock in the morning. Donkey said again “Let me try this thing!” He (Dog) said to him “Please, don’t try it! That person has already come!” Again Dog said “Do it just a little!” And so he did, and brayed very loudly. As loudly as a donkey can cry, he brayed.

Then he finished all his slaughtering. Hyena came, ate a lot of his meat, and went to sleep.

Dog also, hiding himself, went to eat properly. He also lay down. Hyena, again getting up, came and said “Here it smells to me like Dog.” – ”Me? No, not me, but perhaps that meat I slaughtered there?” Hyena sat down to eat, and went away.

But Dog came and ate a lot. Then he came there and bit Hyena on his muzz-le until he died, because Hyena had kilmuzz-led his friend, because Donkey and Dog had been friends. And so Dog killed Hyena himself.

He said “Will I now be alone?” And he also went home. But that meat also stayed at that place.

VI.1.1.2 Text with interlinearization

1) _làkɛL _{ɓà wár}L _{à kúꜜrój.}

làk-ɛL _{ɓà wár}L _{à kúꜜrój}

have-IMPS.DJ REMPST.CJ dog\SG.ABS CONJ donkey\SG.ABS Once there was a dog and a donkey.

2) _{nɛ ɓá}L _{káːr kɛ còːnà.}

nɛ ɓáL _{káːr kɛ còːn-à}

CONJ REMPST go\3P.DJ QUOT far.away-DAT They went to a place far away.

3) nɛ tònɛːL cɛːgà kɛ “ìːnákL ɟóːpL cìgì rɛbɛcꜜkáːnáꜜkík!”

nɛ tòn-ɛːL _{cɛːg-à kɛ ìːnák}L _ɟóːpL _cì-g-ì

CONJ say-IMPS 3P-DAT QUOT 2P people\PL.ABS.MOD REL-PL-SP

rɛbɛc-káːn-àkL_=k

trouble-NOMIN-PL.ABS=SUB

It was said to them “You are troublemakers!”

4) nɛ bòːlɛːL wárL nɛ dùrìjé kɛ “wěː!”

nɛ bòːl-ɛːL _wárL _{nɛ dùrìj-ɛ kɛ wěː}

5) _máL _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ kúꜜrój}L _{àrí òkó cìnɛk.}

máL _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ kúꜜrój}L _{àr-í òkó cì-n-ɛ=k}

but also 3S.PRAG donkey\SG.NOM do-3S.DJ like DEM-SG-HR=POSS Donkey, too, did like this.

6) _{nɛ ɓá}L _{wár tònú kúꜜrójá}L _{kɛ “càːkóm}L, _{céːdɛ*n tín}L _{ɓóːjíːɗɛː}L _ŋɔ̀nk, kóL _ŋàːríːL_!”

nɛ ɓáL _{wár tòn-í kúꜜrój-á}L _{kɛ càːkóm}L

CONJ REMPST dog\SG.NOMsay-3S.DJ donkey-SG.DAT QUOT friend\SG.ABS

céːdɛ*n tínL _{ɓóːj-íːɗ-ɛː}L _{ŋɔ̀nk kó}L _{ŋàːr-í,ː}L

because 1P hate-RELPST-IMPS SUB HORT.1P go-1P.DJ Dog said to Donkey “Friend, because we are hated, let's go!”

7) nɛ ɓáL ŋàːrár à jòwɛːꜜɗí ɗóːkáL òmáltáL ɗùkà cà .

nɛ ɓáL _{ŋàːr-ár à jòwɛːɗ-í ɗóːk-á}L _òm-áltáL

CONJ REMPST go-3P.DJ CONJfar-3S.DJ land-SG.DAT one-DAT

ɗùk-à càL

forest-SG.DAT DEM\SG.HR.DAT

They went to a different country far away, into the forest.

8) nɛ ɓáL càːdíL ɓákL làkɛ ɗùŋéɗL.

nɛ ɓáL _càːdíL _ɓákL _{làk-ɛ ɗùŋéɗ}L

CONJ REMPST there REF\REMPST have-IMPS.CJ hyena\SG.ABS There was a hyena at that place.

9) _{nɛ ɓá}L _cɛnkL _{ɗáɗámíː}L _{kúꜜro jŋ.}

nɛ ɓáL _cɛnkL _{ɗáɗám-iː}L _kúꜜrójL_=ŋ

CONJ REMPST 3S.CONTR eat\IPFV-AP.3S donkey\SG.NOM=SFT He, Donkey, was eating.

10)_máL _cɛnkL _wárL _{làk ŋáːw}L_.

máL _cɛnkL _wárL _{làk ŋáːw}L

but 3S.CONTR dog\SG.ABS have\3S hunger\SG.ABS But he, Dog, was hungry.

11)_{nɛ ɓá}L _{làŋ tàɗápú}L _{nɛ ɗùɗùn ɗé}L _{tàɗápút má}L _cɛnkL _{kúꜜrój ɗáɗámíː}L _{càːdí .}

nɛ ɓáL _{làŋ tàɗápú}L _{nɛ ɗùɗùn ɗé}L

CONJ REMPST find\3S.CJ ashpile\SG.ABS CONJ sleep\IPVF.3S down

tàɗápút máL _cɛnkL _{kúꜜrój ɗáɗámíː}L _càːdí

ash.pile\SG.LOC but 3S.CONTR donkey\SG.ABS eat\AP.3S there

12)_{nɛ ɓá}L _càːdíL _{káːlt tònú kúꜜrój}L _càːkómáL _nɛːkáL _{kɛ “càːkóm}L, _{gúndɛ*n pàːrà} áɲL _{kɔ̀nk à bálà ːŋ!”}

nɛ ɓáL _càːdíL _{káːlt tòn-í kúꜜrój}L _{càːkóm-à}L

CONJ REMPST then midnight say-3S.DJ donkey\SG.NOMfriend\SG-DAT

nɛːk-àL _{kɛ càːkóm}L _{gúndɛ*n pàːr-à áɲ}L

POSS\3S.SG-DAT QUOT friend\SG.ABS let.me! try-1S.CJ thing\SG.ABS

kɔ̀nk à báláː=ŋ

REF\RECPST CONJ little\3S=SFT

At midnight Donkey said to his friend, “Friend, let me try this thing a little!”

13)_{nɛ tòngéː}L _{wár kɛ “ìːnɛ kàt pàːrín!}

nɛ tòn-ge ːɗ wár kɛ ìːnɛ kàt pàːr-ín

CONJ say-TF.3S.DJdog\SG.NOM QUOT you HORT\NEG try-2S.DJ Dog told him, “You, don't try it!

14)làkɛ íɗítL cìnɔ̀ kɔ̀ːL tínáL mɛlkí ŋɔ̀nk, íɗítL cìnɔ̀ rìjɛL kɛ ɗùŋéɗík.”

làk-ɛ íɗítL _{cì-n-ɔ̀ kɔ̀ː}L _tín-àL _mɛl-kí

have-IMPS.CJ person\SG.ABS REL-SG-DIST NFUT 1P-DAT arrive-CP.3S.DJ

ŋɔ̀nk íɗítL _{cì-n-ɔ̀ rìj-ɛ}L _{kɛ ɗùŋéɗ=k}

SUB person.SG.ABS REL-SG-DIST call-IMPS QUOT hyena\SG.ABS=SUB There is someone who is coming to us, someone called Hyena.”

15)máL cɛnkL wárL èːŋàɗǎːŋ.

máL _cɛnkL _wárL _{èːŋàɗǎː=ŋ}

but 3S.CONTR dog\SG.ABS sniff\3S=SFT But he, Dog, sniffed.

16)nɛ èːŋáɗí r ɗùŋéɗL à jòwɛːɗí ːŋ.

nɛ èːŋáɗ-í r ɗùŋéɗL _{à jòwɛːɗ-iː=ŋ}

CONJ smell-CF.3S.DJ hyena\SG.ABS CONJ far-3S=SFT He smelled Hyena far away.

17)_{nɛ tòngéː}L _{kɛ “kàt ré pàːrín!”}

nɛ tòn-ge ːɗ kɛ kàt ré pàːr-ín

CONJ say-TF.3S.DJ QUOT HORT\NEG 2S.PRAG try-2S.DJ He said “Please don’t try!”

18)_{nɛ càːdí}L _{gàj cájtíɛ áːrn káːjònk nɔ̀ kɔ̀ː}L _{à írkíɗík.}

nɛ càːdíL _{gàj cájtí}L_-ɛL _{áːrn káːj-ònk}

nɔ̀ kɔ̀ːL _{à írkíɗ=k}

CONJ NFUT CONJ dawn=SUB After that it became 4 o’ clock in the morning.

20)nɛ tòngéːL kúꜜrójL kɛkàr kɛ “gúndɛ*n pàːrà áɲL kɔ̀nkúŋ!”

nɛ tòn-ge ːɗ kúꜜrójL _{kɛkàr kɛ gúndɛ*n pàːr-à}

CONJsay-TF-3S.DJ donkey\SG.NOMagain QUOT let.me try-1S.CJ

áɲL _kɔ̀nk=ŋ

thing\SG.ABS REF\RECPST=SFT

Donkey said again “Let me try this thing!”

