ft; ■ \L*. • • * ♦ • • ' •• ; J $ * V -i -J I > - ‘ '•* ‘ - y '
; * . - r , ;* « . h :.■ ’ ? •* » V*.
' L*<V *<> V T .y -'x
».JF\ C?'\ ••— „.?yl , ^ v‘- " ./ fj; •* • ' '*■' \ V 1 -vvr. iftfi'j . v • •y;?’*;
■
sj
s . * .
" " " F O .
• *v '•
•iv- V
/SlCJr*
EARLY BUDDHIST BALLADS AND IHEIR RELATION
k . T i * - * •.*"/**’ v * : v , n - ’ * * \ \ *‘ •- .. • ‘•v a : ; uv .
t o th e
.
$ ■ Ji
fSfe"
OLDER UFANISHADIC LITERATURE.
oOo«
• t t V-
S.M. K a tr e ,
School o f Orietit& l S tu d ie s, Ju n e 1931.
r£«* .r
> /IfB.' f
>- i V
! ; 3
ProQuest N um ber: 10673138
All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS
The qu ality of this repro d u ctio n is d e p e n d e n t upon the q u ality of the copy subm itted.
In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u th o r did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be note d . Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved,
a n o te will in d ica te the deletion.
uest
ProQuest 10673138
Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). C op yrig ht of the Dissertation is held by the Author.
All rights reserved.
This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C o d e M icroform Edition © ProQuest LLC.
ProQuest LLC.
789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346
Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346
UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
9 L : y . < ^ |
j K <v k^_ S .
ABSTRACT 07 THB
: I- 4
T i t l . of th a T heaisi- AARLY 3UDDHIST BALLADS AttD THAIR I
, /ION TO THE OLDER UPAHISHADSC LITERATURE.
f
The Thesi's i s an attempt to study the ea rly Buddhist b allad s as they occur in the P ali Canon and t h e i r connection with the ancient Upanishads./ In view of the vast extent of t h i s m a te ria l the SUTTA- 2UP&TA is >taken as the main source of the enquiry from th e Buddhist
/
sid e ; /the Upanishads are those tr a n s l a te d by Hume under the t i t l e *- ie/T h irteen P rin cip al Upanishads."
The work i s divided in to four p rin c ip a l p a r t s . The f i r s t part eals with th e n a t u r e * growth and o rig in of th e b a l la d s * and the s o c ia l conditions of th a t period; the second i s devoted t o th e chara
c t e r of th e p a r a l l e l passages and the l i t e r a t u r e known to the b a lla d s , in the t h i r d se ctio n the h is to ry of the' fundamental ideae in the Upa
nishads and the b a lla d s i s given* and in the l a s t a comparative ta b le of the most important terms in both the l i t e r a t u r e s * supplemented by n&okan I n s c r ip tio n s . The f i n a l chapter makes a b r i e f survey of the whole work and gives a summary of the re su lts*
. i> v -C i • — . .. cv- ' t .V . - i" \ o :' '■
■•*.■• -x:
v . .• vs '» • • ■ XX' V
T A B L E 0 7 C O N T E N T S .
P ag*.
L i s t o f A b b r e v ia t io n s . . . . . . . . . . . . i i - i i i I n t r o d u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 -1 0
4
P a r t X.
C h a p te r I . H a tu r e , o r i g i n and g ro w th
o f th e h a l l a d e . . . . . . . . . 1 1 - 3 3 . C h a p te r I I . The S o c i a l C o n d itio n * o f th e
P e r io d . . . . . . . . . 3 4 - 4 6
C h a p te r I I I . L i t e r a t u r e known to th e B a l l a d e . . . . 46-60 C h a p te r IV, Some P a r a l l e l P a s s a g e s . . . . . . 61-68
C h a p te r V. Some fu n d a m e n ta l P ro b lem s in
th e U p a n is h a d s and th e B a l l a d s . . . 68-09
• « • • •
C h a p te r V I. The P ro b le m o f in s is te n c e . . . . . . 9 0 -1 2 2 .
P a r t IV. . . .
C h a p te r V II . A C o m p arativ e t a b l e o f Terms. . . . 1 2 3 - 1 3 6 . C h a p te r V I I I .C o n c l u s io n . . . . . . . . . .1 3 6 - 1 3 9 B i b lio g r a p h y . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 0 - 1 4 2 .
S ■ 7 T l .
. 2
*-sn& £o ~C tfc^ ecrZ ' / & 3 /
— i i — LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
The f o llo w in g a r e th e c h i e f a b b r e v i a t i o n s u s e d In th e body o f th e e n s u in g w ork. The r e f e r e n c e s to th e P a l i t e x t s a r e from th e e d i t i o n s o f th e P a l i t e x t S o c ie ty . In th e o a se o f th e U p a n is h a d s J a c o b 1 s C oncordance to th e P r i n c i p a l U p a n is h a d s and th e B h a g av ad - G ita
i s ta k e n a s th e s t a n d a r d a u t h o r i t y . Any d e v i a t i o n s ; fro m o t h e r e d i t i o n s
5 g iv e n in th e f o o t n o t e s w here n e c e s s a r y . A -
'A • ■
A h g u tta r a H ik a y a .
• A i t - A i t e r e y a U p a n ls h a d .
• AS As'okan I n s c r i p t i o n s .
AV(A.V) - A th a rv a Veda. •
B a p a t m D e v a n a g a rl e d i t i o n o f S u t t a - K i p a t a , e d i t e d h y P.V . B a p a t.
B a ru a m A H is to r y o f P re -B u d d h is tle In d ia n P h ilo s o p h y by B en im ad h ar B a ru v a .
B rh . m B rh a d lra n y a k a U p a n lsh a d .
BSOS - B u l l e t i n o f th e S ch o o l o f O r i e n t a l S t u d i e s .• Cha - Chandogya U p a n ls h a d .
CPD as A C r i t i o a l P a l i D i c t i o n a r y , e d i t e d b y A nderson and Smith,
D m D igha li ijfajta.
Dh - Dhammapada.
G - B h a g a v a d -G ita .
G e ig e r - P a l i L i t e r a t u r und S p ra c h e , von W ilhelm G e ig e r.
• HOS - H a rv a rd O r i e n t a l S e riw s.
Hume - The Thirteen P r i n c i p a l U p a n is h a d s , T r a n s l a t e d from th e S a n s k r i t , b y R .E. Hume.
I h — ln«JUa7v f.
J • J a t a k a , e d i t e d by F a u s b B ll.
J ao oh i - Die E n tw io k lu n g d e r G o tte s id e e b e i den I n d e m von Hermann J a c o b i .
JA - J o u r n a l A s l a t i q u e .
- - - i l l — .
JDCL - J o u r n a l of t h e D epartm ent of L e t t e r s , C a l c u t t a U n i v e r s i t y . JPTD • J o u r n a l o f t h e P a l i Text S o c ie ty *
JRAS - J o u r n a l o f t h e R oyal A s i a t i c S o c i e t y o f G re at B f l t a i n and I r e l a n d .
R a th - R a th a U p a n ls h a d .
K e i t h • The R e l i g i o n and P h ilo s o p h y o f t h e Veda and U p a n is h a d s by A .B .K e i th .
Kaus(K s) - R a u B lta k I U p a n ls h a d . M a i t r i ( l d ) - M a i t r l U p a n ls h a d .
Rand - Mandukya U p a n ls h a d .
Hbh - M a h a b h a ra ta .
Lund - Mundaka U p a n ls h a d .
Nd - N id d e s a .
PD - The P a l i T ext S o c o e t y ’ s P a l i - E n g l i s h D i c t i o n a r y . Pj - P a r a m a t t h a - j o t i k a , Sn Commentary.
P r a s - P r a s n a U p a n ls h a d .
RV(R.V.) - Rg Veda.
S - S am y u tta Nlk&ya. !
S B ( S a t.B r) S a t a p a t h a BrThmaqa. •' SBL - S a c r e d Books of t h e E a s t . Sn - S u t t a - N i p a t a .
r / _ t
Sv - S v e t a s v a t a r a U p a n ls h a d . T a i t - T a i t t i r i y a U p a n ls h a d .
j* • V . *. v. ' x * 2 '•* i v »V , \ ■ f j r - ' \* v , • ‘ \ . •
Thag - T h e r a - g a t h a . T h ig - T h e r i - g a t h u .
V(Vin) - V in ay a P i t a k a e d i t e d by O ld e n b e rg . W i n t e r n i t z G e s c h i c h t e d e r I n d i s c h e n L i t t e r a t u r .
