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The pots and potters of Assyria : technology and organization of

production, ceramics sequence and vessel function at Late Bronze Age Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria

Duistermaat, K.

Citation

Duistermaat, K. (2007, March 21). The pots and potters of Assyria : technology and

organization of production, ceramics sequence and vessel function at Late Bronze Age Tell Sabi Abyad, Syria. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11416

Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version

License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden

Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/11416

Note: To cite this publication please use the final published version (if applicable).

(2)

Fig. V.1: Geological map of northern Syria (after Toloczyki and Trurnit 1998). Basalt outcrops are shown in dark purple. Because there are hardly any basalt outcrops in the Balikh catchment basin, it is unlikely that local clays will contain basalt particles. This is different for the Euphrates river, originating in the large basalt area north of the Balikh, and for the Khabur river where small basalt outcrops are visible. Ophiolite (in dark green) occurs only in the western coastal area around Ugarit, Antakya and west of Gaziantep. This is the area where the clay for the cooking pot P93-308 (sample J728 in fig. D.57) must have come from.

(3)

Fig. V.1: Geological map of northern Syria (after Toloczyki and Trurnit 1998). Basalt outcrops are shown in dark purple. Because there are hardly any basalt outcrops in the Balikh catchment basin, it is unlikely that local clays will contain basalt particles. This is different for the Euphrates river, originating in the large basalt area north of the Balikh, and for the Khabur river where small basalt outcrops are visible. Ophiolite (in dark green) occurs only in the western coastal area around Ugarit, Antakya and west of Gaziantep. This is the area where the clay for the cooking pot P93-308 (sample J728 in fig. D.57) must have come from.

Fig. V.2: Sketch plan of the level 6 pottery workshop.

N12 O12

O11 N11

O10 Level 6 workshops

N

drawings based on field top plans and daynotes, and partly on stratigraphy notes (where available) September 2005

L blocked door

big pot

oven

pit

Q

floor F 324.61 floor F

325.02

neolithic tell 324.48

neolithic tell 324.48

floor 324.45 324.74 322.55

fragment(s) of unfired pottery (on floor) fragment(s) of unfired pottery (in fill)

324.00

? 324.50 324.42

fragment(s) of overfired pottery or wasters (on floor) fragment(s) of overfired pottery or wasters (in fill)

324.48

K

H AD

M L

AB AA Y

Z

B E1 AC

X

AE E2 S

F G

A1 A2 room 1

room 2a

neolithic tell 324.29 potter's wheel basalt wheelbearing (top part)

324.43

324.58

floor 324.42-33

waster

neolithic tell 324.25

324.23

324.27 324.43

? 324.49

324.57

324.64 324.58

floor 324.35?

X

324.30

324.42

324.40 324.10

Z M

AH

R AC

BI

AR

AS AZ AI

AG CC

CG

CI

AQ BE - AK CM

324.09

neolithic tell 324.00

floor BH-BJ 324.29-15 floor

324.30 324.36

floor BT 324.10?

floor 324.27

324.51 324.50 324.46

324.65 324.79

324.48

324.17 324.22

324.31 324.54

324.59

room 3

J floor W

324.57

324.63

? 324.84

324.54 324.69

324.60 324.63

courtyard

324.20 324.19

?

? open area

room 2b

? J

J

H G

I

basalt donut shaped ring

ceramic slag fragments (in fill)

324.75 324.84 324.31

piece of bitumen

324.16

ceramic slag fragments (on floor)

room 4 room 6

324.29

room 5

this area is not excavated until the neolithic tell surface

AN

Y X

AD AB

Q

AA

surface 324.71

sherd pavement 324.95

K

M

G

? 324.88

325.18

W Q

Y

BC pot

bowl bowl (upside down)

jar

324.57 324.49

small stones small bottle with spout

bowl (lower elevations) posthole

posthole?

2 m

? ?