21)nɛ tòngéːL kɛ “kàt ré pàːrín!

nɛ tòn-ge ːɗ kɛ kàt ré pàːr-ín

CONJ say-TF.3S.DJ QUOT HORT\NEG 2S.PRAG try-2S.DJ He (Dog) said to him “Please, don’t try it!

22)_{mɛlkí kɔ̀ íɗít}L _{cìnɛ kɔ̀nk.”}

mɛl-kí kɔ̀ íɗítL _{cì-n-ɛ kɔ̀nk}

arrive-CP.3S.DJ RECPST\CJ man\SG.ABS DEM-SG-HR REF\RECPST That person has already come!”

23)_{nɛ tòngéː}L _{wár kɛkàr kɛ “àrín à bálà ːŋ!”.}

nɛ tòn-ge ːɗ wár kɛkàr kɛ àr-ín à bálàː=ŋ

CONJ say-TF.3S.DJdog\SG.NOM again QUOT do-2S.DJ CONJ little\3S=SFT Again Dog said “Do it just a little!”

24)nɛ ɓáL ǎr à ɗòːrúŋ, ɟɛt.

nɛ ɓáL _{ǎr à ɗòːr-í=ŋ ɟɛt}

CONJ REMPST do\3S.DJ CONJ shout-3S.DJ=SFT very And so he did, and brayed very loudly.

25)òkó kɔ̀ dùrìrìːɗ kúꜜrójk ɟɛt, à ɗòːrúŋ.

òkó kɔ̀ dùr-ir-iːɗ kúꜜrój=k ɟɛt

like RECPST cry-INCPT-RELPST.3S donkey\SG.ABS=SUB very

à ɗòːr-í=ŋ

CONJ shout-3S.DJ=SFT

As loudly as a donkey can cry out, he brayed.

26)nɛ ɓáL càːdíL nɛːkɛL gàj cájtíɛ áːrn nɛ mɛlkí ɗúŋéL nɛːkɛ ːŋ.

nɛ ɓáL _càːdíL _nɛːk-ɛL _{gàj cájtí}L_-ɛL _áːrn

nɛ mɛl-kí ɗúŋéL _nɛːk-ɛ=ŋ

CONJ arrive-CP.3S.DJ hyena\SG.NOM.MOD POSS\3S.SG-NOM=SFT It was just 4 o’ clock and Hyena himself came.

27)nɛ ɓáL jàwɛ kúꜜrój cìnɛ ɓákìŋ.

nɛ ɓáL _{jàw-ɛ kúꜜrój cì-n-ɛ ɓák=ŋ}

CONJ REMPST cut-3S.DJ donkey\SG.ABS DEM-SG-HR REF\REMPST=SFT He tore that aforementioned donkey apart.

28)_{nɛ dɛnɛ ːr wár}L _{cìnɛ à ɗùɗùn ɗé}L _{tàɗápút, nɛ tònúrgéː}L _{kɛ “má}L _cénkL, _ǐːnL _{wo ːɗ?”}

nɛ dɛn-ɛ ːr wárL _{cì-n-ɛ à ɗùɗùn ɗé}L _tàɗápút

CONJsee-CF.3S dog\SG.NOM.MOD DEM-SG-HR CONJ lie\IPFV.3S down ash\SG.LOC

nɛ tòn-ír-ge ːɗ kɛ máL _cénkL _ǐːnL _{wo ːɗ}

CONJ say-INCPT-TF.3S QUOT but 2S.CONTR 2S who

He saw Dog sleeping in the ashes, and said to him “And you, who are you?”

29)_{nɛ ɟùmúrgéː}L _{kɛ “èːt ré íɗít}L _{cìnɔ̀ téːtéːjíː}L _ŋɔ̀nk.”

nɛ ɟùmúr-ge ːɗ kɛ èːt ré íɗítL _cì-n-ɔ̀

CONJ reply-TF.3S.DJ QUOT 1S 2S.PRAG man\SG.ABS REL-SG-DIST

téːtéːj-iːL _ŋɔ̀nk

skin\IPFV-AP.3S SUB

And Dog said to him “Sir, I am the butcher.”

30)_{nɛ tònúrgéː}L _{kɛ “nɛ tɔ̀}L _táL _{wàɗ téːjá!”}

nɛ tòn-ír-ge ːɗ kɛ nɛ tɔ̀L _táL _{wàɗ téːj-à}

CONJsay-INCPT-TF.3S.DJ QUOT CONJ INTERJ 1S.DAT come\IMP.SG skin-IMP.SG He (Hyena) shouted to him “So what? Come and butcher for me!”

31)_{nɛ kúc wár}L _{cìnɛ kɔ̀nk nɛ tèːjí tà ːr cìnɛ bàŋɛ.}

nɛ kúc wárL _{cì-n-ɛ kɔ̀nk}

CONJ come\3S.DJ dog\SG.NOM.MOD DEM-SG-HR REF\RECPST

nɛ tèːj-í tà ːr cì-n-ɛ bàŋɛ

CONJ skin-3S.DJ meat\SG.ABS DEM-SG-HR all So Dog came and slaughtered all that meat.

32)_{nɛ tònágéː}L _{kɛ “téːjɗíːꜜkín nɛ tá}L _gàkínL _{dúndè nɛːkíŋ!”}

nɛ tòn-á-ge ːɗ kɛ téːj-ɗiː-k-ín nɛ táL

CONJsay-DIR-TF.3S.DJ QUOT skin-AP-EXT-2S.DJ CONJ 1S.DAT

gàɓ-kínL _{dúndè nɛːk=ŋ}

give-CP.2S.SG heart\SG.ABS POSS\3S.SG.ABS=SFT

33)_{nɛ tònúrgéː}L _{kɛ “ɔ̀kɔ̀n kɔ̀ làk dúnděŋ gún}L _{kɔ̀ kí rérín. kíːɗɛː}L _dúndè.”

nɛ tòn-ír-ge ːɗ kɛ ɔ̀kɔ̀n kɔ̀ làk dúndě=ŋ

CONJsay-INCPT-TF.3S.DJ QUOT if RECPST have\3S heart\SG.ABS=CND

gúnL _{kɔ̀ k-í rérín k-íːɗ-ɛː}L _dúndè

before RECPST NEG-3S die\NEG NEG-RELPST-IMPS heart\3S.ABS

He (Dog) shouted to him “If he had had a heart, he would not have died. He did not have a heart.”

34)nɛ càːdíL rùːmé téjánL nɛːk bàŋɛ.

nɛ càːdíL _{rùːm-ɛ téj-àn}L _{nɛːk bàŋɛ}

CONJ then finish-3S.DJ skin-INF\SG.ABS POSS\3S.SG.ABS all Then he finished all his slaughtering.

35) nɛ kùc ɗúŋéL nɛ ɗàm tà ːr nɛːk ɟɛt nɛ ŋàːr nɛ kɛː ɗéːgà rŋ.

nɛ kùc ɗúŋéL _{nɛ ɗàm tà ːr nɛːk ɟɛt}

CONJcome\3S hyena\SG.NOM CONJ eat\3S.CJmeat\SG.ABS POSS\3S.SG.ABS very

nɛ ŋàːr nɛ kɛː ɗéːgà r=ŋ

CONJ go\3S.DJ CONJ go\3S sleep\3S.DJ=SFT

Hyena came and ate his meat thoroughly and went to sleep.

36)máL ɓɔ̀ rɛ wár àgàlkúnL ɛːkL nɛ kɛː ɗàm ɟɛt.

máL _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ wár àgàl-kùn}L _ɛːkL

but also 3S.PRAG dog\SG.NOMhide-SIMUL.3S.DJ body\SG.ABS

nɛ kɛː ɗàm ɟɛt

CONJ go\3S eat\3S.DJ very

Dog also, while hiding himself, went to eat properly.

37)nɛ ɓɔ̀ rɛ dùnkú ɗéL.

nɛ ɓɔ̀ rɛ dùn-kí ɗéL

CONJ also 3S.PRAG lie-CP.3S.DJ down He also lay down.

38)_{nɛ ŋàːrkí ɗúŋé}L _{kɛkàr nɛ kùc tòngéː}L _{kɛ “ŋàː tá}L _{ɗɛ wár}L _{cèːdí .”}

nɛ ŋàːr-kí ɗúŋéL _{kɛkàr nɛ kùc tòn-ge ːɗ}

CONJ go-CP.3S.DJ hyena\SG.NOM again CONJcome\3S say-TF.3S.DJ

kɛ ŋàː táL _{ɗɛ wár}L _cèːdí

QUOT smell\3S.DJ1S.DAT of dog\SG.ABS here

Hyena, again getting up, came and said “Here it smells to me like Dog.”