WZKR - W iener Z e i t s c h r i f t f u r d i e Kunde d e s M o rg e n la n d e s . ZB - Z e i t s c h r i f t f ttr Buddhismus und V erw andte G e b i e te . ZDMG - Z e i t s c h r i f t d e r D eu tsch en M orgem landischen
G e s e l l s c h a f t .
0 0 0O0 0 0
I N T R O D U C T I O N
I n t h e i n t e l l e c t u a l h i s t o r y o f I n d i a t h e r e i s no p e r i o d w hich i s so a b s o r b i n g l y i n t e r e s t i n g o r so r i c h i n p o t e n t i a l i t y a s t h e one w hich p r e c e d e s and i s l a t e r on c o n c u r r e n t w i t h t h e r i s e and g ro w th o f what i s known a s Buddhism. I t e x t e n d s from t h e e a r l i e s t p h i l o s o p h i c a l hymns i n t h e Rg Veda down a lm o s t t o t h e r e i g n of
Asoka and c o v e r s a b o u t seven c e n t u r i e s . The i n t e r e s t i n t h i s p e r i o d i s o f a t w o f o l d n a t u r e ; From t h e h i s t o r i c a l p o i n t t h e r e i s an a b s o l u t e a b s e n c e o f d e f i n i t e c h r o n o l o g i c a l d a t a w hich h a s i n s p i r e d s c h o l a r s t o d i s c o v e r i n g e n i o u s ways o f e s t a b l i s h i n g d a t e s ; from a p h i l o s o p h i c a l and r e l i g i o u s p o i n t i t c o n t a i n s w i t h i n i t s e l f t h e s e e d s from w hich on t h e one h an d t h e d i f f e r e n t B rah m an ic al s y ste m s have s p r u n g ,
and on t h e o t h e r t h e v a r i o u s s c h o o l s 'o f Buddhism hav e d e v e lo p e d ; e i t h e r way i t i s r i c h i n p o t e n t i a l i t i e s a s t h e number o f bookB w r i t t e n on t h i s p e r i o d p r o v e . A l l t h e s u b s e q u e n t h i s t o r y o f
I n d i a , so f a r a s p h ilo s o p h y and h i r e l i g i o n a r e c o n c e r n e d ,
• V " 7 \ ; ;• ' 7 ^ . * , V _ . ; ; t ‘ - * S1 ' v V * ' . v V V •
i s p o t e n i a l l y c o n t a i n e d w i t h i n t h i s p e r i o d , M f o r a l l t h e l a t e r sy stem s may be view ed a s a more s y s t e m a t i c c a r r y i n g
. ’ j ‘ * ; *• ‘ * ( .
o u t o f t h e g e n e r a l p l a n o f a s t r u c t u r e t a c i t l y i m p l i e d or
(1)
i m p e r f e c t l y c o n c e iv e d d u r i n g thiB p e r i o d *
D uring t h e s e seven c e n t u r i e s , when w r i t i n g was e i t h e r
(1) See B a ru a , p . 7
unknown o r T o ry i m p e r f e c t l y known, th e o ld t r a d i t i o n s w ere p r e f e r r e d s o l e l y th ro u g h o r a l i n s t r u c t i o n , and t h i s m ethod, no d o u b t, was
r e s p o n s i b l e f o r th e s u b t l e i n f l u e n c e s w h ic h th e d i f f e r e n t s c h o o ls e x e r t e d on one a n o t h e r . The n a t u r e o f su c h i n f l u e n c e s o f c o u r s e d ep en d s upon th e s o h o o ls c o n s id e r e d , b u t a s t o t h e i r e x l s t e n o e i t s e l f no r e a s o n a b le d o u b ts ca n be e n t e r t a i n e d . S c h o la rs h a r e a tte m p te d to e r a l u a t e them a t d i f f e r e n t tim e s : F o rm io h i c o n s i d e r s th e whole o f P r e - B u d d h is tlc p h ilo s o p h y in i t s e n t i r e t y ; C ltra m a re c o n s id e r s b o t h P r e - a n d P o s t - B u d d h is tic p h ilo s o p h y ; and c o n s i d e r a b l e l i g h t h a s b e e n throw n on th e
d i f f e r e n t s y ste m s o f t h i s tim e b y th e i n r e s t l g a t l o n s of K e it h , O ld e n b e rg , S t r a u s s , J a c o b i and o t h e r s , Themonly work w hioh d e a l s w ith th e i n d l r i - d u a l p h ilo s o p h e r s p r e o e d in g th e r i s e o f B uddhism and t h e i r m u tu a l
r e l a t i o n s i s t h a t o f B a ru a . Most o f th e s e s c h o l a r s h a r e l i m i t e d them - s e l r e s to th e V edio and B rah m an ie p h i l o s o p h i e s , Among th o s e who h a r e d e v o te d th e ms e I r e s to th e p a r t i c u l a r s tu d y o f B uddhism in i t s v a r i o u s r e r s i o n s may be m e n tio n e d K ern, M rs.R hys D a v id s , R o se n b e rg , de l a V a lle e P o u s s in , S tc h e r b a ts k y and W a lle s e r . T e t , th e a o t u a l r e l a t i o n s o f
e a r l y Buddhism w ith th e p r e o e d in g s c h o o ls h a r e n o t b e e n s y s t e m a t i c a l l y c a r r i e d o u t, f o r m ost o f th e s e w orks c o n s i d e r th e w hole o f th e B u d d h is t Canon in i t s d i f f e r e n t r e r s i o n s , s i n c e th e h i s t o r i c a l c r i t i c i s m o f th e Canon i t s e l f i s in a f l u i d c o n d i t i o n .
The a t te m p ts o f s o h o l a r s in e s t a b l i s h i n g a d e f i n i t e i n t e r - • r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n B uddhism and B rahm anism h a r e b ee n few , and som etim es u n s y s t e m a tic , c o n s e q u e n tly th e c o n c lu s io n s a r r l r e d a t a r e f o r th e
g r e a t e r p a r t c o n j e c t u r a l and d o u b t f u l , and a t tim e s e r e n m is le a d in g . T h is i s p r i m a r i l y due to th e g r e a t e r i n t e r e s t a t t a c h i n g to p h ilo s o p h y th a n to th e h i s t o r y o f th e t r e a t i s e s c o n c e rn e d . The o n ly im p o r ta n t c o n t r i b u t i o n in t h i s f i e l d comes fro m Mrs, Rhys B ar id s who h a s
— 3 —
en d e a v o u re d to c l e a r th e o u tg ro w th o f id e a s w h ich have a c c u m u la te d in th e P a l i canon and to p r e s e n t th e o r i g i n a l doc t r i n e s o f th e B uddha, w hich sh e c a l l s Sa'$£ji&, in i t s p u r e s t form . Even so , th e r e l a t i o n o f t h i s
d o c t r i n e , w ith th e p r e v i o u s l y e x i s t i n g p h ilo s o p h y , h a s n o t b ee n e x h a u s te d . Remarks on t h i s p o s s i b l e c o n n e c tio n a r e v e r y r a r e in d e e d .
• •
As e a r l y a s 1884, K ern [ s .B .E . X X I . p p . x v i i - x v i i D s u g g e s te d a c l o s e r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw e en S a ta p a th a Brahm ana and th e GgthA d i a l e c t , in /
t h e i r v o c a b u l a r i e s th ro u g h th e o c c u rr e n c e s o f su c h w ords a s s a r v a v a t , ( P a l i , s a b b a v a } e k o t i - , s a m l r i t a , e t c . w hich a r e p e o u l i a r t o P a l l and B u d d h is t
S a n s k r i t l i t e r a t u r e . Macdonnel ( S a n s . L i t . p . 2 1 0 m i l d in g q u e s t i o n s i f
• ?