(4)

Fig. V.3: Suggestions for room functions in the level 6 workshop.

firing fuel storage?

space probably roofed unsure if space was roofed

N12 O12

O11 N11

O10 Level 6 workshops

N

drawings based on field top plans and daynotes, and partly on stratigraphy notes (where available) September 2005

L blocked door

big pot

oven

pit

Q

324.74 322.55

324.48

K

H AD

M L

AB AA Y

Z

B E1 AC

X

AE E2 S

F G

A1 A2 room 1

room 2a

324.23

X

Z M

AH

R AC

BI

AR

AS AZ AI

AG CC

CG

CI

AQ BE - AK

CM room 3

J courtyard

?

? open area

room 2b

? J

J

H G

I

room 4 room 6

324.29

room 5 AN

Y X

AD AB

Q

AA

K

M

G

325.18

W Q

BC

shaping drying storage drying

storage

shaping working living?

firing fuel storage?

drying

drying storage drying

storage

2 m

(5)

Fig. V.4: Overview of finds on the floor of room 1 in the level 6 pottery workshop in square O12.

The overfired warped jar P03-384 is in the middle of the image.

(6)

Fig. V.5: Overview of the level 6 pottery workshop in square N12. The re- mains of kiln L are just becoming visible north of the white arrow.Fig. V.6: Overview of the level 6 pottery workshop in square N11. The re- mains of kiln Q are just appearing under the white arrow.

(7)

Fig. V.7: Wedgeshaped clay objects, perhaps used in the kilns to stabilize the kiln load.

From left to right: O04-305 (unbaked, from the gutter in square O10), O03-105 (from the area south of kiln Q in square N11), O03-198 (from the fire chamber of the level 5 kiln AR in square L8), O03-63 (in the fill of

the Assyrian moat in square O12).

Fig V.8: basalt pottery wheel bearing S03-608, from room 1 in the level 6 workshop.

Fig. V.9: Two small baked bricks from room 1 in the level 6 workshop, perhaps used in

pottery production or as stabilizers in the kiln.

Fig. V.10: Rounded and abraded sherd used as a scrap- ing tool in pottery production. O03-120, from room 2a

in the level 6 workshop.

(8)

Reconstruction of a stick wheel using basalt wheel bearings

wheel head and fly wheel pivot

stick for turning

Kick wheel placed in a pit

Reconstruction of a kick wheel using basalt wheel bearings bench

fly wheel wheel head

axle

upper bearing

pivot Kick wheel or spindle wheel

potter's seat

potter's seat

Fig. V.11: Schematic drawings of different potters’

wheels. Top: a simple stick wheel, middle: a double or kick wheel with two bearings (left) and with coni- cal axle (right), bottom: a kick wheel constructed in a pit.

(9)

Fig. V.12: Reconstruction drawing of a potter working at a simple (stick) wheel, illustrating the way Sabi Abyad potters may have worked.

(adapted from Roux 1990, photo 4).

(10)

N13 M13

N12 N11 M11

Level 5 workshops

N

drawings based on field top plans and daynotes, and partly on stratigraphy notes (where available) September 2005

pot

? 325.23 326.08

325.82

325.88

326.03

326.18

tower

tower

AN

AF

AE courtyard 2 floor 326.15 room 1 floor 326.27 - 16

courtyard 3

room 4

fill and floor of level 5 not preserved room 5

floor 326.15

room 6 floor 326.05 - 15

room 7

"floor" ca. 325.86 room 8 floor 326.30 corridor 9

room 10

corridor 11

pit 325.07 AC/AI

X W

V X/Y/Z/BI AR

BJ J

M

W V

M

C AH

O P

I B

brick floor 326.37

T / U

jar jar

dense clayey soil without pottery dense clayey soil without pottery 1

3

4

5 6

7 7

8 9 9

9

10 10

piece of baked clay

floor 325.95

11

12

1 piece of animal horn 3 pottery model wheel 4 sherd tool / "loamer"

5 large piece of bone 6 fragment of a large tray 7 stone grinding tool 8 bead

9 "polishing" stone tool 10 clay jar stopper

11 clay sealing with seal impression 12 iron pin

unfired pottery sherds (on floorlevel) unfired pottery sherds (in roomfill) overfired and molten pottery fragments goblet

small bowl (rim diameter < 120 mm) bowl (rim diameter > 120 mm) pot type 225 ("grain measure") stone ring tool ("donut")

325.96 326.20

R

H

P re-used

jar base

many sherds and stones, grinders many sherds and stones, grinders

P93-311 2 m

Fig. V.13: Sketch plan of the Level 5 East workshop.