39)_{nɛ tòngéː}L _{wár kɛ “á}L _mókótóL _{téːjà tà ːr cìnɛ cǎːk?”}

nɛ tòn-ge ːɗ wár kɛ

áL _{mókó tó}L _{téːj-à tà ːr cì-n-ɛ càː}L_=k

INTERJ NEG\EXIST INTERJ skin\1S.CJ meat\SG.ABS DEM-SG-HR there=SUB Dog told him “Me? No, not me, but perhaps the meat I slaughtered there?”

40)nɛ ɗáɗámíːL ɗúŋéL dòŋɛ ɗéL, nɛ ŋǎːrŋ.

nɛ ɗáɗám-iːL _ɗúŋéL _{dòŋ-ɛ ɗé}L _{nɛ ŋǎːr=ŋ}

CONJ eat\IPFV-AP.3S hyena\SG.NOM sit-3s.CJ down CONJ go\3S.DJ=SFT Hyena sat down to eat, and went away.

41)_máL _wárL _{kɔ̀nk ŋàːrkí nɛ ɗàm à óbí ːŋ.}

máL _wárL _{kɔ̀nk ŋàːr-kí nɛ ɗàm à óbíː=ŋ}

but dog\SG.NOM.MOD REF\RECPST go-CP.3S.DJ CONJ eat\3S CONJ big\3S=SFT But Dog came and ate a lot.

42)_{nɛ ŋàːrkí càːdí}L _{kɔ̀nk nɛ kàwɛ ɗùŋéɗ}L _{cìnɛ ɓák}L _{kóːmúc nɛːk à ɓòkòtí ːr} dákɛɗà, àgút cìnɔ̀ kánL _{ɓòkòtìːɗ ɗúŋé}L _{cìnɛ càːkóm}L _{nɛːkík, àgút cìnɔ̀ ègè}

kánL _kúꜜrójL _{cìnɛ à wár}L _{cìnɛ càːkómák}L_.

nɛ ŋàːr-kí càːdíL _{kɔ̀nk nɛ kàw-ɛ ɗùŋéɗ}L _cì-n-ɛ

CONJgo-CP.3S.DJ there REF\RECPST CONJ bite-3S.CJ hyena\SG.ABS DEM-SG-HR

ɓákL _{kóːmúc nɛːk à ɓòkòt-í ːr dákɛɗà àgút}

REF\REMPSTmuzzle\SG.ABS POSS\3S.SG.ABS CONJ kill-CF.3S.DJ only because

cì-n-ɔ̀ kánL _{ɓòkòt-iːɗ ɗúŋé}L _{cì-n-ɛ càːkóm}L

DEM-SG-DIST MEDPST kill-RELPST.3S hyena-SG.NOM.MOD110DEM-SG-HR friend\SG.ABS

nɛːk=k àgút cì-n-ɔ̀ ègè kánL _kúꜜrójL

POSS\3S.SG.ABS=SUB because DEM-SG-DIST COP MEDPST donkey\SG.NOM.MOD

cì-n-ɛ à wárL _{cì-n-ɛ càːkóm-àk}L

DEM-SG-HR CONJ dog\SG.NOM.MOD DEM-SG-HR friend-PL.ABS

Then he came there and bit Hyena on his muzzle until he died, because Hyena had killed his friend, because Donkey and Dog had been friends.

43)_{nɛ kán}L _càːdíL _nɛːkɛL _wárL _{cìnɛ ɓòkòtú ɗùŋéɗ}L _nɛːkíŋ.

nɛ kánL _càːdíL _nɛːk-ɛL _wárL _cì-n-ɛ

CONJ MEDPST then POSS\3S.SG-LOC dog\SG.NOM.MOD DEM-SG-HR

ɓòkòt-í ɗùŋéɗL _nɛːk=ŋ

kill-3S.DJ hyena\SG.ABS POSS\3S.SG.ABS=SFT And so then Dog killed Hyena himself.

110 _{The case of this noun is ambiguous. An interpretation as ergative is possible. The same is}

44)_{nɛ kán}L _{tònú wár}L _{cìnɛ kɛ “má}L _kɔ̀ːL _{èːt mó?”}

nɛ kánL _{tòn-í wár}L _{cì-n-ɛ kɛ má}L _kɔ̀ːL _{èːt mó}

CONJ MEDPSTsay-3S.DJ dog\SG.NOM.MOD DEM-SG-HR QUOT but NFUT1S alone He said “Will I now be alone?”

45)_{nɛ kán}L _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ ŋàːr wàː.}

nɛ kánL _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ ŋàːr wàː}

CONJ MEDPSTalso 3S.PRAGgo\3S.DJ house\SG.DAT And he also went home.

46)_máL _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ dàkɛ táːr}L _{cìnɛ kánk}L _càːdíL.

máL _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ dàk-ɛ táːr}L _{cì-n-ɛ kánk}L _càːdíL

but also 3S.PRAG stay-3S.DJ meat\SG.NOM.MOD DEM-SG-HR REF\MEDPST there But that meat also stayed at that place.

VI.1.2 Waalook and Leer – wàːlóːk à lɛ*ːr

This text is a traditional narrative, originally collected and transcribed in a si-milar form by James and Whashu Kim around the year 2002. It is apparently based on a similar story transcribed by Pete Unseth in 1988, as told by Ni-gusse Tula. Kim’s version was later re-told (and recorded), with some modi-fications, by Joseph Kalakun in July 2012, and received further editing by Hawariat Babure, Epheson Teramaj and Joseph Kalakun himself. Stauder (1970, p. 107) states that Leer was the founding father of the Majangir, and that Walo was his brother. Leer later disappeared to the land of the white people, but Walo stayed. The two main characters of the following story are difficult to reconcile with Leer and Walo as mentioned by Stauder. Leer is here clearly a trickster and does not display the characteristics of wisdom and responsibility as would befit a founding father. This story is very similar to the longer narrative told in English by Damene (2016). Another shorter version (in Majang) is found in Getachew’s collection (2014, p. 302ff).

nɛ càːdíL _{ɓéɲ òmáltè dɛnɛ wàːlo ːk gòpàn wɛj lɛːrík à ìcí lòŋgólo ːt. nɛ ɓɔ̀ rɛ kɛːɗí} ɗɛːgáL _{cɔ̀ . nɛ kɛː làŋkì ɛmɛc}L _{lɛːrà. nɛ bòŋáꜜge ːɗ càkàíː lɛːrík. nɛ ɗàm kɛ po ː nɛ} ŋǎːrŋ. máL _{ɓòkòtú ɛmɛc}L _{lɛːrǎːŋ. nɛ ríːɓákún}L _{gòpɛ cá}L _kɔ̀ːL _mɛlkíɗL _{lɛːrk, ɛ} ríːɓérgéːL _{kòcíé nɛːk ádá}L_. nɛ mɛlkí lɛːr nɛ dɛnɛ ɛmɛcL _{à ɓɛːlɛr ŋèdá}L _gɛːnɛL _tórɛL _{nɛ càkáːgéː}L _{kɛ “ìndí} rɔ̀gúkúnL _táL _àgútL _{ɟìko n? kòɓún kɛ dílká}L _{nà óltǐːr?” nɛ wìdérgéː}L _ɛːkL _{nɛ ɓèːcɛ} òkó cìnìk. nɛ kìːge ːɗ nájɛːL_{, rɛr ɓá}L _{ɛmɛcáːŋ. nɛ ɗègér kɛ ɓòkòtú kɔ̀ wàːlóːk.} nɛ càːdíL _{bòŋú nɛ dìːlé wàː tàpáɗónk. nɛ kɛː ríːɓe ːr gòpɛ. nɛ mɛlɛ wàː péːtáko nk} nɛ kɔ̀ːníj cɛːgíŋ. tònú étà òmáltáL _{kɛ “làkín tɔ̀ːmɔ̀k}L _{à ègèr?” nɛ tòngéː}L _{kɛ “làká} à ɟíːtL_{.” má}L _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ íɗí}L _{òmáːj tònú kɛ “làká cáːk}L _{à àŋàn.” má}L _ɟìːtéːnL _nɛːkɛL _tònú kɛ “làká cáːkL _{à pɛːj}L_{.” nɛ tòngéː}L _{lɛːr kɛ “díːl}L _táL _máɗL _{kòcíéónk ɟàrtìà cɔ̀}L bèːbèr gòpɛ cɔ̀ k. kɛːɗín gàgíɗínL _{òkó cìnìk nɛ ɔ̀kɔ̀n kí bóŋíːɗǐŋ nɛ mùkéːɗìn átó}L nɛːk”. nɛ ɟàrtíL _{kɔ̀nk dìːlé máɗ}L _{kɔ̀nkúŋ. nɛ gàgéːꜜɗíŋ nɛ ɟàrtí}L _{kɔ̀nk kí bóŋí ːɗ. nɛ} mùkèːɗ átóL _{nɛːk. nɛ ɟàrtí}L _{kɔ̀nk ɗíːrìŋ. nɛ ŋɔ̀ɗúrge ːɗ càːnà . nɛ kɛː tònú lɛːrà kɛ} “gàgáɓkɛjgíɗáL _{nɛ kí bóŋí ːɗ.” nɛ kùcú lɛːr nɛ dɛnɛ à kɔ̀ ɗíːrìŋ . má}L _{kɔ̀ rìːɓé} bèːdìːt nɛ lɛːr tònú ɟàrtìà kɔ̀nk kɛ “à ɓòkòtún kɔ̀ ré ìndí ːŋ . làŋá kɔ̀ːL _ìndíːL _éːtL_? dàkín kɔ̀ːL _táL _{à ìndí ːŋ”. nɛ ɟàrtí}L _{kɔ̀nk tònú kɛ “á}L _máL _{ègè cìnì ràkátɛ}L _kɛ ɟìko n? ɓòkòtún kɔ̀ ré ŋáːŋáL _{cénk, nɛ kɔ̀ àrìn ɗɛgɛ”. nɛ tònú lɛːr kɛ “ɓòkòɗìːkín} kɔ̀ rè. í*ːnL _{dàkín kɔ̀ː}L _táL _{à ɟàrtí.”}