/ /
th e w ords A rh a t, Sram ana and P r a tib u d d h a w hich o c c u r in S a t.B r* f o r th e f i r s t tim e may n o t have some c o n n e c tio n w ith B uddhism w hloh f i r s t o b ta in e d a f i r m f o o t i n g in K o s a la and V id e h a . Hume ( p p .6 - £ ) c l e a r l y s e e s th e
B u d d h is t in f lu e n c e on th e U p a n is h a d s a t B v h . I I l . 2 .1 3 . w here i t i s s t a t e d t h a t a f t e r d e a th th e d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f a p e rs o b r e t u r n to th e d i f f e r e n t n p a r t s o f H a tu re from whence th e y oame, and even h i s atm an g oes to a k a s a
(s p a c e o r e t h e r ) , and t h a t o n ly h i s Karman o f e f f e c t o f work re m a in s . L i n g u l s t i o a l l y he c o n t e n d s ,f o l l o w i n g Max M u l l e r , t h a t th e seco n d p e r s o n p l u r a l , im p e ra tiv e e n d in g - t h a f o r - t a in Mun£ ( j . 2 . 1 ; I I . 2 . Qan& Prarfna
*_ ( 1 ) _ *
( j . 2 j l o o k s s u s p i c i o u s l y B u d d h i s t i c . G e ig e r ( j? a li Dhamma,p.9J s e e s d e f i n i t e
• •
c o n n e c tio n in th e u s e of d h a rm a -in K a t h ( i v . 14; I . 2 l ) and w ith th e dharm a o f th e B u d d h i s ts , and t h i s i s c l e v e r l y commented upon b y S tc h e r b a ts k y (p . 68 f f O . A f u r t h e r c o n n e c tio n h a s a l s o b e e n s u g g e s te d (Geiger,Dham m a und;
B r& h m a n .K eith ,p p . 650. 3 b etw e en P a l i dhamma and U p a n is h a d ic brahm an. These rem a rk s a r e s u f f i c i e n t to show how s p u r i o u s l y th e work
K e ith , p« 50^ n . g . o b s e rv e s t h a t t h i s may be due to an e r r o r o f t r a d i t i o n r a t h e r th a n to B u d d h is t i n f l u e n c e ; i f t h i s b e so i t i s p o s s i b l e to d e r iv e th e s e from th e S u b ju n c tiv e w hich i s so o f te n u se d e x h o r t a t i v e l y in th e second p e r s o n , See D e lb rftc k A l t i n d i s c h e S y n t a x ,p p .308-3 1 0 ; V ed.G r.
r o r s t u d e n t s , p . 353.
— 4 — o f c o m p ariso n h a s p ro c e e d e d .
In v ie w o f t h i s s t a t e o f a f f a i r s i t i s a m a t t e r o f i n t e r e s t t o i n v e s t i g a t e th e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n th e e a r l i e r p h a s e s o f B uddhism and th e o l d e r U p a n is h a d s anew. A t t e n t i o n h a s b e e n p a id to o lo n g to th e m u tu a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e en th e v a r i o u s B u d d h is t s e c t s and to th e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f th e o r i g i n a l B u d d h is t Canon b y a c o m p a ra tiv e s tu d y o f i t s v e r s i o n s in P a l i , P r a k r i t , m ixed S a n s k r i t , C h in e s e , T ib e ta n and even T u rfa n la n g u a g e s . I t i s th e o b j e c t o f th e p r e s e n t I n v e s t i g a t i o n to
s tu d y one e a r l y p h a s e o f P a l l B uddhism and i t s c o n n e c tio n w ith th e o l d e r U p a n is h a d s . F o r t h i s p u rp o s e th e B u d d h is t s i d e h a s b e e n l i m i t e d to
th e v e r s e p o r t i o n o f th e ca n o n , s in o e in g e n e r a l th e v e r s e r e p r e s e n t s th e o l d e r p h a se o f P a l l l i t e r a t u r e ( ^ o l g e r .p j . 0 ; th u s , f o r th e f o llo w in g e n q u ir y th e m a t e r i a l h a s b ee n ta k e n s o l e l y from th e g a t h a s w hich a p p e a r s o a t t e r e d th ro u g h o u t th e can o n .
c o l l e c t i o n s
So f a r a s c o n n e c te d v e r s e /_ a r e o o n o e m e d , th e m ost im p o r ta n t t e x t s a r e th e S a m y u tta -U ik a y a , I . c a l l e d th e S a g a th a v a g g a , th e Dhammapada, The r a g a th a , T h e r i - g a t h a , S u tta -N ip U ta , J a t a k a and th e I t i v u t ta k a . A ll
th e s e t e x t s , w ith th e s i n g l e e x c e p tio n o f th e f i r s t , b e l o n g to th e
K huddakanikaya o f th e S u tta p it^ a k a . The t o t a l num ber o f v e r s e s am ounts a p p r o x im a te ly to te n th o u sa n d o f w hich sev en th o u sa n d a r e due to th e
J a t a k a b o o k s . They c o n t a i n among them b o th e a r l y and l a t e c o m p o s itio n s ; th u s , th e V e s s a n ta r a J a t a k a , th e l a s t one in th e J a t a k a b o o k s , c o n t a in s more th a n se v e n h u n d re d s t a n s a s , and in i t s p r e s e n t for$a i s a v e r y
l a t e w ork; y e t i t c o n t a i n s e le m e n ts w hich go b a c k to th e v e r y b e g in n in g o f B uddhism . In v ie w o f t h e v a s t e x t e n t o f t h i s m a t e r i a l a f u r t h e r r e s t r i c t i o n h a s b een p la o e d on i t , and from i n n e r r e a s o n s o u r c h o ic e
S u t t a - N i p a t a
h a s f a l l e n u p o i^ S n ^ a s r e p r e s e n t i n g th e o l d e s t c o l l e c t i o n o f b a l l a d s . The a n t i q u i t y o f Sn. among th e b a l l a d t e x t s was a l r e a d y
r e o o g n is e d b y i t s f i r s t E uropean e d i t o r , P a u s b f tll, a s e a r l y a s 1880, in
• •
h i s t r a n s l a t i o n o f t h i s hook (S.B *B. ,v o l.X . p p . x i - x i D ; H« c o n s id e r e d i t a s o o n ta in in g re m n a n t6 o f P r i m i t i v e B uddhism , m a in ly on a c c o u n t o f i t s d e p i c t i n g th e l i f e o f h e r m i t s , n o t in m o n a s te r ie s , h u t in i t s f i r s t
s t a g e , and o o n ta in in g th e germ s o f a sy ste m w hich becam e c o m p lic a te d in th e l a t e r B u d d h is t C hurch; and s e c o n d a r i l y on a c c o u n t o f th e a rc h a is m s ( 2 ) in la n g u a g e . Among somewhat s i m i l a r l i n e s W i n t e m i t s (G e s c h lc h te I I ,
• •
p p . 7 1 -7 7 ) a s s a r t s t h a t a t l e a s t some s u b s t a n t i a l p a r t s o f i t b e lo n g to th e e a r l i e s t B u d d h is t P o e tr y we p o s s e s s , and many o f th e S u t t a s go b a c k t o th e r e r y b e g in n in g s o f B uddhism , to th e im m ediate g ro u p s o f th e f i r s t d i s c i p l e s o f th e B uddha.
From th e i n t e r n a l e r id e n c e o f th e P a l l 6&non i t s e l f th e e a r l y age o f Sn. i s a s s u r e d . B e s id e Dh. i t i s th e m ost f r e q u e n t l y q u o te d t e x t i n th e w hole o f th e B u d d h is t l i t e r a t u r e ; i n d i v i d u a l s u t t a s and many
(2)
g a th a s * a r e to b e fo u n d in th e o t h e r b o o k s o f th e tfan o n ; and w h at i s even more im p o r ta n t i s th e f a o t t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s a com m entary o r r a t h e r " E x p o s it io n " on th e l a s t two b o o k s and a s i n g l e s u t t a o f th e f i r s t b ook, w h ich i s i t s e l f a c c e p te d a s a c a n o n io a l work and r e g a r d e d
(3) a s th e e l e v e n t h bo o k o f th e K huddakanlkaya u n d e r th e t i t l e of K id d e s a . T h is i n c l u s i o n o f th e K id d e s a w i t h i n th e tianon p ro v e s how o ld th o s e s e c t i o n s a r e w h ich a r e commented upon. L ik e o t h e r c a n o n ic a l w orks
i t h a s an A tth a k a th a c a l l e d S addham raapaJJotlka, and t h i s w ork i s s a i dw
t o h a r e b ee n composed som etim e d u r in g th e r e i g n o f A ggabodhi I . who ( 8 )
came to th e th r o n e in A.D. 584.
, » 2
(2 ) See W in te m itm , I I . , p « 7 2 ; F ra n fk e ; Sn g a t h a s und i h r e P a r a l l e l e n , w here d l l th e o t h e r t e x t s w hich q u o te Sn a r e found u n d e r i n d i v i d u a l
v e r s e s .
(2) C o n s is ts o f M aha-and C u l l a - t f i d d l e s a s .
( 4 ) E d ite d t>y B u d d jia - d a tta , P .T .S . 1931 (S d p j}
( 5 ) S d p J. I . p . r l i .
The o n ly e x t e r n a l e v id e n c e so f a r known i s found in As'okan Inscr~" t i o n s ; i t o co u rs in a M inor Rook I n s c r i p t i o n c a l l e d B habru o r B a i r a t , an e p ig ra p h d is o o v e re d in th e r u i n s of a h i l l m o n a stery a t B a i r a t in th e n o r th e r n p a r t o f th e J a i p u r S t a t e , R a jp u ta n a . I t opens
$
w ith a d e c l a r a t i o n o f A n o k a's f a i t h in th e Buddha, Dhamma and Sahgha, and recommends th e f o llo w in g sev en t e x t s f o r p a r t i c u l a r stody:-
!l ) V inaya-sam ukase 2 ) A li y a v a s a n i 3) Anagatahhayan i 4 ) M uni-gatha 5) M oneyya-suifca (6 ) U p a tis a p a s in a
(7 ) L ag h u lo v ad a. t .