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Fig. V.14: Suggestions for room functions in the Level 5 East workshop, including the use of the open area outside the fortress.

Level 5 workshops N

drawings based on field top plans and daynotes, and partly on stratigraphy notes (where available) September 2005

space probably roofed unsure if space was roofed

N13M13 N12 N11M11L11L12 pot

pit ?325.23 326.08325.82

325.83

325.88 326.03

326.18

?325.00

?325.00

H tower

tower AN

AF AE courtyard2floor326.15 room1floor326.27-16

courtyard3

room4fillandflooroflevel5notpreserved room5floor326.15

room6floor326.05-15

room7"floor"ca.325.86 room8floor326.30 corridor9

room10 corridor11

324.80 324.54 324.80

325.20324.98

324.10 O12

pitR O11

pit pitS pitJ pitBN

325.28

pit 325.07

XW

V X/Y/Z/BI

AR BJ J M

W

V

M

C AH

O P

I B brickfloor326.37 claystorage/preparation?shapingdryingfiringstoragerepairdiscard

storageoffiredvessels?living

storageoffiredvessels? claypreparation?shapingdrying?

tokilnHandtheouterareafiringclaypreparation? drying?

2 m

claypreparation?

(12)

Fig. V.15: Overview of the level 5 East workshop,

room 1 (left) and courtyard 2 (right) with the remains of kiln T/U.

Fig. V.16: Floor context in courtyard 2 of the level 5 East workshop. The remains of kiln T/U are visible in the back. Around it are large amounts of bowls, goblets and other vessels. At the bottom of the picture, frag-

ments of unbaked pottery vessels are concentrated.

Fig. V.17: A pottery jar base dug into the floor of courtyard 2 in the level 5 East workshop, near kiln T/U.

North is towards the right side of the picture.

(13)

M11 13-150: O96-119 re-used ring base

Fig. V.19: ring base O96-119, reused as a scraping tool.

From room 1 in the level 5 East workshop. Scale 1:4.

Fig. V.18: detail of the floor context in courtyard 2 of the level 5 East workshop. The corner of kiln T/U is visible in the left of the picture.

(14)

Fig. V.20: Sketch plan of the level 5 West pottery kiln location.

H/AE I

door blocked?

fragment(s) of unfired pottery (on floor) fragment(s) of unfired pottery (in fill)

326.03

326.63

Level 5 West

N

drawings based on field top plans and daynotes, and partly on stratigraphy notes (where available) October 2005

room 14

room 17 former

bathroom

H8 I8

H9 I9

2 m

bricks of walls completely burnt

AB C B

F

Fig. V.21: overview of room 14, with kiln H/AE in the back. Floor F and the grey ashy deposits on top of it are clearly visible in the eastern and southern section.

(15)

Fig. V.22: Sketch plan of the level 5 North pottery kiln locations.

NB: Kiln CJ/V and Kiln AR are not contemporary!

K8 L8

Kiln CJ/V

Kiln AR Level 5 North

N

drawings based on field top plans and daynotes, and partly on stratigraphy notes (where available) September 2006

2 m

(16)

Fig. V.23: Sketch plan of the level 4 pottery kiln location.

Fig. V.24: Overview of Tell Sabi Abyad, with kiln K in square J7 in the lower left of the picture.

wall D

Kiln K

J7 drawing based on field top plan 2 m N

January 2007

(17)

Fig. V.25: Examples of shapes locally produced at Tell Sabi Abyad. Line drawings at scale 1:10.