VI.1.2.1 Free translation

Waalook and Leer were friends. Waalook was an idiot. But Leer was a de-ceiver. One day Leer said: “Waalook, hey, let us kill our mothers!” Waa-look thought he was serious. So he killed his mother. But Leer took his mother and brought her across the river with a vine. He told his friend: “Eat figs!”111 _{His friend thought this was serious and he ate figs. Then they went} to the toilet and he saw that his friend’s (excrement) didn’t seem to look like his. He asked “Does it seem that you are eating roots?” Leer responded “You need to chew very properly.”112

Later, one day, Waalook saw the way to Leer’s house, with the vine hanging. He also went across to the other side. He went to find Leer’s mother. She gave him Leer’s prepared food. He ate all and went. But he killed Leer’s mother. While putting her down on the path that Leer would come along, he 111_{Because he had no mother to cook for him any more. Figs are always available.}

112_{lit: eat until it dies. The implication is that Waalook’s excrements would look like Leer’s if}

put her pipe in her mouth. When Leer came along, he saw his mother with her teeth open and asked “Why are you laughing at me? Do I seem to bring you fish?” He came closer and touched her like this. She did not respond to him; his mother had died. He knew that Waalook had killed her.

He then took (her) to the ruler’s house. He put her down on the path. He ar-rived at the house of the women, and he asked them. He told one of them “How many children do you have?” She said “I have three.” But another woman said “I have four children.” But the third one said “I have two.” Leer told her “Take for me the fire of the pipe to the woman sitting on the path! Go and give her just like this, and if she does not take it, push it into her mouth!”

So the woman took the fire. When she gave it to her, the woman did not take it. She pushed it into her mouth. The woman fell over. She left her there. She went to tell Leer “Whenever I gave it to her, she did not take it.” Leer came and saw that she had fallen. But Leer had placed her sitting. He said to the woman “So you have killed my mother. Where do I find a mother now? You will be my mother for me.” The woman said: "Oh! What kind of problem is this? You yourself have killed your mother.” Leer said “You are the one who killed. You will remain my wife.”

VI.1.2.2 Text with interlinearization

1) _{wàːlóːk à lɛ*ːr cɛːg ɓá}L _càːkómákL.

wàːlóːk à lɛ*ːr cɛːg ɓáL _{càːkóm-àk}L

Waalook CONJ Leer 3P.CONTR REMPST friend-PL.ABS Waalook and Leer were friends.

2) nɛ ègè wàːlóːk gáːgɛ.

nɛ ègè wàːlóːk gáːgɛ

CONJ COP Waalook\NOM idiot\SG.ABS Waalook was an idiot.

3) máL lɛːr íɗítL cìnɔ̀ ɗɛgɛɟík.

máL _{lɛːr íɗít}L _{cì-n-ɔ̀ ɗɛgɛɟ=k}

4) _{nɛ ɓá}L _{ɓéɲ òmáltè tònú lɛːr kɛ “wàːlóːk, kó}L _{tè ɓòkóːtìː ìndíá}L _{gà nk!”}

nɛ ɓáL _{ɓéɲ òm-áltè tòn-í lɛːr kɛ}

CONJ REMPST day\SG.LOC one-LOC say-3S.DJ Leer\NOM QUOT

wàːlóːk kóL _{tè ɓòkóːt-í,ː}L _ìndí-àL _{gà nk}

Waalook\NOM HORT\1P INTERJ kill-1P.DJ mother\1S-PL.ABS.MOD POSS\1P.PL.ABS One day Leer said: “Waalook, hey, let us kill our mothers!”

5) _{nɛ wàːlóːk kòɓú kɛ éːke ːr.}

nɛ wàːlóːk kòɓ-í kɛ éːke ːr

CONJ Waalook\NOMthink-3S.DJ QUOT truth\SG.ABS Waalook thought he was serious.

6) _{nɛ ɓòkòtù ɛmɛc}L. nɛ ɓòkòt-ì ɛmɛcL

CONJ kill-3S.CJ mother\3S.SG.ABS So he killed his mother.

7) _máL _{lɛːr bòŋú ɛmɛc}L _{nɛ èkàŋɛːɗ lòŋgólóːtè gɔ̀rɔ̀à ɗɛːgá}L _{cɔ̀ .}

máL _{lɛːr bòŋ-í ɛmɛc}L _{nɛ èkàŋ-ɛːɗ}

but Leer\NOM take-3S.DJmother\3S.SG.ABS CONJ cross-REFOBJ.3S

lòŋgólóːt-è gɔ̀rɔ̀-à ɗɛːgáL _cɔ̀L

vine\SG-LOC river\SG-DAT across DEM\SG.DIST.DAT

But Leer took his mother and brought her with a vine across the river.

8) nɛ tònú càːkómáL nɛːkáL kɛ “ɗámúL táːmɛL áːbɛɛːkònk.”

nɛ tòn-í càːkóm-àL _nɛːk-àL _{kɛ ɗám-i}L

CONJsay-3S.DJ friend\SG-DAT POSS\3S.SG-DAT QUOT eat-IMP.SG

táːm-ɛL _{áːbɛ-ɛːk-ònk}

fruit-PL.ABS.MOD fig.tree-PL-POSS He told his friend: “Eat figs!”

9) nɛ càːkómL nɛːkɛL kòɓú kɛ éːke ːr nɛ ɗàm táːmɛL áːbɛɛːkònk.

nɛ càːkómL _nɛːk-ɛL _{kòɓ-í kɛ éːke ːr}

CONJfriend\SG.NOM.MOD POSS\3S.SG-NOM think-3S.DJ QUOT truth\SG.ABS

nɛ ɗàm táːm-ɛL _{áːbɛ-ɛːk-ònk}

CONJ eat\3S.CJ fruit-PL.ABS fig.tree-PL-POSS His friend thought this was serious and he ate figs.

10)nɛ càːdíL káːr ɲɔ̀ːdáL nɛ dɛnɛ càːkómL nɛːkɛL à kìr gájíːtL à gɛːnk.

nɛ càːdíL _{káːr ɲɔ̀ːd-à}L _{nɛ dɛn-ɛ càːkóm}L

nɛːk-ɛL _{à k-ìr gáj-iːt}L _{à gɛːnk}

POSS\3S.SG-NOM CONJ NEG-3P resemble-NEG CONJ POSS\3S.PL.ABS

Then they went to the toilet and he saw that his friend’s (excrement) didn’t seem to look like his.

11)_{nɛ kɔ̀ːníj kɛ “íꜜtó ré cénk ɗàɗàmùn júmój?”}

nɛ kɔ̀ːníj kɛ íꜜtó ré cénk ɗàɗàm-ìn júmój

CONJ ask\3S.DJ QUOT it.seems 2S.PRAG 2S.CONTR eat\IPFV-2S.CJ root\SG.ABS He asked “Does it seem that you are eating roots?”

12)_{nɛ ɟùmúrgéː}L _{lɛːr kɛ “ɗàmún ɟɛt à rɛ*rŋ.”}

nɛ ɟùmúr-ge ːɗ lɛːr kɛ ɗàm-ín ɟɛt à rɛ*r=ŋ

CONJrespond-TF.3P.DJLeer\NOM QUOT eat-2S.DJ very CONJ die\3S.DJ=SFT Leer responded “You need to chew very properly.” (lit: eat until it dies)

13)nɛ càːdíL ɓéɲ òmáltè dɛnɛ wàːlo ːk gòpàn wɛj lɛːrík à ìcí lòŋgólo ːt.

nɛ càːdíL _{ɓéɲ òm-áltè dɛn-ɛ wàːlo ːk}

CONJ then day\SG.LOC one-LOC see-3S.DJ Waalook\ERG

gòp-ànL _{wɛj lɛːr-k à ìc-í lòŋgólo ːt}

path-SG.ABS house\SG.ABS Leer-POSS CONJ hang\3S.DJ rope\SG.ABS

Later, one day, Waalook saw the way to Leer’s house, with the vine hanging.

14)nɛ ɓɔ̀ rɛ kɛːɗí ɗɛːgáL cɔ̀ .

nɛ ɓɔ̀ rɛ kɛːɗ-í ɗɛːgáL _cɔ̀L

CONJ also 3S.PRAG go-3S.DJ across DEM\SG.DIST.DAT He also went across to the other side.

