INTERNATIONAL FRAGMENTATION OF PRODUCTION IN
THE EU FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY
WHAT ARE THE TRENDS AND DETERMINANTS OF IFP IN THE EUROPEAN FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY?
Joanne Stegenga
Student Msc International Business and Management
S1508156
APPENDIX A. Overview of country, their capitals (used to calculate distance between
EU and partner country) and abbreviations
Abbreviation Country Capital
AB Albania Tirana
AL Algeria Algiers
AT Austria Vienna
BG Bulgaria Sofia
BH Bosnia & Herzegovina Sarajevo
BL Belarus Minsk
BR Brazil Brasilia
CN China Beijing
CR Croatia Zagreb
CZ Czech Republic Prague
DE Germany Berlin
GB Great Britain London
EC Ecuador Quito
ES Spain Madrid
FI Finland Helsinki
FR France Paris
HK Hong Kong Hong Kong
ID Indonesia Jakarta
IN India New Delhi
IT Italy Rome
MD Moldova Chisinau
ME Mexico Ciudad de Mexico
MO Morocco Rabat PA Pakistan Islamabad PL Poland Warsaw PT Portugal Lisboa RO Romania Bucharest RU Russia Moscow
SA Saudi Arabia Riyadh
SE Sweden Stockholm
SK Slovakia Bratislava
SL Slovenia Ljubljana
SW Switzerland Bern
TU Tunisia Tunis
UAE United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi
UR Ukraine Kiev
USA United States Washington
VN Vietnam Hanoi
APPENDIX B TOP PARTNER COUNTRIES EU-4 OPT EXPORT AND IMPORT TABLE 1. TOP partner countries EU-4 OPT Export
OPT EXPORT TOP PARTNER COUNTRIES
UR (2001 – 2004) Spain FR (1988, 1989, 1991) GB (1998, 1990, 1992) IT (1988-1992) DE (1989, 1991) MO (1990-1993, 1995, 2000-2004) PT (1992) EC (1993, 1994) USA (1993, 1994) AT (1994) SA (1994) HK (1995) ME (1996) BL (1997 – 2004) ID (1997) UAE (1997) RU (1997) IN (1999, 2001, 2004) RO (1999 – 2004) PA (2001) CN (2002) BG (2002) VN (2003) UR (2004)
TABLE 2. TOP partner countries EU-4 OPT Import OPT IMPORT TOP PARTNER COUNTRIES
CZ (1989 – 1995, 2001) PL (1992, 1993, 1996) SK (1993, 1996 – 2002) CR (1994 – 2000) BG (1997 – 1999) UR (2002 – 2004) Italy YU (1988 -1992) SM (1996 -2000) HU (1988 – 1994, 1996 – 2002) SW (1989) PL (1990, 1991, 1994, 1995) RO (1990, 1992) AL (1990) CZ (1991, 1992, 1995) RU (1991, 2003) BG (1992 -1995, 1997, 1998, 2001-2004) AB (1993 – 2004) SK (1996) CR (1999, 2000) UR (2001 – 2004) BH (2003, 2004) Spain1 SW ( 1988) HK ( 1988) FI ( 1988) SE (1988) USA (1991, 1996) MO (1991, 1992, 1995, 1999- 2004) ME (1995) BL (1997 – 2004) RU (1997) RO (1998 – 2001, 2003, 2004) ID (1999) IN (2001) BG (2002) UR (2004)
APPENDIX C SINGLE REGRESSION INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
OPT EXPORT
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 297 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
SGDP -2.60 0.00
C 4.02 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.01 F-statistic: 6.80
P-value F- statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 305 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
DIFFGDPpc 5.70 0.00
C 21.18 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.09 F-statistic: 32.56 P-value F- statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 254 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
ROAD -2.55 0.01
C 6.56 0.00
P-value F- statistic: 0.01
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 310 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
PHONE -1.11 0.26
C 7.97 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.00 F-statistic: 1.23
P-value F- statistic: 0.26
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 235 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
INTNET -0.76 0.44
C 25.94 0.00
Adjusted R²: -0.00 F-statistic: 0.58
P-value F- statistic: 0.44
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 311 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
DISTANCE -12.52 0.00
C 17.65 0.00
OPT IMPORT
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 269 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
SGDP -1.53 0.12
C 3.10 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.00 F-statistic: 2.34
P-value F- statistic: 0.12
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 274 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
DGDPpc 3.33 0.00
C 24.91 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.03 F-statistic: 11.11 P-value F- statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 229 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
ROAD -3.59 0.00
