The European Convention on Human Rights as an Instrument of Tort Law

THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS

AS AN INSTRUMENT OF TORT LAW

THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AS AN INSTRUMENT OF TORT LAW

Stefan Somers

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Th e European Convention on Human Rights as an Instrument of Tort Law © Stefan Somers 2018

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CONTENTS

List of Cases . . . xiii

Introduction . . . 1

Chapter 1. Human Rights in Horizontal Relations . . . 7

1. Th e Horizontal Dimension of Human Rights in the Convention Text . . . 7

2. Th e Horizontal Dimension of Human Rights in the Jurisprudence of the Court . . . 11

2.1. Th e Th eory of Positive Obligations in General . . . 11

2.1.1. Foundation . . . 11

2.1.2. Specifi c Criteria in the Application of Positive Obligations . . . 12

2.2. Th e Th eory of Positive Obligations to Protect Human Rights in Horizontal Relations . . . 17

2.2.1. Legal Basis . . . 17

2.2.2. Specifi c Criteria of Positive Obligations to Interfere in Horizontal Relations . . . 21

2.2.2.1. General Outline . . . 21

2.2.2.2. A Wider Scope of Application When Human Rights Confl ict? . . . 23

2.2.2.3. Uniqueness of Positive Obligations to Protect Human Rights in Horizontal Relations . . . 27

Chapter 2. Articles 13 and 41 ECHR and State Liability . . . 33

1. Article 13 and the Reasonable Time Requirement . . . 33

2. Article 13 Read in Conjunction with Other Treaty Provisions . . . 38

2.1. Articles 2 and 3 of the Convention . . . 38

2.2. Article 8 of the Convention. . . 40

2.3. Conclusion . . . 42

Intersentia Contents

viii

Chapter 3. Th e Interaction between Articles 13 and 41 ECHR

and Liability in Horizontal Relations . . . 45

1. Tort Law as an Eff ective Remedy for Unintentional Infringements of Human Rights by Private Persons . . . 45

2. Tort Law as an Accessory Remedy for Intended Infringements of Human Rights . . . 50

3. Limitations in Requiring Horizontal Tort Law . . . 52

Chapter 4. Tort Liability as a Violation of Human Rights . . . 59

Chapter 5. Article 41 as an Alternative Tort Law System . . . 63

1. Requirements of Admissability . . . 63

2. Additional Compensation under Article 41 . . . 67

2.1. Additional Compensation in Cases Where Applicants Received Partial Redress via National Law . . . 67

2.2. Additional Compensation in Cases Where States Provided Measures to Redress the Damages . . . 71

Chapter 6. General Outline of Article 41 of the Convention . . . 73

1. Th e Text of Article 41 of the Convention . . . 73

2. Th e Violation of the Convention . . . 75

3. Th e Principle of Subsidiarity . . . 75

3.1. Th e Negligence of the Principle of Subsidiarity by the Court . . . 76

3.2. Th e National State’s Ability to Restore the Damages when the Court Cannot . . . 79

3.3. Th e Eff ectiveness of the National Procedure . . . 81

4. A Discretionary Competence of the Court . . . 85

5. Th e Meaning of Just Satisfaction . . . 86

5.1. Can the Court Compensate Less than the Totality of the Caused Damages? . . . 86

5.2. Has the Court Other Means to Grant Restitutio

Chapter 7. Damages . . . 99

1. Defi nition and Finding of Damages . . . 99

1.1. Defi nition of Damages . . . 99

Contents

1.2. Finding of Damages . . . 101

1.2.1. Th e Finding of a Violation of the Convention . . . 101

1.2.2. Th e Finding of Damages . . . 103

2. Th e Benefi ciaries . . . 107

2.1. Th e Injured Party . . . 107

2.2. Juristic Persons . . . 109

2.3. Young Children and Mentally Ill Persons . . . 113

2.4. Th e Successors of the Directly Injured Party . . . 117

2.4.1. Th e Damages are Caused by the Death of a Relative . . . 118

2.4.2. Th e Damages are Not Caused by the Death of a Relative . . . 120

3. Th e Actual Content of Damages . . . 123

3.1. Defi nition . . . 123

3.2. Th e Content of Immaterial Damages . . . 126

3.3. Declaratory Judgments as Just Satisfaction . . . 129

3.3.1. Situations Where the Court Never Makes Declaratory Judgments . . . 132

3.3.2. Situations Where the Court Makes Declaratory Judgments . . . 135

3.3.2.1. Th e Damages are Very Limited . . . 137

3.3.2.2. Th e Damages are Already Repaired by Other Measures . . . 143

3.3.2.3. Th ere is Only a Potential Violation of the Convention . . . 145

3.3.2.4. Th e Fault of the Applicant and the Principle of Fraus Omnia Corrumpit . . . 146

3.3.2.5. Only a Part of the Alleged Violations is Accepted by the Court . . . 148

3.3.3. Criticism on the Use of Declaratory Judgments . . . 149

3.4. Defi ning Damages by Human Rights . . . 155

3.4.1. Are Damages Necessary for Finding a Convention Violation? . . . 157

3.4.2. Does an Interest Have to be Legitimate? . . . 160

Chapter 8. Fault and Blameworthiness . . . 163

1. Blameworthiness . . . 163

1.1. Th e Requirement of Accountability . . . 163

1.1.1. Th e Requirement of Accountability in General . . . 164

1.1.2. Grounds for Justifi cation . . . 168

1.1.2.1. Force Majeure . . . 168

Intersentia Contents

x

1.1.2.2. Legitimate Self-Defense . . . 172

1.1.2.3. Insuperable Error . . . 174

1.2. Human Rights as Justifi cation Grounds . . . 174

2. Fault . . . 177

2.1. Th e General Standard of Conduct and Human Rights . . . 177

2.1.1. Th e General Standard of Conduct of the State in the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR . . . 177