15)_{nɛ kɛː làŋkì ɛmɛc}L _lɛːrà.

nɛ kɛː làŋ-kí ɛmɛcL _lɛːr-àL

CONJ go\3S find-CP.3S.CJ mother\3S.ABS Leer-DAT He went to find Leer’s mother.

16)_{nɛ bòŋáꜜge ːɗ càkàíː lɛːrík.}

nɛ bòŋ-á-ge2ːɗ càkàíː lɛːrík

CONJtake-DIR-TF.3S.CJ meal\SG.ABS Leer-POSS She gave him Leer’s meal.

17)_{nɛ ɗàm kɛ po ː nɛ ŋǎːrŋ.}

nɛ ɗàm kɛ po ː nɛ ŋǎːr=ŋ

18)_máL _{ɓòkòtú ɛmɛc}L _{lɛːrǎːŋ.}

máL _{ɓòkòt-í ɛmɛc}L _{lɛːr-à=ŋ}

but kill-3S.DJ mother\SG.NOM Leer-DAT=SFT But he killed Leer’s mother.

19)_{nɛ ríːɓákún}L _{gòpɛ cá}L _kɔ̀ːL _mɛlkíɗL _{lɛːrk, ɛ ríːɓérgéː}L _{kòcíé nɛːk ádá}L.

nɛ ríːɓ-à-kùnL _{gòp-ɛ cá}L _kɔ̀ːL _mɛl-kí-ɗL

CONJplace-DIR-SIMUL.3S.DJ path\SG.LOC DEM\SG.HR.LOC NFUT arrive-CP-RELPST.3S

lɛːr=k ɛ ríːɓ-ɛr-ge2ːɗ kòcíé nɛːk ád-àL

Leer\NOM=SUB CONJ\IRRput-INCPT-TF.3S.CJ pipe\SG.ABS POSS\3S.SG.ABSmouth\SG-DAT While putting her down on the path that Leer would come along, he put her pipe in her mouth.

20)nɛ mɛlkí lɛːr nɛ dɛnɛ ɛmɛcL à ɓɛːlɛr ŋèdáL gɛːnɛL tórɛL nɛ càkáːgéːL kɛ “ìndí rɔ̀gúkúnL _táL _àgútL _{ɟìko n?}

nɛ mɛl-kí lɛːr nɛ dɛn-ɛ ɛmɛcL _à

CONJ arrive-CP.3S.DJ Leer\NOM CONJsee-3S.DJ mother\3S.SG.ABS CONJ

ɓɛːl-ɛr ŋèd-áL _gɛːn-ɛL _tórɛL _{nɛ càkáː-ge ːɗ kɛ}

exist-3P.DJ tooth-PL.NOM.MOD POSS\3S.PL.NOMopen CONJaddress-TF.3S.DJ QUOT

ìndí rɔ̀g-kínL _táL _àgútL _{ɟìko n}

mother\1S.SG.NOM laugh-CP.2S.DJ 1S.DAT because what?

When Leer came along, he saw his mother with her teeth open and asked “Why are you laughing at me?

21)kòɓún kɛ dílkáL nà óltǐːr?”

kòɓ-ín kɛ díl-kàL _{nà ólt-ǐːr}

think-2S.DJ QUOT bring-CP.1S.DJ 2S.DAT.CJ fish-PL.ABS Do I seem to bring you fish?”

22)nɛ wìdérgéːL ɛːkL nɛ ɓèːcɛ òkó cìnìk.

nɛ wìd-ɛr-ge ːɗ ɛːkL _{nɛ ɓèːc-ɛ òkó cì-n-ì-k}

CONJturn-INCPT-TF.3S.DJ body\SG.ABS CONJtouch-3S.DJlike DEM-SG-SP-POSS He approached and touched her like this.

23)_{nɛ kìːge ːɗ nájɛː}L, _{rɛr ɓá}L _{ɛmɛcáːŋ.}

nɛ kìː-ge ːɗ náj-ɛːL _{rɛr ɓá}L _ɛmɛc-àL_=ŋ

24)_{nɛ ɗègér kɛ ɓòkòtú kɔ̀ wàːlóːk.}

nɛ ɗègér kɛ ɓòkòt-í kɔ̀ wàːlóːk

CONJ know\3S.DJ QUOT kill-3S.DJ RECPST Waalook\NOM He knew that Waalook had killed her.

25)_{nɛ càːdí}L _{bòŋú nɛ dìːlé wàː tàpáɗónk.}

nɛ càːdíL _{bòŋ-í nɛ dìːl-ɛ wàː tàpáɗ-onk}

CONJthen take-3S.DJ CONJ carry-3S.DJ house\SG.DAT ruler\SG-POSS He then took (her) to the ruler’s house.

26)_{nɛ kɛː ríːɓe ːr gòpɛ.}

nɛ kɛː ríːɓ-e ːr gòp-ɛ

CONJ go\3S place-CF.3S.DJ path\SG-LOC He put her down on the path.

27)nɛ mɛlɛ wàː péːtáko nk nɛ kɔ̀ːníj cɛːgíŋ.

nɛ mɛl-ɛ wàː péːt-àk-onk nɛ kɔ̀ːníj cɛːg=ŋ

CONJarrive-3S.DJ house\SG.DAT girl-PL-POSS CONJ ask\3S.DJ 3P=SFT He arrived at the house of the women, and he asked them.

28)_{tònú étà òmáltá}L _{kɛ “làkín tɔ̀ːmɔ̀k}L _{à ègèr?”}

tòn-í ét-à òm-áltáL _{kɛ làk-ín tɔ̀ːm-ɔ̀k}L _{à ègèr}

say-3S.DJ person-DATone-DAT QUOT have-2S.DJ child-PL.ABS CONJ how.many He told one of them “How many children do you have?”

29)_{nɛ tòngéː}L _{kɛ “làká à ɟíːt}L._”

nɛ tòn-ge ːɗ kɛ làk-á à ɟíːtL

CONJ say-TF.3S.DJ QUOT have-1S.DJ CONJ three She said “I have three.”

30)_máL _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ íɗí}L _{òmáːj tònú kɛ “làká cáːk}L _{à àŋàn.”}

máL _{ɓɔ̀ rɛ íɗí}L _{òm-áːj tòn-í kɛ}

CONJ also 3S.PRAG person\SG.NOM.MOD one-NOM say-3S.DJ QUOT

làk-á cáːkL _{à àŋàn}

have-1S.DJ1S.CONTR CONJ four

But another woman said “I have four children.”

31)_máL _ɟìːtéːnL _nɛːkɛL _{tònú kɛ “làká cáːk}L _{à pɛːj}L._”

máL _{ɟìːt-éːn}L _nɛːk-ɛL _{tòn-í kɛ làk-á cáːk}L

but three-ORD.NOM.MOD POSS\3S.SG-NOMsay-3S.DJ QUOT have-1S.DJ 1S.CONTR

à pɛːjL

CONJtwo

32)_{nɛ tòngéː}L _{lɛːr kɛ “díːl}L _táL _máɗL _{kòcíéónk ɟàrtìà cɔ̀}L _{bèːbèr gòpɛ cɔ̀ k.}

nɛ tòn-ge ːɗ lɛːr kɛ díːlL _táL _máɗL _{kòcíé-ónk}

CONJsay-TF.3S.DJ Leer\NOM QUOT carry\IMP.SG 1S.DAT fire\SG.ABS pipe\SG-POSS

ɟàrtì-à cɔ̀L _{bèːbèr gòp-ɛ cɔ̀ =k}

woman\SG-DAT REL\SG.DIST.DATsit\IPFV.3S path\SG-LOC DEM\SG.DIST.LOC=SUB Leer told her “Take for me the fire of the pipe to the woman sitting on the path!

33)kɛːɗín gàgíɗínL òkó cìnìk nɛ ɔ̀kɔ̀n kí bóŋíːɗǐŋ nɛ mùkéːɗìn átóL nɛːk.” kɛːɗ-ín gàɓ-gíɗ-inL _{òkó cì-n-ì-k nɛ ɔ̀kɔ̀n}

go-2S.DJ give-TF-2S.DJ like DEM-SG-SP-POSS CONJ if

k-í boŋ-íːɗ=ŋ nɛ mùk-ɛːɗ-ìn átóL _nɛːk

NEG-3S take-NEG=CND CONJpush-REFOBJ-2S.CJ mouth\SG.ABS POSS\3S.SG.ABS Go, give her just like this, and if she does not take it, push it into her mouth!”

34)nɛ ɟàrtíL kɔ̀nk dìːlé máɗL kɔ̀nkúŋ.

nɛ ɟàrtíL _{kɔ̀nk dìːl-ɛ máɗ}L _kɔ̀nk=ŋ

CONJwoman\SG.NOM.MOD REF\RECPST carry-3S.DJ fire\SG.NOM.MOD REF\RECPST=SFT So the woman took the fire.

