Appendix A: Black’s (1974) Phonological Reconstruction

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Appendix A: Black’s (1974) Phonological Reconstruction

Paul Black (1974) has proposed a phonological reconstruction of the Lowland East Cushitic

languages, which will be used in the following sections as a basis for the reconstruction of the

morphology of plural gender. The following table presents the sound correspondences and

their origins in Proto-Lowland-East-Cushitic, as proposed by Black (1974: 279-284):

Lowland East Cushitic Languages

PLEC

Oromoid Languages Western Omo-Tana Languages PO Oromo Konsoid Languages PWOT Arbore Dhaasanac Elmolo

PK Konso Diraytata *b *b b *b̂ p p _C > f *b b Ø #/r_ / _# > b p #_ > ɓ _n > m p’1 *d *d d _stop > r *d̂ t t *d d/z z __ > dd t #_ > ɗ _b > *b̂ p p _g > *ĝ k k *t *t t *t̂ t š *t t t _i > c t _# > ʔ _(a)# > t y_ > s __ > *d̂d̂ tt tt b/g_ > d d *d̂ t t *ɗ *ɗ ɗ *ɗ ɗ ɗ *ɗ ɗ/d z ɗ #_ > ɗ _# > t *ɗ1 c’ ɗ *g *g g *ĝ _ʕ > *k̂ k x k h *g g/k’ Ø #/r_/_# > g k #_ > ɠ _e/i > j _ʕ > k’ *k *k k *k̂ x h *k k/c k/g/c k _i/u / #_e > k _i/e > s r_ > *ĝ k k r_ > g __ > *ĝĝ kk kk n_ > *g g *ĝ k k *q *q _{_i/e > c’}k’ *q q k’ *q ɠ k’/k Ø V_C > Ø *f *f f *f f f *f f f f u_ > h *s *s f *s s s *s s s s #_a/e > s __ > ss i/y_V > *š s *š š š i_ > š i/y_V > yy *ħ *ħ h *ħ t_ > *t̂ h h *ħ h/Ø Ø h/Ø C_V > V l/m_ > Ø _# > Ø t š V_C > *V V V V V *ʕ *ʕ ʔ *ʕ ʔ/Ø r/m_ / #_ > Ø ʔ/h *ʕ Ø/ʔ Ø Ø r_ > ɗ m_ > ɓ #_ > Ø C_V > V s_ > s s s #_ > Ø k_ > k̂ x h V_C V *V V V #_ / _# > ʔ *ʕ1/2 *ʕ Ø *ʕ Ø Ø *ʕ ʔ Ø

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*h Ø h? h? #_ > Ø #_ > Ø *ʔ w h Ø *m *m m *m m m *m m m m _t > n *n *n n *n n _{_g > ŋ}n *n n n n *l *l l *l l l *l l l r/l _e > j *r *r r *r r r *r r r r _t > d̂ t t _k > ĝ k k *w *w w *w w w *w w w/ʔ V_V > Ø _C > f? _aC > Ø Ø Ø *y *y y *y y y V_V > Ø a_C > e *a *a a *a a a *a a/e a a _mb/wC > o _# > Ø e 2 o12 _ɗ?/y > e w_ > *o o o *e3 _e/a _e _e _Ci > i *e *e a *e e e *e e e e #_/_(C(C))_e > e _# > i _ħ/ʕ > i? *i *i i *i i i *i i i i _# > *e e e a *e e e e/u i i/u *o *o o *o o o *o o o o _# > u _# > u *u *u u *u u u *u u u u ʕ_ > i4 ħ_m/n > a _ħ/ʕ > *o o o

2_{In assimilation to preceding vowels} 3_{In words containing pharyngeals} 4_Dialectal