(7 ) Most o f th e s e t e x t s have h een more o r l e s s s a t i s f a c t o r i l y I d e n t i f i e d , and a c c o rd in g to th e g e n e r a l l y a o c e p te d o p in io n th e f o u r t h and th e f i f t h a r e r e s p e c t i v e l y th e Muni - and liia la k a - s u tta s o f Sn. Bharmananda
Kosambi ( I . A. 1912, p . 40) i d e n t i f i e s U p a ti s a - p a s i n a w ith th e S a r i p u t t a - s u t t a , th e l a s t one in th e A tth a k a v a g g a . On th e o th e r h an d , B h a n d a rk a r (Asoka p . 86 -8 7 ) p ro v e s th e i d e n t i t y o f V inayasam ukase w ith th e T u v ata k a - s u t t a o f Sn, I t i s d e a r f r o k th e s e d is c u s s io n s of v a r i o u s s c h o la r s t h a t Asoka knew a t l e a s t o f some o f th e s u t t a s o f Sn when he recommended th e s e seven t e x t s f o r s p e c i a l s tu d y . On t h i s ground th e o ld e r p a r t s o f 3to m ust have h een composed B e fo re th e tim e of A soka, p fo b a b ly b y th e f o u r t h c e n tu r y B.C.
o l d e s t c o l l e c t i o n o f P o e tio b a l l a d s in th e P a l l l i t e r a t u r e . The p r e s e n t e n q u iry i s th e r e f o r e r e s t r i c t e d m a in ly to Sn, b u t where th e
( l ) H u lts c h : p . 172; i t i s c a l l e d "The C a l c u t t a - B a i r a t Rock I n s c r i p t i o n . *
, n v
( 8 ) On g e n e r a l P references on th e s e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s see H u lts c h , p . 174; B h a n d ark a r, p . 331; The m ost r e c e n t a tte m p t on th e I d e n t i f i c a t i o n
o f V inaya-sam ukase i s by Mr. S a ile n d r a n a th H i t r a , J .D .L . ,X X .p p .l-7 ; The c o n s e n su s o f o p in io n seems to f a v o u r th r e e r e f e r e n c e s to Sn e i t h e r 4-6 ok 1 ,5 , 6 .
I t i s d e a r from su ch e v id e n c e why Sn h a s to be re g a rd e d a s th e
n ee d was f e l t f o r f u l l e r r e f e r e n c e s , Dh. T h a g ,T h ig ,S I and even U dana h av e b ee n c o n s u l t e d . I t i s , in t h i s s e n s e , a s p e c i a l s tu d y o f th e b a l l a d s o c c u r r in g in Sn, and t h e r e f o r e , th e te rm " E a r ly B a l l a d s " h a s b e e n u se d to d e s c r i b e them . The te rm " e a r l y " h a s b e e n a d v i s e d l y u s e d ,
s i n c e a lm o s t a l l th e b a l l a f s a r e o f v e r y o ld o r i g i n . The t h r e e J e w e ls o f th e law , th e B uddha, Dhamma and Sahgha, o c c u r r in g in Asokan I n s c r i p t i o n s and fo rm in g th e fu n d a m e n ta l fo rm u la b y w hich one f o r m a lly beoom es a B u d d h is t, o c c u r o n ly onoe in th e d e o ld e d ly l a t e R a t a n a - s u t t a o f Sn;
t h i s f a c t a lo n e i s c o n c lu s iv e p r o o f o f su c h an e a r l y d a t e f o r th e r e s t o f th e s u t t a s .
In i t s p r e s e n t form Sn h a s f r e q u e n t l y u n d erg o n e ch a n g es in
e d i t o r i a l h a n d s . In f a c t , th e e x i s t e n c e o f th e B id d e s a on th e l a s t tv o b o o k s o f Sn and th e famous K h a g g a v is a n a s u tta p ro v e s t h a t th e c o l l a t i o n
o f Sn, a s we h av e i t now, i s l a t e r th a n th e B id d e s a . The p r o b a b le e x p l a n a t io n seem s to b e t h a t th e A tth a k a -v a g g a and th e P a ra y a n a v a g g a
in c lu d in g th e K h a g g a v is a n a - s u tta w ere two s e p a r a t e b o o k s h a v in g
r e s p e c t i v e l y th e two e x p o s i t i o n s Maha - and C u l la - B id d e s a s , and t h a t a t some e a r l y p e r io d th e y f u s e d t o g e t h e r w ith o t h e r t e x t s o f a s i m i l a r n a t u r e to fo rm th e p r e s e n t e d i t i o n o f Sn. Some o f th e i n t e r p o l a t i o n s a r e s e l f - e v i d e n t w h ile c o n n e c te d e p is o d e s i n t e r p o l a t e d a s su c h a r e o a l l e d " V a tth u g a th a " , Thus th e f i r s t 56 v e r s e s o f th e l a s t b o o k o f
(9 )
Sn a r e n o t commented upon b y th e C u lla - B id d e s a , and th e y form th e
V a tth u g a th a o r " I n t r o d u c t o r y E p is o d e " , In s p i t e o f a l l th e s e c h a n g es th e m a jo r p a r t o f Ski p r e s e r v e s th e o ld t r a d i t i o n and i s s u f f i c i e n t l y u n c o n ta m in a te d b y l a t e r id e a s to e n a b le one to fo rm an a c c u r a t e id e a o f
( 8 ) See B a ru a and U l t r a , P ra .D h . . p . x r l i i , who ta k e C u lla -H id d e e a to b e o l d e r th a n M ah a-B id d esa, and b o th p f o b a b ly p re -A s o k a n , a r e o f o p in io n
t h a t b o th o f th e s e a r e e a r l i e r th a n Sn.
(9 ) B .C . Law* H i s t o r y o f P a l l L i t e r a t u r e , p.
th e p e r i o d .
By th e te rm " O ld e r U p a n is h a d s i s d e n o te d t h a t s e t o f U p a n is h a d s w hioh i s c o n n e c te d w ith th e v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s o f th e V ed ic s c h o o ls . Of
th e s e th e m ost im p o r ta n t a r e B w hadaranyaka, Chandogya, T a i t t i r a y a , A i t e r e y a , K a x rs ita k l, Kena, K a th a , Isa,M u n d ak a, P r a s n a , Mfindukya and
/ y
S v e t a s v a t a r a . A c c o rd in g to Hume t h i s i s p r o b a b ly th e h i s t o r i c a l o r d e r o f th e s e t e x t s . D eussen was th e f i r s t to s u g g e s t t h e i r o h r o n o lo g ic a l o r d e r and he d iv id e d them i n t o e a r l y p r o s e , m e t r i c a l and l a t e r p r o s e
( 1 0 )
U p a n is h a d s . The a c t u a l ag e o f th e s e t e x t s i s a much d e b a te d p o i n t (1 1 )
a s a l s o th e c h r o n o l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i o a t i f c n , b u t t h e i r e a r l y d a t e i s a g e n e ra lly r e c o g n is e d f a c t ; th e lo w e r l i m i t , a t an y r a t e , h a s b e e n
• •
p la c e d a t 300 B .Q. (H u m e,p .6 ) .
On th e g e n e r a l d ev e lo p m e n t o f th e U p a n is h a d s and t h e i r r e l a t i o n s h ip to th e d i f f e r e n t V ed ic s c h o o ls s ta n d a r d w orks h av e b ee n w r i t t e n by D eu ssen , K e it h , O ld e n b e rg , O ltra m a re , S o h ad e r, W l n t e r a i t z and o t h e r s . From th e p u r e l y l i n g u i s t i o p o i n t F d r s t , K i r | e l and W eoker have made d e t a i l e d s t u d i e s on w h ich th e y b a s e t h e i r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f th e t e x t s
i n t o a g e -g r o u p s . The s t y l e h a s b ee n s t u d i e d by H i l l e b r a n d t , Ruben and o t h e r s . The g e n e r a l c o n c lu s io n from th e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s p o i n t s
t o a c o n s id e r a b ly o ld d a t e f o r th e s e t e x t s , and to a p e r i o d w hioh m ust have oommeneed somewhere a b o u t 800 B .C . and e x te n d e d to 400 B .C .