35)nɛ gàgéːꜜɗíŋ nɛ ɟàrtíL kɔ̀nk kí bóŋí ːɗ.

nɛ gàɓ-géːɗ=ŋ nɛ ɟàrtíL _{kɔ̀nk k-í boŋ-íːɗ}

CONJgive-TF.3S.DJ=CND CONJ woman\SG.NOM.MOD REF\RECPST NEG-3Stake-NEG When she gave it to her, the woman did not take it.

36)_{nɛ mùkèːɗ átó}L _nɛːk.

nɛ mùk-ɛːɗ átóL _nɛːk

CONJ push-REFOBJ.3S.CJ mouth\SG.ABS POSS\3S.SG.ABS She pushed it into her mouth.

37) _{nɛ ɟàrtí}L _{kɔ̀nk ɗíːrìŋ.}

nɛ ɟàrtíL _{kɔ̀nk ɗíːr=ŋ}

CONJ woman\SG.NOM.MOD REF\RECPST fall\3S.DJ=SFT The woman fell over.

38)_{nɛ ŋɔ̀ɗúrge ːɗ càːnà .}

nɛ ŋɔ̀ɗ-ir-ge ːɗ càːnà

CONJ abandon-INCPT-TF.3S.DJ there She left her there.

39)nɛ kɛː tònú lɛːrà kɛ “gàgáɓkɛjgíɗáL nɛ kí bóŋí ːɗ.”

nɛ kɛː tòn-í lɛːr-à kɛ gàgáɓ-kɛj-gíɗ-àL _{nɛ k-í}

boŋ-íːɗ

take-NEG

She went to tell Leer “Whenever I gave it to her, she did not take it.”

40)nɛ kùcú lɛːr nɛ dɛnɛ à kɔ̀ ɗíːrìŋ.

nɛ kùc-í lɛːr nɛ dɛn-ɛ à kɔ̀ ɗíːr=ŋ

CONJcome-3S.DJ Leer\NOM CONJ see-3S.DJ CONJ RECPST fall\3S.DJ=SFT Leer came and saw that she had fallen.

41)_máL _{kɔ̀ rìːɓé bèːdìːt.}

máL _{kɔ̀ rìːɓ-ɛ bèːd-iːt}

but RECPST place-3S.DJ sit-INF But Leer had placed her sitting.

42)_{nɛ lɛːr tònú ɟàrtìà kɔ̀nk kɛ “à ɓòkòtún kɔ̀ ré ìndí ːŋ.}

nɛ lɛːr tòn-í ɟàrtì-à kɔ̀nk

CONJ Leer\NOM say-3S.DJ woman\SG-DAT REF\RECPST

kɛ à ɓòkòt-ín kɔ̀ ré ìndíːL_=ŋ

QUOT CONJ kill-2S.DJ RECPST 2S.PRAG mother\1S.SG.ABS=SFT He told the woman “So you have killed my mother.

43)_{làŋá kɔ̀ː}L _ìndíːL _éːtL_?

làŋ-á kɔ̀ːL _ìndíːL _éːtL

find-1S.DJ NFUT mother\1S.SG.ABS where Where do I find a mother now?

44)dàkín kɔ̀ːL táL à ìndí ːŋ”.

dàk-ín kɔ̀ːL _táL _{à ìndíː}L_=ŋ

stay-2S.DJ NFUT 1S.DAT CONJ mother\1S.SG.NOM=SFT You will be my mother for me.”

45)nɛ ɟàrtíL kɔ̀nk tònú kɛ “áL máL ègè cìnì ràkátɛL kɛ ɟìko n?

nɛ ɟàrtíL _{kɔ̀nk tòn-í kɛ á}L _máL _ègè

CONJwoman\SG.NOM.MOD REF\RECPST say-3S.DJ QUOT INTERJ but COP

cì-n-ì ràkátɛL _{kɛ ɟìko n}

DEM-SG-SP problem\SG.ABS QUOT what

The woman said “Oh! What kind of problem is this?

46)ɓòkòtún kɔ̀ ré ŋáːŋáL cénk, nɛ kɔ̀ àrìn ɗɛgɛ.”

ɓòkòt-ín kɔ̀ ré ŋáːŋáL _{cénk nɛ kɔ̀ àr-ìn}

ɗɛgɛ

lie\SG.ABS

You yourself have killed your mother, and you told a lie.”

47)nɛ tònú lɛːr kɛ “ɓòkòɗìːkín kɔ̀ rè.

nɛ tòn-í lɛːr kɛ ɓòkòt-ɗiː-k-ín kɔ̀ rè

CONJsay-3S.DJ Leer\NOM QUOT kill-AP-EXT-2S.DJ RECPST 2S.PRAG and Leer said “You are the one who killed her.

48)_í*ːnL _{dàkín kɔ̀ː}L _táL _{à ɟàrtí.”}

í*ːnL _{dàk-ín kɔ̀ː}L _táL _{à ɟàrtí}

VI.2 Word List

The following word list (with its English-Majang reverse index) was com-piled from various sources. It contains all the words collected from the vari-ous texts analyzed for this study, but these make up only a small part of the 1500 words presented here. Other entries come from the Comparative Afri-can Word List (Snider & Roberts, 2004). These entries were originally col-lected and transcribed by Sandra Hufnagel with initial help from Stephanie Hauser. They were later re-checked (and classified according to their inflec-tion classes) by me. Further material comes from Unseth (1992a), of which I have re-transcribed and classified a number of entries.

VI.2.1 Abbreviations used

Here are some remarks about abbreviations used in this word list. These dif-fer from the abbreviations used in earlier parts of this language description. Other abbreviations are used as on p. 15, and are not shown here again.

VI.2.1.1 General abbreviations and remarks

Amh loanword from Amharic

adv adverb ant antonym coord coordinating conjunction der derivation det determiner fr. var free variant

engl loanword from English existmrkr existential copula Godare dialect of Godare id idiomatic expression interj interjection

interrog interrogative pronoun nkin kinship noun

num numeral

ordnum ordinal numeral pers personal pronoun ph. v phrasal verb prep preposition prt particle quant quantifier relpro relative pronoun

sp species

syn synonym

VI.2.1.2 Inflection classes of verbs

The citation forms for all Majang verbs in this word list is the second person plural (2P), as this gives the best information about the inflection class and the stem tone, without making any changes to the segmental material of the stem (except for a few complex verbs). In spite of this, inflection-class infor-mation is additionally provided as follows:

à a-class

à-k a-class with k-extension

à~ a-class verb with variable vowel length à+ a-class verb with fixed 3S tone

àp antipassive or anticausative verb cplx-i complex verb based on i-class verb cplx-ɛ complex verb based on -class verbɛ-class verb suffixes cplx-à complex verb based on a-class verb dùr verb with durative derivation marker -_àː ɛ ɛ-class verb suffixes-class

i i-class

ù u-class stative verb

VI.2.1.3 Inflection classes of nouns

Øp no attested singular, plural form unmarked Øs no attested plural, singular unmarked Ø-àːtɔ̀kL _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -àːtɔ̀k}L Ø-àkL _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -àk}L Ø-àkL _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -àk}L Ø-àkɔ̀L _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -àkɔ̀}L Ø-àn singular unmarked, plural marked by _-àn Ø-ɛL _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -ɛ}L Ø-eːrL _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -eːr}L Ø-eːr singular unmarked, plural marked by _-eːr Ø-iL _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -i}L Ø-íkL _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -ík}L Ø-íːrL _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -íːr}L Ø-kL _{singular unmarked, plural marked by -k}L

Ø-kàk singular unmarked, plural marked by -kàk

Ø-kùk singular unmarked, plural marked by -kùk

Ø-tùn singular unmarked, plural marked by -tùn

VI.2.2 Majang – English

a

àL_{interj no way!}

àːbɛ n _Ø-ɛL _{1) fig tree 2) fig}

àːcí adv just

àːdí*ːr v i wash

àːdíɗíːkà*r v àp 1) bathe 2) wash oneself

àːɗíːkà*r stv _{à-k 1) ripe 2) ripen,} become ripe

àːɗorà*r v _{à+ ripe}

àːjkà*r stv à-k slacken, loosen

àːmɛ*ːr v _{ɛ yawn}

àːrɛ n _Ø-ɛL _{1) knife 2) sickle 3) sword}

àːrn (Yeki _gùrùŋ) (from _àrí) num ten

àːrn à àŋàn num 14

àːrn à ɟíːtL _{num 13}

àːrn à omoŋL _{num eleven}

àːrn à pɛːjL _{num twelve}

àːrn à tùːl num 15

àːrn à tùːl à àŋàn num 19

àːrn à tùːl à ɟíːtL _{num 18}

àːrn à tùːl à om num 16

àːrn à tùːl à pɛːjL _{num 17}

àːtùj n _Ø-ɛL _razor

àːwojà*r v à 1) bring up 2) compro-mise 3) tame, domesticate

àbí ː n Ø-àkL 1) cloth 2) article of clothing

àbokàdoL _{(from amh. አቮካዶ) n} Ø-kàk avocado

àcùːlɛ n _Ø-ɛL _island

àdàmojínL _{n n}L_-eːrL _hunter

àdàràt interj please!