L8 40-128: P97-151 H8 27-209: P98-3

M9 34-193: P97-167

K12 29-58:P93-220

H8 13-84: P97-276 L11 55-115: P93-38

H8 13-67:P97-267

H7 5-11: P98-168oval rim

K13 13-71: P96-40 L12 29-129: P93-346

M9 34-202 : P97-162

H8 13-78: P97-301 M9 34-229: P97-193

gypsum and bitumen repairs of cracks and damages

H11 25-38: P96-532

H8 31-244: P98-170

scale 1:10 H8 13-147: P97-285

scale 1:10

K8 102-242: P97-234

L8 40-125: P97-158 scale 1:10

M9 34-217: P97-166 J10 21-65:1 M9 34-193: P97-160

H10 22-129: P96-571 K9 70-232: P93-296

M11 38-138: P96-159 M11 33-162: P96-357

K8 102-271: P97-249 H11 25-37: P96-242 H10 7-33: P96-175

H8 13-121: P97-273

(18)

Fig. V.26: Examples of shapes (probably) imported to Tell Sabi Abyad. Line drawings at scale 1:10.

K9 70-264: P93-294 L8 40-116: P97-99

green glaze inside and outsideglazed

K9 72-167: P93-308 K9 70-214: P93-203

burnished

H8 45-295: P98-57

H8 13-116: P97-281 K12 32-61: P93-446

gypsum plug with two holes in spout, traces of handle at the side

gypsum gypsum

L10 73-152: P97-186

L8 40-114: P97-182

H8 13-132: P97-278 burnished

L8 40-125: P97-157 M9 34-202: P97-191

H8 38-258:17 burnished

K13 4-37: P93-193

L8 34-126: P97-293

K8 102-226: P97-287

L12 29-121:7 body burnished vertically, lower body burnished horizontally L8 40-128: P97-185

M9 34-131: P97-195 burnished

(19)

Fig. V.27: Spiral direction of opening the clay on the inside of goblet P03-212 (also showing an S-shaped base crack), and string cutting on the base of bowl P03-219.

spiral direction in the documentation:

cw ccw

wheel direction traces on the inside of vessels (opening traces)

CCW

CW

traces on the outside when (string) cut (looking at bottom side of vessel or leftover)

traces on the outside when (string) cut (looking at top side of hump/leftover)

or traces of turning on vessel placed upside-down on the wheel (looking at the outside base)

CW CW CCW

CCW

Fig. V.29: rough scraping traces on the lower body and base of small jar P99-140, obliterating the spiral wheel

throwing traces.

Fig. V.28: a guide to reading the original wheel direction from spiral traces on the inside or outside of pottery vessels.

(20)

Fig. V.30: technology group A: throwing from the cone.

(21)

Fig. V.31: technology group A: throwing from the cone (goblets).

(22)

Fig. V.32: technology group B: throwing from one lump of clay.

(23)

Fig. V.33: technology group C: throwing large jars in two parts.

(24)

Fig. V.34: traces of shaping on the surface of a large jar.

(25)

Fig. V. 35: right: an extra layer of clay with many organic inclusions was added to the inside of a base of a large jar (O11 27-125:3) to cover the deep throwing ridges and make the base thickness more even. Also, the clay used for this vessel was not very well kneaded, as is shown by the air bubble in the vessel wall. The line

drawing (scale 1:4) of large jar base H8 28-221:1 shows a large air bubble as well.

H8 28-224:1

(26)

Fig. V.36: different ways to finish a base. Fig. V.37: shaping a pot stand from one piece of clay.

(27)

Fig. V.38: technology group E: handmade shapes. In slab building, the upper part of the previous slab is often pinched to provide a better attachment of the subsequent slab.

(28)

H813-127:3 attachmentofslabsvisible H829-220:3 separatecoilofrimvisible top1070-59:2 Fig. V.39: technology group E: handmade shapes. Examples of sherds in which the attachment of slabs or rims could be clearly seen in the fracture. Line drawings scale 1:4.

K1040-80:11 diameterunknown tracesofslabbuilding

(29)

Fig. V.40: technology group E: handmade shapes. The attachment of the rim.