C 8.94 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 283 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
PHONE -0.70 0.48
C 9.78 0.00
Adjusted R²: -0.00 F-statistic: 0.49
P-value F- statistic: 0.48
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 213 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
INTNET -0.73 0.46
C 37.55 0.00
Adjusted R²: -0.00 F-statistic: 0.54
P-value F- statistic: 0.46
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 284 after adjustments
Variable T-STATISTIC P-VALUE
DISTANCE -9.40 0.00
C 15.23 0.00
APPENDIX D SINGLE REGRESSION EU-4 OPT EXPORT AND IMPORT GERMANY
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 77 after adjustments Included observations: 75 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
SGDP -0.34 0.73 SGDP 2.98 0.00
C 1.20 0.23 C 0.67 0.49
Adjusted R²: -0.01 Adjusted R²: 0.09
F-statistic: 0.11 F-statistic: 8.90
P-value F-statistic: 0.73 P-value F-statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 81 after adjustments Included observations: 77 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
DGDPpc 1.05 0.29 DGDPpc -1.28 0.20
C 37.34 0.00 C 46.27 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.00 Adjusted R²: 0.00
F-statistic: 1.11 F-statistic: 1.65
P-value F-statistic: 0.29 P-value F-statistic: 0.20
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 66 after adjustments Included observations: 67 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Road 0.50 0.61 Road 1.19 0.23
C 4.37 0.00 C 5.89 0.00
Adjusted R²: -0.00 Adjusted R²: 0.00
P-value F-statistic: 0.61 P-value F-statistic: 0.23
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 84 after adjustments Included observations: 84 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Phone 1.23 0.21 Phone -0.048688 0.9613
C 4.25 0.00 C 7.294461 0.0000
Adjusted R²: 0.00 Adjusted R²: -0.01
F-statistic: 1.53 F-statistic: 0.00
P-value F-statistic: 0.21 P-value F-statistic: 0.96
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 63 after adjustments Included observations: 63 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Intnet -2.35 0.02 Intnet -2.65 0.01
C 34.10 0.00 C 46.44 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.06 Adjusted R²: 0.08
F-statistic: 5.55 F-statistic: 7.05
P-value F-statistic: 0.02 P-value F-statistic: 0.01
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 84 after adjustments Included observations: 84 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Distance -3.17 0.00 Distance -1.53 0.12
C 8.159 0.00 C 8.20 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.09 Adjusted R²: 0.01
F-statistic: 10.09 F-statistic: 2.36
FRANCE
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 82 after adjustments Included observations: 83 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
SGDP -2.04 0.04 SGDP -3.68 0.00
C 2.50 0.01 C 4.63 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.03 Adjusted R²: 0.13
F-statistic: 4.18 F-statistic: 13.59
P-value F-statistic: 0.04 P-value F-statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 82 after adjustments Included observations: 83 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
DGDPpc 0.64 0.51 DGDPpc 1.04 0.29
C 10.29 0.00 C 16.60 0.00
Adjusted R²: -0.00 Adjusted R²: 0.00
F-statistic: 0.41 F-statistic: 1.09
P-value F-statistic: 0.51 P-value F-statistic: 0.29
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 70 after adjustments Included observations: 67 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Road -0.49 0.62 Road -3.07 0.00
C 3.48 0.00 C 8.68 0.00
Adjusted R²: -0.01 Adjusted R²: 0.11
P-value F-statistic: 0.62 P-value F-statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 84 after adjustments Included observations: 84 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Phone -2.40 0.01 Phone -4.66 0.00
C 9.20 0.00 C 19.50 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.05 Adjusted R²: 0.20
F-statistic: 5.78 F-statistic: 21.77
P-value F-statistic: 0.01 P-value F-statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 62 after adjustments Included observations: 59 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Intnet -6.15 0.00 Intnet -5.80 0.00
C 33.77 0.00 C 55.23 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.37 Adjusted R²: 0.36
F-statistic: 37.90 F-statistic: 33.64