àdùreːL _{n Ø-àk}L _cat

àgàlí*ːr v _{i 1) steal 2) hide}

àgàltL_{n Ø-íːr}L _thief

àgùtL _{conj because}

àgùtL _omoŋL _{adv together}

àjàn n Ø-ɛL porcupine

àɟeːràn n _Ø-ɛL _roof

àɟíꜜgeà adv in the afternoon

àɟíge n _Ø-ɛL _sunset

àkùːrL _{n Ø-àk}L _{groundnut, peanut}

àmàcíníL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _soldier

àmàrɛL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _Amhara

àmbàbɛ*ːr v ɛ read

àmbàꜜcoj n _Ø-ɛL _rainbow

àmɗL _{n Ø-tùn 1) abdomen (external)}

2) stomach (internal)

àmùn n _ùnL_-íL _{1) hair of head 2) fur}

ànà prt just

ànànàcíL _{(from Amh. አናናስ) n Ø-ɛ}L pineapple

ànɛ interj really?

ànín interj filler word used for a per-son whose name the speaker can’t re-member for the moment

àɲL _{(pl olà) n 0s thing}

àŋàn num four

àŋɛL _{n Ø-i}L _elephant

àpàní n _Ø-ɛL _{1) current 2) waterfall}

àpàtíL _{n Ø-íːr}L _breast

àpeːr n _Ø-àkL _{fly species (biting)}

àpɛːL _{nkin Ø-àk}L _grandfather

àpíːnɛL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _{fertile soil}

àr prt locative copula

àràc adv counterexpectational

àrí n _{Ø-ŋ 1) arm 2) forearm 3) wrist}

4) hand

àrí*ːr v _{i 1) weave 2) do 3) say}

àtàwàn n ànL-àkL tendril

àteːɲL _{n 0s young male ant: peːt}L

àtí prep without

àtoL _{n Ø-tùn 1) language 2) mouth}

àtù existmrkr _{ù they are present}

àwɛ n Ø-íːrL 1) iron 2) non-precious metal

b

bàːbùj n Ø-kL husband

bàːlɗí*ːɗɔ̀L _{v cplx-i throw}

bàdɛ*ːr v _{ɛ 1) disappear 2) lost}

bàdtàn (nomin) n _Ø-àkL _{stupid person}

bàɗí n _{Ø-eːr 1) upper arm 2) biceps}

bàkàːɲkà*r stv ù widespread

bàlàːkà*r stv _{ù 1) inexpensive 2) little}

bàlàːtoj n Ø-ɛL bird trap

bàldí ː (from Amh. ባልዲ) n _Ø-àkL bucket, pail

bàlgàɟàn n _ànL_-àkL _gill

bàmbeːL _{n Ø-àk}L _{1) sweet potato 2)} potato

bàndàngɛ ː n _Ø-àkL _{agama lizard}

bàndùrà*r v à groan with pain

bàngí n _{Ø-àːtɔ̀k}L _{rainy season}

bàꜜŋí adv afterwards

bàŋɛ adv all

bàŋí n _Ø-ɛL _{back syn: jímà}L; _bàmbe

bàrbàːrot (from Amh. በርበሬ) n Ø-àkL pepper

bàrcùm (from Amh. በርጩማ) n Ø-àːtɔ̀kL _stool

bàrɛ*ːr v _{ɛ 1) learn syn: tàmàːrɛ*ːr}. 2) be used to

bàrɛːL _{n Ø-àk}L _{1) tradition 2) custom}

beːdí*ːr v i 1) seated 2) dwell, inhabit 3) wait 4) stay

beːdtàn (nomin) n Ø-àkL inhabitant, resident

beàL _{n Ø-kàk 1) spear syn: bídí 2)} lance

betùmɛ n _Ø-ɛL _ant

bɛːroj n Ø-kL bed

bíːro (from Amh. ቢሮ) n _Ø-àkL _office

bílíngí ːr n Ø-àkL mud wasp

bímbílot n _Ø-àkL _butterfly

bítàk quant half

bítàkɛ*ːr v ɛ subtract, take away

bíte*ːr v _{ɛ 1) hit 2) strike with fist}

boːbà*r stv _{à-k 1) big 2) huge}

boːcíːc n Ø-àkL 1) anteater 2) aardvark

bo ːjà ːk n Ø-àkL paint

boːlL _{n Ø-àkɔ̀}L _navel

boːlɛ*ːr v _{ɛ hit}

boːlùàꜜkànL _{n -àn}L_-àkL _bladder

boːro n _{Ø-àːtɔ̀k}L _gecko

bocɛ*ːr v ɛ 1) accumulate 2) heap up

3) load

boctàn (nomin) n Ø-àkL heap

bogoL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _stutter

bojcíje*ːr v _{ɛ engaged}

bokùj n Ø-ɛL waterhole

bolbol n _Ø-ɛL _{calf of leg}

bolbolL _{n Ø-àk}L _slime

boɲoːɲL _{n Ø-àk}L _mushroom

boŋí*ːr v i 1) take 2) accept, receive

3) marry

boŋàkà*r (der.) v à-k bring out

boŋíːL _{n Ø-àk}L _{1) marriage 2)} refusal

bɔ̀ːl adv weak

bɔ̀ːlàːkà*r stv _{dùr 1) tired 2) faint 3)} weak

bɔ̀ːlɔ̀ŋL _{n Ø-eːr}L _{1) senile person 2)} elder 3) adult 4) not new

bɔ̀dɛ*ːr v _{ɛ 1) escape 2) be well 3)} evade

bɔ̀dɛrkɔ̀L_{(der.) v cplx-ɛ get well}

bɔ̀díːkà*r v àp escape

bɔ̀gɔ̀ːL_ànL _{n -àn}L_-àkL _ankle

bɔ̀lɔ̀ŋùràrkɔ̀L _{v cplx-à old (of person)}

bɔ̀ngɔ̀ːrɛ*ːr v _{ɛ 1) raise, lift 2) be high}

bùːcɛL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _corpse

bùcàːk n _Ø-àkL _malaria

bùcùlɛ n Ø-ɛL puppy

bùllùːL _{n Ø-àk}L _{dung beetle}

bùlùnkùr n 0s bubble

bùrɟàk n _Ø-àkL _blight

bùrtùkàːníL _{(from Amh. ብርቱካን) n} Ø-ɛL _orange

ɓ

ɓà adv remote past conjoint

ɓàːɓà nkin _{0s your father}

ɓàːcí*ːr v i 1) sharpen pointed objects

2) peel

ɓàːj n Ø-tùn heart syn: _dùnde

ɓàːjkà*r stv _{à-k bitter}

ɓàːrà*r v à forbid

ɓàːríɗɔ̀L _{v cplx-à protect, defend}

ɓàɓàlɛ*ːr v _{ɛ crack}

ɓàdɛjí*ːr v i break

ɓàjɛ n _{Ø-tùn bile, gall}

ɓàkL _{det remote-past} anaphoric-re-ference marker

ɓàkàːɟà ɗ n _Ø-àkL _orphan

ɓàkàtí*ːr v _{i unwrap}

ɓàkɛj n _Ø-íkL _sorrow

ɓàkɛjɗíːkà*r v _{àp hesitate}

ɓàlí*ːr v i buy

ɓàlɗíɗɔ̀L_{(der.) v cplx-i sell}

ɓànkàwkà*r (cf. _{ɓànkàːwùrɔ̀}L₎ stv à-k

1) strong, powerful 2) hard 3) fierce ɓànkàwkàːt 1) n Ø-àkL strength, power 2) adv forcefully