I n th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f th e U p a n ish a d s s c h o l a r s a r e g e n e r a l l y a g re e d upon th e p h l l o e o £ k i a a l m ethod a s th e s a f e s t and s u r e s t g u id e . Y et
in a l l th e w orks fro m D eussen down to K e ith , th e i n f l u e n c e o f th e l a t e r p h i l o s o p h i c a l s y s te m s i s v i s i b l e , and th e e x p l a n a t i o n , in g e n e r a l , i s
( 1 ) The P h ilo s o p h y o f th e U p an sh ad s, t r a n s l a t e d b y th e R ev .A .S . Geden,
p p . 2 3 -2 6 . '
(2 ) F o r a d i f f e r e n t o r d e r , s e e K e ith , p . 498 f f .
- - 9 - -
n o t q u i t e h i s t o r i c a l . Any such a t t e m p t a t h i s t o r i c a l e x p l a n a t i o n h a s a
been e i t h e r c r i t i c u s e d a s i n a d e q u t e o r e l s e r e g a r d e d a s n o t p o s s i b l e . The s i n g l e p h i l o l o g i c a l and h i s t o r i c a l a t t e m p t a t sunh an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s se en i n Hume's t r a n s l a t i o n - "The T h i r t e e n P r i n c i p a l U panisnadsif and t h e r a l u a b l e I n t r o d u c t i o n p r e c e d i n g i t . C o n s e q u e n tly f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e p r e s e n t t h e s i s a t t e n t i o n h a s been p a i d m o s t ly t o t h e h i s t o r y of i d e a s , s i n c e i t i s h e r e t h a t t h e U p a n is h a d s and t h e B a l l a d s a r e on common g ro u n d .
4 . P or t h e s y s t e m a t i c d i s c u s s i o n o f an i n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een t h e e a r l y B u d d h is t B a l l a d s and t h e o l d e r U p a n is h a d s t h e p ro b lem h a s
been a p p ro a c h e d from f o u r main p o i n t s . The f i r s t one i s t h e o r i g i n of t h e B a l l a d s ; t h e se co n d t h e n a t u r e o f t h e p a r a l l e l p a s s a g e s ; t h e t h i r d and t h e most i m p o r a t a n t o f them i s t h e h i s t o r y o f i d e a s , and t h e l a s t t h e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e c o m p a r a tiv e v o c a b u l a r y . C o n s e q u e n tly we d i v i d e our d i s c u s s i o n i n t o f o u r p a r t s : t h e f i r s t p a r t i s d e v o te d t o t h e n a t u r e , s r i g i n and g ro w th o f t h e B a l l a d s and t o t h e s o c i a l b a c k g ro u n d ; t h e seco n d d e a l s w i t h t h e l i t e r a t u r e known t o t h e B a l l a d s and t h e common p a s s a g e s ; i n t h e t h i r d s e c t i o n we s h a l l g i v e t h e h i B t o r y of i d e a s i n t h e B a l l a d s and t h e U p a n is h a d s ; and i n t h e l a s t a c o m p a r a tiv e t a b l e
o f some imparfcant te r m s i n t h e two l i t e r a t u r e s .
*‘r\ ' \v , /. . I • ' * [ % ' • < • 1 ’ *
5. T h i s e n q u i r y h a s b een c a u s e d by a s u g g e s t i v e rem ark o f Olden-
(1 2)
b e r g ’ s . In h i s s tu d y of t h e b e g i n n i n g s of Buddhism, he s a y s - " One n e e d s t o r e g a r d o n ly t h e c o n g ru e n c e o f many e x p r e s s i o n s w hich a r e dog
m a t i c a l l y I m p o r t a n t , betw e en Brahmanism and Buddhism , o r t h e i d e n t i t y o f w hole v e r s e s , i n o r d e r t o r e c o g n i s e a t f i r s r s i g h t , t h a t many and
(12) D ie L eh re d e r U p an ish ad en und d i e A nfange d e s Buddhism us, G o t t i n g e n , 1915, p . 290.
s t r o n g c o n n e c tin g t h r e a d s m a st h a r e ru n from one to th e o t h e r " . The r e s u l t of i t c o n firm s h i s Yiew a s to th e d i f f i c u l t y o f e x a c t l y t r a c i n g th e m u tu a l r e l a t i o n s b etw e en th e U p a n ish a d s and th e e a e l y B u d d h is t B a l l a d s . The p odfclre outcome i s s m a ll, b u t an e n d e a r o u r
h a s been made t o c l e a r th e fu n d a m e n ta l p o s i t i o n and to f u r n i s h some new p o i n t s o f view*
m i 1 - CHAPTER I ,
N a tu r e , o r i g i n an d g ro w th o f th e B a l l a d s .
The O xford D i c t i o n a r y d e f i n e s a b a l l a d a s ( l ) a sim p le so n g , ( i i ) a s e n tim e n ta l song o f s e r e r & l r e r s e a sung to th e same m elody, o r ( i i i ) a poem in s h o r t s t a n s a s n a r r a t i n g p o p u la r s t o r y . In th e p r e s e n t work i t w i l l f u r t h e r r e p r e s e n t a c l a s s o f c o m p o s itio n c o n s i s t i n g o f p » s e mixed w ith T e r s e ; b u t f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l p u r p o s e s i t w i l l r e n d e r
th e P a l i word g a t h a in g e n e r a l , and th e g a th a o c c u r r in g i n th e S u t t a - N ip a ta (S n) in p a r t i c u l a r .
The S u t t a - N i p a t a i s a c o l l e c t i o n o f p o e t i c a l p i e c e s c a l l e d s u t t a s in f i r e p a r t s w hioh a r e r e s p e c t i T e l y named U ra g a - , C u la -,M a h a -, A tth a k a - , and P a r a y a n a - r a g g a s . The f i r s t f o u r p a r t s c o n t a in 54
s m a l l e r poems w h ile th e f i f t h i s an in d e p e n d e n t, lo n g poem com posed o f 16 s m a lle r p i e c e s . R e s t r i c t i n g th e f o llo w in g a n a l y s i s t o th e f i r s t f o u r r a g g a s o n ly th e com ponent s u t t a s o r p o e t i c a l p ie o e s may be r o u g h ly d i r i d e d i n t o two c l a s s e s .
To th e f i r s t o l a s s w i l l b e lo n g th o s e s e o t i o n s w hich a r e c o m p le te ly in T e r s e ; th e y s h a l l b e c a l l e d th e "V erse B a l l a d s " ; o f
th e s e t h e r e a r e 37 ( i . e . 8 in U rag a - 9 in C u la - 4 in Maha- and 16 in A tth a k a - T a g g a s ) . The re m a in in g s e T e n te e n a r e com posed p a r t l y in T e rs e and p a r t l y in p r o s e and may b e o a l l e d th e "M ixed B a l l a d " ; Q in
U raga - , 5 in C u la - and 8 in Maha-TaggaqQ; t h i s k in d i s p a r t i c u l a r l y r e p r e s e n t a t i T e o f th e S a g a th a ra g g a . I t w i l l b e se e n from th e a n a l y s i s shown aboTe t h a t th e l a s t two b o o k s o f Sn c o n s i s t o n ly oif T erse
• • •
■ballad* C « » * p t S o . 18 o f P ir a y a n a r a g g a , S n .jj. 21$} | w h ere a s th e U ixed
»
ty p e o c c u rs f r e e l y In th e f i r s t t h r e e .
th e r e r s e b a l l a d s a r e s u b j e o t t o f u r t h e r a n a l v s i s To
— 12 —
c l a s s ( a ) w i l l b e lo n g a l l th o s e in w hich a p u re d ia lo g u e o r n a r r a t i r e e le m e n t p r e d o m in a te s ; t o c l a s s ( h ) w i l l b e lo n g th e r e s t w hioh a r e
m a in ly d i d a o t i o in p u r p o s e . The f o llo w in g t a b l e g i v e s th e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f th e 54 poem s2-
U ra g a ’ C u la . UtxhS. A tth a k a . A g g re g a te . L ________________ J&B&U_____________________________ - _______________________
I . V erse B a l l a d s . (a )M a rra tiv e *
o r D ia lo g u e . 3 3 3 6 15
(-b )D id a o tic . 0 6 1 10 22
4 • . •
I I . Mixed B a l l a d s . 4 5 8 — 17.
