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The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/57507 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation
Author: Hoeijmakers, Jens
Title: Spectroscopic characterization of exoplanets : from LOUPE to SINFONI
Date: 2017-11-23
S P E C T R O S C O P I C C H A R A C T E R I Z AT I O N O F E X O P L A N E T S : F R O M L O U P E T O S I N F O N I
ISBN: 978-94-6295-791-6
Copyright 2017 Jens Hoeijmakers
Printed by ProefschriftMaken k www.proefschriftmaken.nl
ii
S P E C T R O S C O P I C C H A R A C T E R I Z AT I O N O F E X O P L A N E T S : F R O M L O U P E T O S I N F O N I
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof.mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 23 november 2017
klokke 11:15 uur
door
Herman Jens Hoeijmakers
geboren te Zwolle, Nederland
in 1990
Promotiecommissie:
Promotor: Prof. dr. I.A.G. Snellen Co-promotor: Dr. ir. F. Snik
Overige leden: Prof. dr. H. J. A. Röttgering Prof. dr. C. U. Keller Prof. dr. B. R. Brandl Prof. dr. M. R. Hogerheijde
Dr. J. L. Birkby University of Amsterdam
Dr. C. Lovis University of Geneva
To my mom, for her kindness, optimism, endless love and immeasurable strength.
C O N T E N T S
1 i n t r o d u c t i o n 1
1.1 The Search for Extra-solar planets . . . 1
1.1.1 Introduction . . . 1
1.1.2 How to find exoplanets . . . 3
1.1.3 Unveiling the exoplanet population . . . 6
1.1.4 Habitability . . . 8
1.2 Spectroscopic characterization . . . 9
1.2.1 The spectrum of an exoplanet . . . 9
1.2.2 Spectral resolving power . . . 12
1.2.3 Cross-correlation . . . 13
1.2.4 Spectral dispersion and spatial resolution . . . 14
1.2.5 Spectropolarimetry . . . 17
1.3 This thesis . . . 17
2 a s e a r c h f o r t i o i n t h e o p t i c a l h i g h-resolution trans- m i s s i o n s p e c t r u m o f h d 2 0 9 4 5 8 b 31 2.1 Introduction . . . 32
2.2 Observations and data reduction . . . 34
2.2.1 Subaru data of HD 209458 . . . 34
2.2.2 HARPS data of M dwarfs . . . 34
2.2.3 Post-processing and cross-correlation . . . 37
2.2.4 Model spectra . . . 40
2.3 Results and discussion . . . 41
2.3.1 Evaluation of template spectra . . . 44
2.3.2 Alternative template spectra . . . 48
2.4 Conclusion . . . 51
3 d e s i g n t r a d e-off and proof of concept for loupe, the l u na r o b s e r vat o r y f o r u n r e s o lv e d p o l a r i m e t r y o f e a r t h 57 3.1 Introduction . . . 57
3.1.1 Multi-dimensional remote-sensing . . . 57
3.1.2 Polarization of (exo)planets . . . 58
3.1.3 Earth as a model exoplanet . . . 60
3.1.4 LOUPE: Spectropolarimetry from the lunar surface . . . 62
3.2 Design of LOUPE . . . 63
3.2.1 Science-derived instrumental requirements . . . 63
3.2.2 IFU design . . . 64
3.2.3 Spectral polarization modulation . . . 65
3.2.4 Optical configuration . . . 66
3.3 Proof of concept . . . 68
vii
viii c o n t e n t s
3.3.1 Optics . . . 68
3.3.2 Test observations . . . 69
3.3.3 Data reduction . . . 70
3.3.4 Wavelength calibration . . . 70
3.3.5 Polarization calibration . . . 71
3.3.6 Demodulation . . . 71
3.4 Performance of the LOUPE prototype . . . 73
3.5 Optimizing the prototype model . . . 78
3.5.1 Beamsplitter . . . 78
3.5.2 Stacking . . . 79
3.5.3 Proposed design implementation and further consider- ations . . . 80
3.6 Conclusion . . . 81
4 s e a r c h i n g f o r r e f l e c t e d l i g h t f r o mτ boötis b with high- r e s o l u t i o n g r o u n d-based spectroscopy: approaching the 10−5 c o n t r a s t b a r r i e r 87 4.1 Introduction . . . 88
4.1.1 Albedo measurements of exoplanets . . . 88
4.1.2 The τ Boo system . . . 92
4.1.3 Searches for reflected light of τ Boo b . . . 92
4.2 Observations . . . 95
4.2.1 UES data of τ Boo . . . 95
4.2.2 ESPaDOnS & NARVAL data of τ Boo . . . 96
4.2.3 UVES data of τ Boo . . . 97
4.2.4 HARPS-N data of τ Boo . . . 98
4.3 Data analysis . . . 98
4.3.1 Template spectra . . . 108
4.4 Results and discussion . . . 110
4.4.1 The albedo of τ Boo b . . . 110
4.5 Conclusions . . . 117
5 m e d i u m-resolution integral-field spectroscopy for high- c o n t r a s t e x o p l a n e t i m a g i n g: molecule maps of the β p i c t o r i s s y s t e m w i t h s i n f o n i 125 5.1 Introduction . . . 126
5.1.1 Integral field spectroscopy . . . 126
5.2 The β Pictoris system . . . 128
5.3 Observations . . . 128
5.4 Data analysis . . . 131
5.4.1 Removal of starlight . . . 131
5.4.2 Cross correlation with model templates . . . 134
5.4.3 ADI Analysis . . . 135
5.5 Results and Discussion . . . 135
c o n t e n t s ix
5.5.1 Molecule maps of the β Pictoris system . . . 135 5.5.2 Cross-correlation with BT-Settl grid . . . 135 5.5.3 Residual structure in the molecule maps . . . 138 5.5.4 Molecule mapping from space with NIRSpec and MIRI 140 5.5.5 Molecule mapping with HARMONI at the ELT . . . 141 5.6 Conclusion . . . 141
Nederlandse samenvatting 149
List of publications 155
Curriculum Vitae 157
Acknowledgements 159