Fig. V.41: technology group E: handmade shapes. The separate attachment of the rim is clearly visible in this fracture.

(30)

Fig. V.42: technology group D: thrown closed.

(31)

Fig. V.43: unfired pottery fragments: bowls.

O04-303

O04-360

O93-206:5 M12 10-17 O93-207:2

M12 10-17

O93-207:3 M12 10-17 diameter unsure

O96-224 M11 38-157

O96-225 M11 38-157 O97-406c

H8 16-59

O97-408 H8 16-184

O97-411:b H8 16-185

P03-211:1

scratches and holes through wall

P03-211:3

SN96-130 diameter unknown

N11 21-47: O03-65

O96-226 M11 33-158

O96-230:1 M11 33-163

O96-230:2 M11 33-163

O98-6:5 H8 27-213 diameter unsure O98-44:5

H8 34-253

P03-214:2

a b c d e

f g h

i j

k

l

m

n

o

p

q r

s t

figure no. level square locus lot no. ware group surface special tr. rim diameter base diameter rim type base type remarks

V.43.a 5 M12 10 017 O93-207:2 I 2 5 90 111

V.43.b 5 M12 10 017 O93-207:3 I 2 5 ? 111

V.43.c 5 H8 16 184 O97-408 I 2 9 90 29 111 ? s-shaped base crack. Bowl is not properly cut off the cone, leaving a pedestal-shaped base part.

V.43.d 5 H8 16 185 O97-411b I 2 0 90 111

V.43.e 5 M12 10 017 O93-206:5 I 2 0 90 111

V.43.f 5 H8 16 059 O97-406c I 2 0 130 35 111 731

V.43.g O10 21 066 O04-303 I 2 0 200 111

V.43.h 6 N12 30 079 P03-211:3 I 2 0 190 111

V.43.i O10 41 079 O04-360 I 2 0 180 111

V.43.j 5 M11 38 157 O96-224 I 2 0 270 111

V.43.k 5 M10 13 064 SN96-130 I 2 0 ? 111 this rim and fragments of other vessels from the same lot were analysed, see Appendix D.

V.43.l 6 N12 30 079 P03-211:1 I 2 0 300 113 scratches and holes in the wall

V.43.m 6 N12 21 047 O03-65 I 2 0 240 132 rim on one spot pressed together and damaged.

V.43.n 5 M11 38 157 O96-225 I 2 0 260 131

V.43.o 5 M11 33 158 O96-226 I 2 0 290 ? 131 731 V.43.p 5 M11 33 163 O96-230:1 I 2 0 280 131

V.43.q M11 534 629 P03-214:2 I 2 0 270 131

V.43.r 5 H8 27 213 O98-6:5 I 2 0 ? 131

V.43.s 4/5 H8 34 253 O98-44:5 I 2 0 350 143 V.43.t 5 M11 33 163 O96-230:2 I 2 0 300 131

Scale 1:4

(32)

O03-225

O04-404 O93-206:1 M12 10-17 O93-206:2 M12 10-17 O93-206:3

M12 10-17 O93-206:4 M12 10-17

O97-410 H8 16-186 O97-411:d H8 16-185

P03-211:5 diameter unknown

O98-14:1 H8 27-228

N11 25-65: O03-93

O03-144

O98-4:2 H8 27-211

O98-44:1 H8 34-253

P03-211:2 P03-211:4

P03-214:1 diameter unknown

a hole cut out of wall, like a window P03-386

Fig. V.44: unfired pottery fragments: deep bowls, pots, jars, goblets, strainer, handmade shapes and body fragments.

a

b

c d e

f g

h

i j k

l

m n

o p q

r s t

figure no. level square locus lot no. ware group surface special tr. rim diameter base diameter rim type base type remarks

V.44.a 5 H8 27 228 O98-14:1 I 2 0 >400 145 decorated: incised wavy line and applique rope band.