12 14 12 16 54
The i n d i v i d u a l s u t t a s v a r y in th e number o f v e r s e s . I f the
P a ra y a n a v a g g a w hioh c o n t a i n s 174 v e r s e s b e e x o lu d e d , th e re m a in in g 54 b a l l a d s v a r y from 4 ( U t t h a n a - s u t t a ) to 63 ( V a s e t t h a s u t t a ) v e r s e s . T here
a r e se v en b a l l a d s ea o h h a v in g e i g h t v e r s e s o f w h ich f i v e o c c u r in th e A tta k a v a g g a . h These f i v e p i e c e s b e lo n g to a ty p e w hioh i s se e n in
r
Thag. Thig and th e J a t a k a s w here poems c o n s i s t i n g o f th e same num ber o f v e r s e s a r e g ro u p ed t o g e t h e r d n d e r one s e c t i o n . 38 s u t t a s have v e r s e s
ra n g in g from 4 to 2 0 , w h ile t h e r e a r e o n ly 7 w hioh have more th an 30 v e r s e s . The f o llo w in g t a b l e g iv e s an a n a l y s i s o f t h e j m t t a s in th e f i r s t f o u r v a g g a s : -
1Q--ill 15
29 38
— 13 ~
I t a p p e a r s from t h i s th a t in freq u en cy th e numer o f T e r s e s i s e i t h e r
» •
e i g h t , o r tw en ty o r s e r e n t e e n ; th e o th e r s a r e l e s s fa w o u re d .
In th e f o llo w in g t a b l e an a n a l y s i s i s g i r e n o f th e s i x t e e n s m a lle r p ie o e s c o n s t i t u t i n g th e P a r a y a n a r a g g a :-
Bo. o f
▼ erses. 3
v . '
4 6 6 7 B 12 TotflLl
Bo. o f s u t t a s , ( i . e . q u e s t i o n s forming*
e a c h s e o t i o n k
1 7 1 1 3 2 1 16
I f we c o n s id e r th e s e s i x t e e n w ith th e p r e o e d in g 54 s e c t i o n s . th e p r i n o i p a l o r d e r o f fre q u e n c y w i l l b e : -
No. of
r e r s e s . 6 4 « H « o
No. o f
S u t t a e . IQ 9 __________&.__________
3 Of th e f i f t e e n d ia lo g u e o r n a r r a t i r e b a l l a d s o n ly t h r e e a r e o f th e n a r r a t i r e ty p e and th e s e a r e th e P a b b a J J a - ,P a d h a n a - and N a l a k a s u t t a s
• •
o f th e M aharagga. The re m a in in g tw e lr e a r e th e r e a l d ia lo g u e b a l l a d s . The PabbaJ j a - a c t t a i s a b a l l a d o f w hat may be c a l l e d th e " e p io ty p e " and
c o rre s p o n d s to th e N a la and S a r i t r i e p is o d e s in th e M a h a b h a rata . I t c o n s i s t s o f 20 a n u s tb h s ta n z a s and h a s a s i n g l e them e. In th e o p en in g rexB e we a r e in tr o d u d e d to th e theme w hich i s th e p r a i s e o f th e P a b b a J J a
o r "W andering l i f e " , and t h i s i s d e s c r ib e d a s an o p e n - a i r l i f e (ab b h o k a so ] in r e r s e 2. B u t th e r e a l s t o r y i s th e k i n d l y m eant a t te m p t o f K ing
B im b is a ra to d is s u a d e th e Buddha from h i s strenuous c o u r s e . C l e a r l y enough he i s m il d ly re b u k e d b y th e B uddha, who e x p l a i n s th e re a s o n f o r h i s l e a r i n g th e w o rld in th e l a s t T e r s e . The b a l l a d i s in th e t h i r d p e rso n and th e n a r r a t i r e e le m e n t p re d o m in a te * th ro u g h th e g r e a t num ber
— 14 —
o f v e r b s in th e p a s t te n s e . • •
I t i s p o s s i b l e to o o n o e iv e t h i s b a l l a d a s com posed o f two e le m e n t* , o f w hich v e r s e s 4*20 fo rm th e m a jo r one. The n a t u r a l c o n n e c tio n b e tw e e n them i s th e fu n d a m e n ta l id e a t h a t a tta c h m e n t to w o r ld ly l i f e b r e e d s a l l th e e v i l s t h a t keep one bound; th e o n ly e s c a p e from such bo n d ag e i s th e P a b b a J J a , w hich c o n s e q u e n tly form s th e theme o f th e w hole poem. The s t o r y
i s a p o p u la r one, s u c h a s w ould b e known to a l l B u d d h is ts from t h e i r
e a r l i e s t c h ild h o o d . The Buddha le a v e s th e w o rld f o r a w a n d e rin g l i f e in s e a r c h o f p e a c e and e n lig h te n m e n t. On h i s way he p a s s e s th ro u g h R a ja g a h a , when B im b is a ra fe w ls i n t e r e s t e d in him . He o f f e r s him w o r ld ly w e a lth and e n jo y m en ts w hich a r e s t e r n l y r e f u s e d in p r e f e r e n c e f o r s p i r i t u a l e x e r t i o n (p a d h m ia ). The n a r r a t i r e ru n s sm o o th ly from b e g in n in g to en d , and t h e r e i s n e i t h e r a T e rs e to o much n o r to o l i t t l e . I t i s u n if o rm in o h a r a o t e r and th e se q u en ce o f e r e n t s f o llo w s n a t u r a l l y .
The seco n d s u t t a i s c a l l e d th e P a d h l n a - s u t t a " th e s u t t a o f E x e rtio n "
and i s p e rh a p s th e m ost im p o r ta n t b a l l a d in th e w hole o f th e b a l l a d l i t e r a tu re . I t i s th e s t o r y o f M a ra 's te m p ta tio n o f th e B uddha, and in f a c t , th e e a r l i e s t v e r s i o n o f i t , a t l e a s t in P a l i B uddhism . I t i d a l s o o f th e
"E p ic " ty p e , c o n s i s t i n g o f 25 a n u s tu b h s t a n z a s , a l l ru n n in g sm o o th ly . I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t r e r s e s IJand 2 form a s i n g l e u n i t o r a l o g i c a l s t a n z a . As in th e P a b b a J j a - s u t t a th e n a r r a t i v e g o e s on in th e t h i r d p e r s o n from v e r s e 5 onw ards, e x c e p t in th e d ia lo g u e s b etw een M&ra and th e B uddha. The w hole i n t e r e s t , fro m th e p o i n t o f v ie w o f i t s c o n s t r u c t i o n
•
l i e s in th e u s e o f th e f i r s t p e rs o n in th e n a r r a t i v e in th e o p e n in g w e rs e .
„ ( i ) ,.... ...
The u s e o f "mam" h e r e and th e sudden s h i f t i n g o f th e n a r r a t i v e to th e t h i r d p e rs o n in v e r s e 5, s u g g e s t two p o s s i b i l i t i e s ; e i t h e r th e Buddha was
( l ) A ccep ted and t r a n s l a t e d b y F a u s b ftll a s "me, to me".
— 15 - -
h im s e lf n a r r a t i n g th e s t o r y o f h i s f i g h t w ith M ara and r e v e r t e d to th e t h i r d p e rs o n when th e m ost i n t e r e s t i n g p a r t o f th e n a r r a t i v e came, o r e l s e th e u s e o f "mam" i s due to a m is re a d in g ; th e f i r s t one i s n o t a t a l l p r o h a h le , s in c e th e f i r s t p e r s o n in th e n a r r a t i v e o o c u rs h u t onoe in th e h a l l a d . I f we emend th e re a d in g o f "mam" to "nam* we overcome t h i s d i f f i c u l t y and a r r i v e a t a new r e s u l t . The o p en in g l i n e w i l l now re a d
Tam nam p a d h a n a p a h i t a t tarn.
"To him , w h ile engaged in s p i r i t u a l e x e r t i o n " , and th e a n te c e d e n t o f t h i s p ronoun "nam" w i l l th e n h e found i n v e r s e 4 o f th e p r e c e d in g f f t t t a ( S n . W ) .
Agama R ajagaham Buddho.
