The historiography of landscape research on Crete Gkiasta, M.

(1)

The historiography of landscape research on Crete

Gkiasta, M.

Citation

Gkiasta, M. (2008, April 15). The historiography of landscape research on Crete. Archaeological Studies Leiden University. Archaeological Studies Leiden University. Retrieved from

https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12855

Version: Not Applicable (or Unknown)

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12855

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

(2)

Introduction

9

1. The History of Landscape Archaeology: Major Traditions and Approaches

11

1.1 Introduction 11

1.2 Landscape as Environment 12

1.2.1 Environment as Background of Human Activity 12

1.2.2 Environment as Influence on Human Activity 19

1.2.3 Environment in Relation to Surface Record 23

1.2.4 Landscape Studies and GIS 30

1.3 Landscape within a Post-Modern Context 33

1.4 Current Trends 37

1.5 Concluding Comments 39

2. Methodology of Studying Landscape Research in Crete

41

2.1 Introduction 41

2.2 ‘Surveys’ Database Structure and Presentation 41

2.3 The Sample 46

2.4 Survey Text Analysis: Structure of the Analytical Text, which Examines Each Landscape Project 47

2.4.1 Problem Orientation: aims and methods 47

2.4.2 Presentation /Relocatability 47

2.4.3 Density per area/period 47

2.4.4 Interpretative Framework 47

2.4.5 Summary Assessment 47

2.5 ‘Interpretations’ Database Structure and Presentation 48

2.6 The Sample 49

2.7 GIS Tools and Visualisation 50

3. Landscape Research Projects in Crete: Text Analysis

51

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Travellers Tradition 51

3.2.1 Survey id: Sieber 51

3.2.2 Survey id: Pashley 53

3.3 Culture History Tradition 56

3.3.1 Survey id: Pendlebury 1934 56

3.3.2 Survey id: Travels in Crete 59

3.3.3 Survey id: Hood65 62

3.3.4 Survey id: Hagios Vasilios 66 64

3.3.5 Survey id: Hood67 66

3.3.6 Survey id: Ayiofarango 75 68

3.4 Human Geography Tradition 72

3.4.1 Survey id: Lehmann 72

(3)

COnTEnTS

3.4.3 Survey id: Paul Faure 77

3.4.4 Survey id: nowicki 80

3.5 Topographic Tradition 84

3.5.1 Survey id: Hood Knossos 84

3.5.2 Survey id: Schiering 87

3.5.3 Survey id: Minoan Roads 90

3.5.4 Survey id: Itanos 93

3.6 Landscape Tradition 96

3.6.2 Survey id: Lasithi 99

3.6.3 Survey id: Kommos 102

3.6.4 Survey id: Chania 105

3.6.5 Survey id: Palaikastro 110

3.6.6 Survey id: Phaistos 112

3.6.7 Survey id: Hagia Photia 115

3.6.8 Survey id: Pseira 118

3.6.9 Survey id: Vrokastro 122

3.6.10 Survey id: Sphakia 125

3.6.11 Survey id: Kavousi 129

3.6.12 Survey id: Malia 133

3.6.13 Survey id: Aghios Vasilios Valley 136

3.6.14 Survey id: Gournia 138

3.6.15 Survey id: Gavdos 140

3.6.16 Survey id: Praisos 142

3.6.17 Survey ids: Katelionas and Lamnoni (Ziros Survey) 145

3.7 Discussion of ‘Interpretations’ Database 148

3.7.1 Culture History Tradition 148

3.7.2 Landscape Tradition 148

4. Analytical Approaches towards the Study of intra-Tradition Variability and inter-

Tradition Comparisons

151

4.1 Spatial and Temporal spread of Landscape Projects 151

4.1.1 Travellers Tradition 151

4.1.2 Culture History Tradition 151

4.1.3 Human Geography 152

4.1.4 Topographic Tradition 153

4.1.5 Landscape Tradition 154

4.2 ‘Surveys’ Database Analysis: the Sample 154

4.3 Trends in Aims 155

4.4 Trends in Multi-Disciplinarity 156

4.5 Trends in Presentation 157

4.6 Trends in Theoretical / Interpretative Framework 158

4.7 Trends and Degree of Confidence in Chronological Characterizations 161

4.8 Trends in Function Characterisations 167

4.9 Densities 171

4.10 Discussion: Evaluation of Comparability 175

(4)

5. Historiography of Landscape Research in Crete

177

5.1 Introduction 177

5.2 Travellers Tradition 178

5.2.1 Summary of main characteristics 178

5.2.2 Theoretical background and aims 178

5.2.3 Methods 178

5.2.4 Site definition / Relocatability 178

5.2.5 Results 179

5.2.7 General Assessment 179

5.3 Culture History Tradition 180

5.3.3 Methods 181

5.3.5 Results 183

5.3.7 General assessment 184

5.4 Human Geography Tradition 185

5.4.3 Methods 186

5.4.5 Results 186

5.5 Topographic Tradition 188

5.5.3 Methods 188

5.5.5 Results 189

5.6 Landscape Tradition 191

5.6.3 Methods 192

5.6.5 Results 193

5.7 Concluding Remarks 196

6. Using Landscape Research Data in Siteia, eastern Crete: a Case Study

197

6.1 Introduction 197

6.2 Methodology 197

(5)

COnTEnTS

6.4 Summary of acquired knowledge per project 201

6.4.1 Pendlebury 1934 (table 6.4.1) 201

6.4.2 Wroncka (table 6.4.2) 203

6.4.3 nowicki (table 6.4.3) 204

6.4.4 Minoan Roads (table 6.4.4) 206

6.4.5 Hagia Photia (table 6.4.5) 206

6.4.6 Praisos (table 6.4.6) 207

6.4.7 Ziros (Katelionas & Lamnoni) (tables 6.4.7a and 6.4.7b) 210

6.5 Synthesis 211

6.5.1 neolithic / Final neolithic / Early Minoan I 211

6.5.2 Prepalatial (EM – MM IA) 211

6.5.3 Protopalatial (MM IB - II) 212

6.5.4 neopalatial (MM III – LM IB) 212

6.5.5 Palatial 213

6.5.6 Postpalatial 213

6.5.7 LM IIIC – PG 214

6.5.8 Greek 215

6.5.9 GR 215

6.5.10 BVT 216

6.6 Conclusions 216

7. CONCLUSIONS: Archaeological Survey Data Integration 219

7.1 Thesis Summary 219

7.2 The need to Integrate Archaeological Landscape Research Data 219

7.3 Problems in Data Integration 220

7.3.1 Methodological variability 220

7.3.2 Lack of publication standards 220

7.4 Towards a Meaningful Publication of Survey. Data and Interpretations 221

References 223

Survey bibliography 255

List of Figures 273

List of Tables 273

List of Graphs 273

List of appendices 274

List on cd-Rom 274

Abbreviations and Vocabulary 275

Acknowledgements 277

Curriculum Vitae 279