V.44.b 5 H8 27 211 O98-4:2 I 2 0 120 141

V.44.c N11 42 126 O03-225 I 2 0 280 142

V.44.d 6 N12 30 079 P03-211:2 I 4 0 190 212 decorated: incised horizontal line. Burnished.

V.44.e 6 N12 30 079 P03-211:4 I 2 0 80 315 very fine organic inclusions.

V.44.f N11 25 065 O03-93 I 2 0 130 322

V.44.g G7 57 167 O03-144 I 2 0 140 323

V.44.h 4/5 H8 34 253 O98-44:1 I 2 0 160 322

V.44.i 6 O12 57 171 P03-386a I 3 0 ? ? fragment of a square, hand made bin with thick rim. Inside scraped with a hard gritty object.

V.44.j 6 O12 57 171 P03-386b I 3 0 ? ? fragment of a square, hand made bin with thick rim.

V.44.k 6 O12 57 171 P03-386c I 3 0 ? ? fragment of a square, hand made bin with thick rim.

V.44.l 5 M12 10 017 O93-206:4 B 2 0 80 421

V.44.m 5 M12 10 017 O93-206:3 B 2 0 60 411

V.44.n O11 30 159 O04-404 B 2 0 95 421

V.44.o 5 M12 10 017 O93-206:1 C 2 5 70 421 unfired fragments sticking together and deformed.

V.44.p 5 M12 10 017 O93-206:2 C 2 0 80 421

V.44.q 5 H8 16 186 O97-410 B 2 0 80 20 421 712

V.44.r 5 H8 16 185 O97-411d I 2 0 120 511 diameter of holes is 8 mm.

V.44.s 6 N12 30 079 P03-211:5 B 2 0 decorated: incised horizontal line. Body sherd.

V.44.t 5 M11 534 629 P03-214:1 I 2 9 body sherd. A hole cut out of the wall, like a window.

Scale 1:4

(33)

O04-362

O92-140 O97-207:1

M12 10-17

O93-208 M12 10-17

O96-227 M11 33-158 O97-405

H8 16-59

O97-409 H8 16-184

O98-6:1 H8 27-213 O98-9:1

H8 27-226

O98-9:2 H8 27-226

O98-44:3 H8 34-253

O93-205:1 M12 10-17 O93-205:3 M12 10-17

O97-400 H8 16-59

string cuts on both sides O97-404

H8 16-59

string cuts on both sides O97-414

H8 16-184

string cuts on both sides

O98-4:4 O98-13:9

O98-13:10 O99-305

N10 8-29

P98-116 H8 42-291

fingerprint

Fig. V.45: unfired pottery fragments: bases.

Fig. V.46: unfired pottery fragments: leftovers from the shaping process.

a b c d

e f g h

i j k

figure no. level square locus lot no. ware group surface special tr. base diameter base type remarks

V.45.a 5 M12 10 017 O97-207:1 B 2 5 16 712 base deformed.

V.45.b 5 M11 33 158 O96-227 I 2 0 80 731

V.45.c O10 41 078 O04-362 I 2 0 85 741

V.45.d 5 H8 16 184 O97-409 I 2 0 38 731

V.45.e 5 H8 16 059 O97-405 I 2 0 49 ? pedestal base?

V.45.f 5 H8 27 226 O98-9:1 I 2 0 90 741

V.45.g 7 L11 20 024 O92-140 I 2 0 83 741 surface is damaged and eroded, perhaps intrusive?

V.45.h 4/5 H8 34 253 O98-44:3 I 2 0 70 741

V.45.i 5 M12 10 017 O93-208 I 2 0 110 741 unusual ring base.

V.45.j 5 H8 27 226 O98-9:2 I 2 0 90 741 inside damaged by a sharp object.

V.45.k 5 H8 27 213 O98-6:1 I 2 0 120 741 many organic inclusions.

a b

c d e f

g

h i j k

figure no. level square locus lot no. ware group diameter remarks

V.46.a 5 H8 42 291 P98-116 I 170 carinated bowl type 111 with part of the cone attached. String cut traces on the base of the cone.