C o u p lin g t h i s w ith th e f a c t t h a t th e l a s t l i n e o f t h a t h a l l a d r e a d s PADHABAYA garni s s ami e t t h a me ra n J a i l mano
w
" I w i l l go and e x e r t m y s e lf, f o r h e r e i n my h e a r t ta k e s p l e a s u r e " , We can o o n clu d e t h a t t h i s P a d h fc n asu tta i s o n ly a c o n t i n u a t i o n o f th e p r e v io u s P a h h a J J a - s u t t a . I t a p p e a r s from t h i s t h a t th e two s u t t a s
e x i s t e d o r i g i n a l l y a s a s i n g l e h a l l a d ; th e s e p a r a t i o n o f a s i n g l e h a l l a d in two in th e p r e s e n t o o l l a t i o n o f Ski may p a r t l y h e due to th e f e e l i n g o f th e e a r l y e d i t o r s t h a t i t c o n ta in e d two p r i n c i p a l th em es, th e one h e in g th e g l o r i f i c a t i o n o f P a h h a J J a and th e o t h e r show ing th e pow er o f
Padhana o r d e te rm in e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f m ind; a t any r a t e , i t i s in th e n a t u r e o f ’ l i q u i d * o r ’ fre e * p o e t r y ( " V o lk s p o f s ie )•
D ia lo g u e p re d o m in a te s h e r e and th e d ra m a tic e le m e n t i s se e n a t i t s h a s t , Mflra a p p ro a c h e s th e Buddha who i s m aking an e n e r g e t i c e f f o r t to g a in e m a n c ip a tio n and i s red u ce d to a s k e l e t o n . In w . 2 -5 Mara t e l l s him to d e s i s t from t h i s e x e r t i o n and l i v e i n lu x u r y and h a p p i n e s s ; in w . 6 - 1 1 , th e B uddha r e f u s e s to a c c e p t h i s a d v io e ; in
— 16 ~
▼r. 1 2 -1 6 he s e e s th e a rm ie s o f U ara a r r a n g e d b e f o r e him ; in th e n e x t T e rs e he a c c e p ts th e c h a l l e n g e ; a l l t h i s w h ile th e Buddha i s su p p o sed
to u t t e r r e r s e s 6 -2 1 . I t i s p ro b a b le t h a t r r . 6 -1 6 a r e a d d r e s s e d to M&ra and th e re m a in in g seem to b e a s o l i l o q u y . V e r s e s 20-21 h a r e a
s tr a n g e p u r p o r t ; th e y i n d i o a t e th e B uddhaf s r e s o l u t i o n a b o u t h i s f u t u r e
s ♦
w ork. We sh o u ld assum e h e r e t h a t a t th e end o f r . 1 9 Mara h a s b ee n
d e f e a t e d and t h a t th e two f o llo w in g r e r s e s a r e th e v i c t o r i o u s r e s o l u t i o n s o f th e h e r o .
The f o u r f i n a l r e r s e s form a s p e c i a l them e; th e f i r s t t h r e e a r e
su p p o sed to b e spoken by M ara; o f th e s e th e p a r a b l e o f th e crow (t t. 23-24) i s a g a in met w ith in th e M ara-S am y u tta ( 8 . 1, p . 1 2 4 ). These seem to h a re b e e n added l a t e r , s in c e b o t h in th e Padh&na and P a b b a J J a - s u t t a s no m e n tim
i s made o f th e seven y e a r s d u r in g w hich Mara t r i e d t o c o n q u e r th e B uddha.
The o c c u rre n c e o f r r . 2 3 -2 4 and 25 in S . I . a t d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s ( p .l 2 2 ; 1 2 4 ) f a v o u r s t h i s c o n c lu s io n . U n lik e th e p r e o e d in g b a l l a d , th e P a d h a n a - s u tta
i s th u s a p a tc h w o rk o f d i f f e r e n t u n i t s , and seems t o h a r e b ee n more p o p u la r .
A d i f f e r e n t te n d e n o y i s n o t i o e a b l e in th e N a l a k a s u t t a . I t c o n s i s t s o f 45 s t a n s a s o f v a r y in g m e tre s o f whioh th e f i r s t tw e n ty form th e V at thug's th a . T h is i s a c o m p o site b a l l a d o f w h ich th e two p a r t s a r e A s i t a 's v i s i t to th e c h i l d , th e f u t u r e Buddha and th e d ia lo g u e b etw e en M alaka and th e B uddha; i t i s a f u s io n o f two s e p a r a t e b a l l a d s , th e
c o n n e c tin g l i n k b e in g A s i t a and h i s nephew *«61aka. T h is c o n c lu s io n i s s u p p o r te d b y th e m e tre , th e V a tth u g a th a b e in g in t r i m e t e r r e r s e s and in* d im e te r v e rs e s * ,a f u r t h e r p r o o f i s found in th e B h a b ru e d i o t in Adoka r r . 21-46^w here th e s e l a s t r e r s e s a r e c a l l e d M o n e y y a-su ta. The f i r s t p a r t i s n a r r a t i r e in c o n s t r u c t i o n and th e seoond i s p u re dialogue; th e n a r r a t i r e i s , f u r t h e r , o f th e same ty p e a s seen in th e two p re o e d in g b a l l a d s , b u t t h e r e a r e l a t e r s i g n s , a s i n th e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f
— 17 —
m ira c u lo u s s ig n s a t t e n d i n g A s i t a 's T i s i t to th e c h i l d .
• . : «. it • ; »
The g e n e r a l l a t e n e s s o f th e V a tth u g 'h th i i s more c l e a r l y se e n in th e c a s e o f th e P a ra y a n a ra g g a , o f w h ich th e f i r s t 56 r e r s e s form th e i n t r o d u c to r y fram e s t o r y o f B a r a r i and h i s s i x t e e n d i s c i p l e s . I t h a s h ee n
m e n tio n e d in th e I n t r o d u c t i o n t h a t th e C u lla B id d e s a d o e s n o t comment upon th e s e w h ile com m enting on th e re m a in in g p a r t s o f th e h o o k ; i t i s c l e a r from t h i s t h a t th e s t o r y of B a r a r i i s l a t e r th a n th e o t h e r s e c t i o n s o f th e P arM yanaragga, and t h a t i t m ust h a r e h e e n th e work o f some l a t e r p o e t s . In i t s p r e s e n t form th e l a t e s t p a r t s i n d i c a t e a know ledge of
S o u th e rn I n d i a (D a k k h ito a p a th a ), p l a c e s l i k e M S h is s a ti and P a t i t t h a n a h e in g a c t u a l l y m en tio n ed h y name; m e n tio n i s a l s o made o f th e 32 s ig n s o f g r e a t men and t h e i r o n ly two i n d i c a t i o n s . T hat th e s u b j e c t i s o ld o an n o t he
d o u b te d s in c e we c l e a r l y h a r e o ld m a t e r i a l in th e o a th " s a tta m e d i r a s e
(2 ) _ ( 3 )
tuyham muddha p h a l a t u s a t t a d h a " o r in th e name B a r a r i , a fo rm o f w hioh o c c u rs in th e a n c i e n t P e r s ia n i n s c r i p t i o n s .
In a l l th e s e f o u r n a r r a t i r e p i e c e s c o n s id e r e d h e r e , th e r e i s one oommon c h a r a c t e r i s t i c ; th e n a r r a t i r e alw ay s p r e c e d e s in th e t h i r d p e rs o n e x c e p t in th e d ia lo g u e . The s t o r i e s a r e u s u a l l y b r i e f and s im p le , c o n ta in in g p o p u la r e le m e n ts o r s u b j e c t s known to e r e r y o n e . In o n ly two
in s t a n c e s do we f i n d th e p r o s e a d d i t i o n " t e - . . . " in th e d ia lo g u e p o r t i o n s r * ( a ) ( a )
(3 n . 701; 716 J .
4 To th e tw e lr e p u re d ia lo g u e b a l l a d s o f th e f i r s t f o u r r a g g a s we may add th e s i x t e e n o f th e P a r a ja n a - r a g g a , g i r i n g a l t o g e t h e r tw e n ty e i g h t . Most o f th e s e a r e m e t r i c a l l y i r r e g u l a r , and th e p r o s e fo rm u la
(X3 See K e ith , p . 395; O ld e n h e rg , R e l.d e s V e d a ,p .520. n o te 2 ;C hand. and Byh. murdha tet r i p a t i f / e c .