P-value F-statistic: 0.00 P-value F-statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 84 after adjustments Included observations: 84 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Distance -1.15 0.24 Distance -0.67 0.50
C 2.91 0.00 C 3.84 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.00 Adjusted R²: -0.00
F-statistic: 1.34 F-statistic: 0.45
ITALY
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 77 after adjustments Included observations: 74 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
SGDP -0.86 0.39 SGDP -3.86 0.00
C 2.65 0.00 C 4.74 0.00
Adjusted R²: -0.00 Adjusted R²: 0.16
F-statistic: 0.74 F-statistic: 14.95
P-value F-statistic: 0.39 P-value F-statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 81 after adjustments Included observations: 77 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
DGDPpc 2.55 0.01 DGDPpc 0.91 0.36
C 18.66 0.00 C 19.45 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.06 Adjusted R²: -0.00
F-statistic: 6.51 F-statistic: 0.83
P-value F-statistic: 0.01 P-value F-statistic: 0.36
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 70 after adjustments Included observations: 68 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Road -0.89 0.37 Road -1.93 0.05
C 4.35 0.00 C 5.45 0.00
Adjusted R²: -0.00 Adjusted R²: 0.03
F-statistic: 0.79 F-statistic: 3.74
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 81 after adjustments Included observations: 78 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Phone -1.27 0.20 Phone 0.22 0.82
C 6.87 0.00 C 5.99 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.00 Adjusted R²: -0.01
F-statistic: 1.62 F-statistic: 0.05
P-value F-statistic: 0.20 P-value F-statistic: 0.82
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 60 after adjustments Included observations: 60 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Intnet 1.33 0.18 Intnet 3.99 0.00
C 37.65 0.00 C 45.22 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.01 Adjusted R²: 0.20
F-statistic: 1.78 F-statistic: 15.98
P-value F-statistic: 0.18 P-value F-statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 82 after adjustments Included observations: 79 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Distance -4.47 0.00 Distance -1.23 0.21
C 7.18 0.00 C 3.03 0.00
Adjusted R²: 0.18 Adjusted R²: 0.00
F-statistic: 19.98 F-statistic: 1.53
SPAIN
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 58 after adjustments Included observations: 34 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
SGDP -0.99 0.32 SGDP -2.09 0.04
C 1.23 0.22 C 2.31 0.02
Adjusted R²: -0.00 Adjusted R²: 0.09
F-statistic: 0.99 F-statistic: 4.36
P-value F-statistic: 0.32 P-value F-statistic: 0.04
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 58 after adjustments Included observations: 34 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
DGDPpc 3.65 0.00 DGDPpc 4.02 0.00
C 3.57 0.00 C 1.64 0.10
Adjusted R²: 0.17 Adjusted R²: 0.31
F-statistic: 13.38 F-statistic: 16.21
P-value F-statistic: 0.00 P-value F-statistic: 0.00
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 48 after adjustments Included observations: 27 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Road 0.35 0.72 Road -1.72 0.09
C 0.56 0.57 C 2.56 0.01
Adjusted R²: -0.01 Adjusted R²: 0.07
F-statistic: 0.12 F-statistic: 2.97
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 58 after adjustments Included observations: 34 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Phone -1.48 0.14 Phone -1.04 0.30
C 2.98 0.00 C 2.43 0.02
Adjusted R²: 0.02 Adjusted R²: 0.00
F-statistic: 2.19 F-statistic: 1.09
P-value F-statistic: 0.14 P-value F-statistic: 0.30
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 47 after adjustments Included observations: 28 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Intnet 0.69 0.49 Intnet 1.62 0.11
C 4.54 0.00 C 3.85 0.00
Adjusted R²: -0.01 Adjusted R²: 0.05
F-statistic: 0.47 F-statistic: 2.62
P-value F-statistic: 0.49 P-value F-statistic: 0.11
DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTX DEPENDENT VARIABLE: OPTM
Method: Least Squares Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 58 after adjustments Included observations: 34 after adjustments
Variable T-statistic P-value Variable T-statistic P-value
Distance -2.15 0.03 Distance -1.55 0.13
C 2.98 0.00 C 2.30 0.02
Adjusted R²: 0.06 Adjusted R²: 0.04
F-statistic: 4.66 F-statistic: 2.40