V.46.b N11 25 072 O03-104 I part of a cone. Base is rough and flat and covered in a thin whitish layer. Top is broken. Sides show faint spiral striations from a circular movement.

V.46.c 6 N10 8 029 O99-305 I 30 string cuts on both sides. Top shows incision of a sharp object.

V.46.d 5 H8 16 184 O97-414 I 37 string cuts on both sides V.46.e 5 H8 16 059 O97-404 I 35 string cuts on both sides V.46.f 5 H8 16 059 O97-400 I 37 string cuts on both sides V.46.g 5 M12 10 017 O93-205:1 B 33 string cut traces V.46.h 5 M12 10 017 O93-205:3 I 44 string cut traces

V.46.i 5 H8 27 225 O98-13:10 B 35 goblet base with unfished nipple base V.46.j 5 H8 27 225 O98-13:9 B 29 goblet base with unfished nipple base V.46.k 5 H8 27 211 O98-4:4 B 32 goblet base with unfished nipple base

Scale 1:4

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Fig. V.47: unfired pottery in the level 5 workshop, square M11, just north of kiln AC/AI. The fragments on the right belong to bowl O96-226 on fig. V.43.o.

Fig. V.48: discs left over from pottery production. On the left: O04-398a and b; on the right: O01-59, O01- 54, O03-185 and O03-170. The spiral cutting traces are clearly visible. The top two discs on the right show

clear marks from cutting with a sharp object along the top edge.

(35)

Fig. V.49: unfired carinated bowl P98-116 with the last bit of the cone still attached.

Fig. V.50: unfired clay cylinder O03-104.

Fig. V.51: smooth unfired clay cone O04-395. From square O11, level 6. Perhaps, these cones were used on the wheel head as a support, when goblets were put upside down back on the wheel to finish the base.

(36)

Fig. V.52: completely overfired and molten base fragments of a middle-sized carinated bowl.

Fig. V.53: large jar P03-285 (type 322) from the pottery workshop in level 6 (room 1, square O12 31-142).

The top of the jar and the rim are completely overfired and have collapsed (line drawing at scale 1:10)

O12 31-147: P03-285 collapsed overfired kiln waster

section A section B

B

A

I8 29-75 obj. 66

Fig. V.54: overfired and collapsed pot stand (I8 29-75 obj.66). Scale 1:4.

(37)

731 Fig. V.55: a selection of pottery from the pottery workshop in square M11 (level 5), including many cracked,

deformed and repaired vessels, as well as vessels containing gypsum paste used for the repair of cracks.

Fig. V.56: two deformed and cracked vessels from the pottery workshop in square M11 (level 5).

K9 34-29:1 drilled holes for repair

Reworked Rim K13 4-41: P93-246

Fig. V.57: holes drilled for repair in body sherd K9 34-29:1. Scale 1:4.

Fig. V.58: Strainer P93-246. The broken rim was smoothed so that the strainer could still be used. Scale 1:4.

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Fig. V.59: bar graph showing the relative shares of each technology group in each level. A: throw- ing from the cone, B: throwing from one lump of clay, C: throwing from two pieces, D: throwing

closed, E: handmade.

Fig. V.60: graph showing the cumulative percentages of the first ten most popular rim types per level.

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

cumulativepercentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

rank number

level 7

level 3 level 4 level 5 level 6

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Fig. V.61: graph showing the CV values for rim diameters of selected bowl types per level, illustrating the increase or decrease of variation.

Fig. V.62: graph showing the CV values for rim diameters of selected jar types per level, illustrating the increase or decrease of variation.

Fig. V.63: graph showing the CV values for rim diameters of goblets and pot stands per level, illustrating the increase or decrease of variation.

level 7 level 6 level 5 level 4 level 3

CV (%)

type 111a type 111b type 111c type 131 6

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

level 7 level 6 level 5 level 4 level 3

CV (%) 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

type 311a type 311b type 322

level 7 level 6 level 5 level 4 level 3

CV (%) 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

type 411 type 421 type 611

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