{&) (B) a h i r u l , i n th e B e h ia ta n I n s c r i p t i o n ; s e e TdtaSn p . 2 . W eissbaoh p. 10. c p . P a l i B S re ru in B & re ru -J& ta k a . See A nderson p . 18. B a r v i i s
u n d o u b te d ly c o n n e c te d w ith b a b iru tf th ro u g h B a re ru ,w h ic h H e i l l e t c o n s id e r s a s a b o rro w in g i n ’ thfr Achjfefnenlden p e r io d : se e h i s Grammaire du V ieux
P e r s e , P a r i s , 1915. p . 38; p . 51.
mm 18 • •
" i t i x . • o r " t i x " i s appended in m ost o a s e s . F r e q u e n tly
• • i • • • •
we h a re a l s o an e x te n d e d fo rm u la " x - - - t i x " ( £ . g. Cunda t i B hagava) O nly in two more r a r e i n s t a n o e s th e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f th e p u re d ia lo g u e form i s i n t e r r u p t e d b y n a r r a t i v e v e r s e , and th e s e o o c u r in D h a n iy a - and A m a g a n d h a -su tta s (S n. 30; 2 5 1 ,2 3 2 ;) . The t y p i c a l form o f th e d ia lo g u e
i s f o r some p e rs o n to a s k a q u e s t i o n o r q u e s t i o n s o f th e B uddha to w hioh he r e p l i e s in h i s t u r n . Thus, d ia lo g u e s ^ b eg in n in g w ith "puooham i munim"
e t c . o r " a t t h i pah hen a agam&m" num ber e le v e n o f w h ich s i x o o o u r in th e P a ra y a n a -v a g g a ; th o s e in w h ich th e fo rm b r u h i , p a b r u h i, v y a k a r o h i, a k k h a h i
U > •
o r some o t h e r I m p e r a tiv e 2nd p e r s o n eg . o c c u rs ,n u m b e r n i n e . Those in w hich d i r e c t q u e s t i o n s a r e a s k e d and w hich do n o t come u n d e r th e above
( 6 )
c a t e g o r i e s a r e f i v e i n num ber. Of th e re m a in in g t h r e e th e D hanfcra-sutta i s p u re d ia lo g u e - n o t q u e s tio n and an sw er; th e H e m a v a ta -s u tta rese m - b l e s i t in i t s e a r l i e r p a r t s , b u t l a t e r abounds in q u e s t i o n s and a n s w e rs .
In th e M a g a n d h iy a -s u tta i t i s th e Buddha who sp e a k s f i r s t , t h e o n ly i n s t a n c e in Sn w here su c h i s th e c a s e .
The D haniya and H em avata s u t t a s a r e r e a l l i v i n g d i a l o g u e s . In th e fo rm e r th e herdsm an D haniya i s c o n v e rte d b y th e Buddha b y i n t e r p r e t i n g D h an iy a* s own re m a rk s ; in t h i s m anner th e s e t o f p h y s i c a l and w o r ld ly
id e a s i s tr a n s fo rm e d i n t o th e s p i r i t u a l b y means o f h a l f p a r a b l e s . A l a t e a d d i t i o n i s s e e n h e r e in th e l a s t two v e r s e s w hioh form a d ia lo g u e
■ ( 7 )
b etw e en tfa ra and B uddha, w hich h a s no d i r e c t c o n n e c tio n i r i t h th e p r i n c i p a l s t o r y .
(1^ Sn. 83, 2 4 1 ,3 6 9 ,9 1 6 ,9 8 7 ,1 0 4 3 ,1 0 4 9 ,1 0 6 1 ,1 1 0 5 ,1 1 1 2 ,1 1 1 8 .
( 8 l Sn. 814. 848, 862, 1069, 1086, 1092, 1096, 1102, 1120 ( a b lk k h a ) ( £ ) Sn. 3 3 6 ,1 0 3 2 , 1069, 1077, 1088.
(<f) S a g a th a ra g g a : • p . 6, 1 0 7 -1 0 8 .
In th e H e m a v a ta s u tta th e o p en in g v e r s e s in tr o d u c e u s to an i n t e r e s t i n g c o n v e r s a tio n b etw e en th e two Yakkhas S a t a g i r a and Hemavata on th e q u a l i t i e s o f th e B uddha. The d ia lo g u e p ro c e e d s t i l l v .1 5 and i s fo llo w e d b y 7 v e r s e s in th e form of q u e s tio n and a n sw e r; th e l a s t f i v e s t a n z a s c o n s t i t u t e a p r a s i e of th e Buddha and th e a c c e p ta n c e o f
4 ' .■ *
h i s Dhamma o r te a c h i n g .
The H a g a n & h ly a s u tta opens w i t h a d r a m a tic I n c i d e n t ; in th e f i r s t v e r s e th e Buddha r e f u s e s t o a c c e p t th e p r o f e r r e d hand o f Magand- h iy a , m aking a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c a l l y o d io u s rem ark a b o u t th e human body*
From t h i s s ta g e th e b a l l a d p r o c e e d s b y means o f q u e s t i o n s and a n s w e rs , c o v e rin g such a wi^d* f i e l d a s d i t t h i ( p h i l o s o p h y ) , b h a v a ( e x i s t e n c e ) and so f o r t h .
The p r e v a i l i n g form , th e n , in th e s e d ia lo g u e b a l l a d s i a one o f sp e e c h and c o u n te r s p e e o h , o r q u e s t i o n and a n s w e r. M oreover th e q u e s tio n may b e d i r e c t and sim p le a s in S n.836 f f ; i t may a l s o o o c u r
in th e form o f r i d d l e s ( S n .1 6 8 -1 6 9 ; 1 7 0 * 1 7 1 ,e t o . )
A n o th e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w h ich r e s u l t s im m e d ia te ly fro m t h e i r n a t u r e i s th e p r o f u s i o n cf im p e r a tiv e fo rm s. They o c c u r e i t h e r a s
% • •
b r u h l , p a b r u h i, a k k h a h a i, e t c . o r a s b h a v a ,b h a g a s s u , h o h i, p a r l v a g ^ e h i , e t c .
Vi*- • T h ere i s one i n t e r e s t i n g ty p e h e r e o f V a tth u g a th a a nd i t irs se e n in th e f t a h u l a s u t t a ( S n .3 3 5 -3 3 6 ). The two i n t r o d u c t o r y s t a n z a s a r e in th e form o f q u e s tio n and an sw er, b u t th e p e r s o n s c o n o e m e d a r e unknown e x c e p t f o r th e p r o s e e n d in g w hich c o n c lu d e s th e b a l l a d . The l a s t s i x v e r s e s g iv e a g e n e r a l a d v ic e w hioh i s in no way a d i r e c t o u t- come o f th e f i r s t two s t a n z a s . The human r e l a t i o n s h i p b etw e en th e s e two u n i t s and th e t i t l e o f th e b a l l a d i t s e l f a r e s u p p o r te d o n ly b y an e x tra n e o u s p r o s e f o rm u la . From t h i s i t i s s e e n t h a t th e V a tth u g a th a
— 20 —
d i d n o t o r i g i n a l l y b e lo n g t h t h i s b a l l a d ; th e o n ly p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h a t th e in tw o d u o to ry p ie e e b e lo n g e d t o a n o t h e r K ahula b a l l a d ; we can th e n im ag in e a f u s io n o f s e v e r a l v e r s e s from d i s t i n c t b a l l a d s w ith a p r o s e e n d in g to e x p l a i n th e p e r s o n a l i t i e s o f th e s p e a k e r s .
T here a r e tw entytw o s u t t a s b e lo n g in g to th e second g ro u p o f
▼erse b a l l a d s w h ich a r e n e i t h e r n a r r a t i v e n o r d ia lo g u e in c o n s t r u c t i o n . Most o f th e s e d a l w ith mere m o ral t o p i c s ; th e u s u a l fo rm i s one o f
d e f i n i t i o n . U n lik e th e d ia lo g u e b a l l a d s , th e s e abound to a g r e a t e r e x te n t in r e x b s in th e p r e s e n t , i m p e r a t i r e and p o t e n t i a l , t h i r d p e r s o n , R e f r a i n s a r e more common; f o r in s t a n o e
So b h ik k h u j a h a t i o rap aram u ra g o j in n am iw a tacam puranam
o c c u rs 17 tim e s th ro u g h o u t th e U r a g a - s u t t a ; s i m i l a r l y eko c a r e k h a g g a v isa n a k a p p o
o o c u rs 41 tim e s in th e K h a g g a v is a n a s u tta , 7e may c a l l t h i s th e
" r h e t o r i c " u s e o f th e r e f r a i n . A m in o r in s t a n c e o f a r e g u l a r r e f r a i n i s tarn v a p i d h i r a munim v e d a y a n tl
( 8 )
w hich o c o u rs 9 tim e s in th e K u n l - s u t t a , An i n i t i a l r e f r a i n i s se e n in th e U ra g a v a g g a-
Yo n a c c a s a r l n a p a o c a s a r i
I n d i r i d u a l T e r s e s rem ind one s t r o n g l y o f th e l a t e r d i d a o t i c /
p o e t r y in S a n s k r i t L i t e r a t u r e , and e s p e c i a l l y o f th e S a ta k a s o f B h a r t v - h a r i . As a c l a s s o f l i t e r a t u r e th e y a p p e a r to be l a t e r th a n th e r e a l
.'T . V / . .v* •* . %* * ' *» *V '•
n a r r a t i v e o r d ia lo g u e b a l l a d s on a c c o u n t o f t h e i r more a r t i f i c i a l n a t u r e . A rch aism s in m orphology a r e n o t so num erous a s in th e f i r s t g ro u p o f
( • ) B o r f u r t h e r k in d s , s e e S te d e , In d ex o f P ad as o f T h e r a - T h e r i- g - P.