ɓàrɛ*ːr v _{ɛ graze (of bullet)}

ɓàrɲàːɲíŋ n Ø-ɛL leech

ɓàrtɛ*ːr v _{ɛ 1) bear 2) give birth}

ɓàtàkí*ːr v i 1) load 2) carry

ɓàtàkL _{n Ø-àk}L _{1) load 2) burden}

ɓeːcɛ*ːr v _{ɛ 1) touch 2) feel (active) 3)} dip

ɓeːní*ːr v _{i sew}

ɓeːtɔ̀nL _{n ɔ̀n}L_-ɔ̀kL _waist

ɓeɗí*ːr v i 1) awake 2) alert 3) wake up

ɓeɲce adv today

ɓɛːlɛ*ːr 1) v ɛ exist 1.1) v be visible

ɓɛːɲɔ̀ n _Ø-ɛL _{day syn: ɗùŋ}

ɓɛːrà*r v _{à crush}

ɓɛːrà n n _Ø-àkL _forge

ɓɛːrtàn (nomin) n _Ø-àkL _blacksmith

ɓɛjnL _{n Ø-i}L _thorn

ɓɛrɛ*ːr v ɛ burst

tɛɓɛrL_{(nomin) n Ø-àk}L _thunder

ɓíːɓe n Ø-kL 1) reed 2) bamboo

ɓoːɗorà*r v _{à+ sated}

ɓoːjí*ːr v _{i 1) hate 2) contradict}

ɓoɛ n Ø-kL 1) antelope 2) reedbuck

ɓokoːrjànL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _tortoise

ɓokotí*ːr v _{i 1) kill 2) murder}

ɓokotíːtàrɔ̀L _{v cplx-i have a} mis-carriage

ɓokotùrkɔ̀L _{v cplx-i stalk}

ɓɔ̀ prt also

ɓɔ̀ːj n _Ø-àkL _coward

ɓɔ̀ːkàːkà*r stv dùr 1) abundant 2) many

ɓɔ̀ːkàːkàːt n _Ø-àkL _crowd

ɓɔ̀kɛ*ːr v _{ɛ dry up}

ɓɔ̀kɔ̀ːcɛ*ːr v ɛ 1) choke 2) strangle

ɓɔ̀lɔ̀ːrɛ*ːr v _{ɛ 1) grow 2) rich}

ɓɔ̀lɔ̀kànL _{n -àn}L_-àkL _{bone marrow}

ɓùkùːrkà*r stv ù deep

ɓùrɓùɗíːkà*r v _{àp go down}

ɓùwe*ːr v ɛ wrap

ɓùːke*ːr (der.) v _{ɛ uncover}

c

càːdíL _{adv 1) there 2) then}

càːkL _{pers contrastive pronoun 1}st _sg

càːkoj n _Ø-ɛL _{1) valley 2) cliff}

càːkomL _{n Ø-àk}L _friend

càːmɛL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _shoe

càːnà adv there

càːpɛjà*r v _{à mix}

càːpolɛL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _piglet

càcàbɛL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _meeting

càcàjL _{n 0s drizzle}

càcàlɛ n Ø-ɛL baby

càjtíL _{(from Amh. ሰዓት) n Ø-ɛ}L _hour

càkí*ːr v _{i begin}

càkàːkà*r (der.) v dùr address

càloːkà*r stv _{à-k cold (of objects) syn:}

bàːtɛroj

càloːkàːt n _Ø-àkL _{cold weather}

càmbàtɛL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _Sunday

càmɓojà*r v _{à kiss}

càmùnL _{n Ø-eːr beard (of chin) syn:}

gàcínɛ

càndùkL _{(from Amh. ሳንዱካ) n Ø-àk}L box

cànɛ*ːr v ɛ 1) lose 2) find not

càojL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _{tree, sp.}

càwɛ*ːr v _{ɛ sprinkle}

càwtùnL _{n Ø-àk}L _{1) edge 2) boundary}

ceL _{dem 1) this.dat 2) this.loc}

ceːcekɛ*ːr v ɛ saw

ceːd adv here

ceːdɛ*n conj because

ceːdíL _{adv here}

ceːkɛ*ːr v _{ɛ mean}

ceːꜜlànL _{n -àn}L_-àkL _shin

ceːtɛ n _Ø-ɛL _flute

cekíɛL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _command

celcel n _Ø-ɛL _lizard

cenkL _{pers contrastive pronoun 2}nd _sg

cɛL _{dem short singular demonstrative} or relative pronoun, with hearer deixis, locative and absolutive

cɛːg pers pronoun 3rd _pl

cɛːgà pers dative pronoun 3rd _pl

cɛːkL _{pers contrastive pronoun 3}rd _pl

cɛːn, cɛ*ːn pers pronoun 3rd _sg

cɛːnà pers dative pronoun 3rd _sg

cɛm adv straight

cɛmíɟíL _{(from Amh. ሸሚዝ) n Ø-ɛ}L shirt

cɛnk pers contrastive pronoun 3s

cí 1) dem demonstrative 2) relpro relative pronoun

cíːpe*ːr v _{ɛ 1) widen 2) increase}

cíceL _{adv now (sp)}

cícɛL _{adv now (hr)}

cícɔ̀L _{adv now (dist)}

cígírL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _ladder

címbíːL _{n Ø-àk}L _rat

círpɛ n Ø-ɛL cliff

cítɛtL _{(from Amharic ስህተት) n Ø-ɛ}L mistake syn: _{tíkíjɛ 1} (nomin of _tíke*ːr)

coːꜜmoj n _Ø-ɛL _{tree, sp.}

coːɓɛ*ːr v ɛ suck

coːd adv there

co*ːj adv away from

coːn n _Ø-àkL _{place (dist)}

coːrɛ*ːr v ɛ 1) wring out 2) squeeze

coːrtàn (nomin) n _Ø-àkL _juice

coːwɛ*ːr v ɛ 1) plant 2) sow

cocoL_ànL _{n -àn}L_-àkL _{maize flower}

cojníkàn n _Ø-àkLmadman

cokocí n _Ø-ɛL _{tree, sp.}

colàk prep towards

combàl n Ø-ɛL bamboo

comɛ*ːr v _{ɛ chew}

congùj n Ø-àːtɔ̀kL music

congùje*ːr v _{ɛ play (instrument)}

coɲcoːmɛ*ːr v _{ɛ 1) wrap up 2) coil}

copolkoj n Ø-íːrL fingernail

cɔ̀ relpro short singular relative pro-noun with distal deixis

cɔ̀ 1) dem short singular demonstra-tive pronoun with distal deixis, loca-tive or daloca-tive case 2) relpro short singular relative pronoun with distal deixis, locative or dative case

cɔ̀ːbí n _Ø-ɛL _hoof

cɔ̀ːcL _{(fr. var. kùːl}L_{) n Ø-àkɔ̀}L _tail

cɔ̀ːkL _{pers contrastive pronoun 2}nd _pl

cɔ̀ːkɛ n _Ø-ɛL _marsh

cɔ̀ːkɛ*ːr v ɛ 1) destroy 2) spoil

cɔ̀ːkíɗíːkà*r v _{àp 1) ruined 2) spoiled}

cɔ̀ːlílàŋL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _vulture

cɔ̀ːn nkin _Ø-iL _{sister’s child}

cɔ̀kà adv maybe

cɔ̀kɔ̀n adv 1) hollow 2) empty 3) for free

cɔ̀líɗà*r stv à-k green

cùːmíL _{n Ø-ɛ}L _{1) master 2) god 3)} fetish

cùːwe*ːr v _{ɛ sting}

cùːcùwíːkà*r (der.) v _{àp 1) labor 2)} birth pains

cùɓoj n _Ø-ɛL _{1) clay 2) mud block}

cùkL _{n Ø-àkɔ̀}L _point

cùnkùrtíL _{(from Amh. ሽንኩርት) n} Ø-ɛL _onion

cùpke*ːr v _{ɛ soak}

cùrùjL _{(from Amh. ሱሪ) n Ø-eːr} trousers

cùweːt n _Ø-àkL _stinger

d

dàːmà*r v _{à 1) choose 2) pick}

dàːnɛ n Ø-kL beehive

dàːrí n _Ø-ɛL _{1) frontier 2) border}

dàcoj n Ø-ɛL tree, sp.

dàkɛ*ːr v _{ɛ remain}

dàkɛːɗà (der.) adv only

dàlí n _{Ø-àːtɔ̀k}L _{hump of cow}

dàmpɛ n _Ø-íkL _{tree, sp.}

dàràːjɛ*ːr v ɛ 1) despise, disdain 2) stubborn 3) egoistic

dàrí n Ø-àːtɔ̀kL sky

deːdeː nkin 1) my brother 2) my sister

deːdenɛ n Ø-ɛL 1) corn cob 2) shrew

deːlekecL _{n Ø-àk}L _{1) hare 2) rabbit}

dedeːríːkà*r v _{àp lie down}

demɛ*ːr v ɛ threaten

derànL_{neg. of kɛːɗà*r go}

derej adv under

dertɛ*ːr v _{ɛ slide}

dɛːɗɛwɛ*ːr v _{ɛ set a trap}

dɛːkà*r stv _{à-k red}

dɛdɛɓɛːní n _Ø-ɛL _cockroach

dɛkɛ n Ø-íkL tree, sp.

dɛ*nL _{prt it appears}

dɛnɛ*ːr v _{ɛ see}

dɛwɛ l (from Amh. ደወል) n _Ø-àkL _bell

dɛwɛlɛ*ːr (from Amh. ደወለ) v ɛ ring

díːcɛ n _{Ø-àːtɔ̀k}L _{crest of bird}

díːdí n Ø-kL scar

díːke*ːr v _{ɛ kick}

díːle*ːr v ɛ 1) carry (on head) 2) take (away) 3) blow (away)

díːrɛ n _Ø-ɛL _rubbish

dígojɛ*ːr v ɛ greet

dígoj prt greeting

díkíːꜜɲànL _{n -àn}L_{-Ø 1) intestines, guts}

díldílkà*r stv _{à-k 1) thick 2) dull, blunt}

díŋjàtùkà*r stv ù 1) short 2) unripe

díràkɛ adv backward

díre*ːr v _{ɛ push}

dírkíjàːkà*r v dùr straddle

doːcoj n _Ø-ɛL _{wound, sore}

doːɗí*ːr v i squat

doːjànL _{n àn}L_-àkL _repentance

doːkùn n _Ø-ɛL _brideprice