2.1.2. Do the Proportionality Test and the General Standard of Conduct Always Overlap? . . . 182

2.1.3. Th e Concretization of the General Standard of Conduct . . . 187

2.1.4. Th e General Standard of Conduct of Private Persons in the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR . . . 189

2.2. Th e Violation of a Human Right as a Fault in Itself . . . 196

2.2.1. On Subjective Rights, ‘Troubles de Voisinage’ and Human Rights . . . 196

2.2.2. Colorizing the General Standard of Conduct with Human Rights . . . 199

Chapter 9. Causality . . . 205

1. Factual Causality: Th e But-For Test . . . 206

2. Legal Causality . . . 210

2.1. Th eories on Causality. . . 210

2.1.1. Equivalence . . . 210

2.1.2. Adequacy . . . 212

2.1.3. Protective Purpose of the Norm . . . 213

2.2. Causality in the Jurisprudence of the ECtHR . . . 214

2.2.1. Indeterminacy of the Direct Causal Connection . . . 214

2.2.2. Protective Purpose of the Norm . . . 219

3. Loss of an Opportunity . . . 226

3.1. Violations of Material Aspects of Convention Rights . . . 227

3.2. Violations of Procedural Aspects of Convention Rights . . . 229

3.3. Criticism . . . 234

Chapter 10. Restitution . . . 237

1. Th e Purpose of Restitution . . . 237

2. Th e Choice between Restitution in Kind and Financial Compensation . . . 240

3. Th e Estimation of Damages . . . 244

3.1. A Concrete or an Abstract Estimation . . . 244

Contents

3.2. Shared Responsibility of Tortfeasor and Victim . . . 253

3.2.1. Th e Contributory Fault of the Victim Leads to Shared Liability . . . 253

3.2.2. Predetermination of the Victim . . . 257

3.3. Th e Victim’s Duty to Mitigate Damages . . . 258

3.4. Th e Acceptance of a Risk . . . 264

4. Deterrence and the Size of Restitution . . . 267

4.1. Punitive Damages . . . 267

4.1.1. English Law . . . 267

4.1.2. Th e European Convention on Human Rights . . . 268

4.2. Th e Dissuasive Use of Non-Pecuniary Damages . . . 271

4.2.1. Awarding Just Satisfaction under Article 41 of the Convention . . . 274

4.2.1.1. Th e Character and the Seriousness of the Human Rights Violation . . . 274

4.2.1.2. Th e Length and the Gravity of the Damages . . . 278

4.2.1.3. Th e Number of Human Rights Victims . . . . 279

4.2.1.4. Th e Behavior of the Parties in the Procedure . . . 281

4.2.1.5. Earlier Convictions of a Member State . . . 282

4.2.1.6. Th e Standard of Living in the Country Where the Applicant Lives . . . 283

4.2.1.7. Conclusion . . . 283

4.2.2. Punitive Damages and the Right to an Eff ective Remedy . . . 284

4.3. Limiting the

to Human Rights . . . 286

4.3.1. A Tendency Towards Material Equality in Tort Law . . . 286

4.3.2. A Minimal Protection of Substantial Equality between the Parties . . . 289

Conclusion . . . 295

Bibliography . . . 301

About the Author . . . 325

LIST OF CASES

EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS 1968

Case relating to certain aspects of the laws on use of languages in education in Belgium, 23 July 1968, appl. nos. 1474/62, 1677/62, 1691/62, 1769/63,

1994/63 and 2126/64 . . . 11 , 75

1971

De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium , 18 June 1971 (Plenary),

appl. nos. 2832/66, 2835/66 and 2899/66 . . . 77

1972

De Wilde, Ooms and Versyp v. Belgium , 10 March 1972 (just satisfaction)

(Plenary), appl. nos. 2832/66, 2835/66 and 2899/66 . . . 77 – 78 Ringeisen v. Austria , 22 June 1972 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 2614/65 . . . 80 , 85

1974

NeuMayster v. Austria , 7 May 1974 (just satisfaction),

appl. no. 1936/63 . . . 80 , 104 , 206 , 265

1975

Golder v. the United Kingdom , 21 February 1975, appl. no. 4451/70 . . . 129

1976

Schmidt and Dahlstr ö m v. Sweden , 6 February 1976, appl. no. 5589/72 . . . 20 Swedish engine drivers ’ union v. Sweden , 6 February 1976, appl. no. 5614/72 . . . 34

Intersentia List of Cases

xiv

Engel et al. v. the Netherlands , 23 November 1976 (just satisfaction)

(Plenary), appl. nos. 5100/71, 5101/71, 5102/71, 5354/72 and 5370/72 . . . . 80 , 149 Handyside v. the United Kingdom , 7 December 1976,

appl. no. 5493/72 . . . 25 , 75 , 239

1978

Ireland v. the United Kingdom , 18 January 1978 (Plenary), appl. no. 5310/71 . . . . 101 K ö nig v. Germany , 28 June 1978 (Plenary), appl. no. 6232/73 . . . 179 , 246 Klass et al. V. Germany , 6 September 1978 (Plenary), appl. no. 5029/71 . . . 108

1979

Airey v. Ireland , 9 October 1979, appl. no. 6289/73 . . . 11 Marckx v. Belgium , 13 June 1979 (Plenary), appl. no. 6833/74 . . . 11 , 91 , 108 , 129 , 150 , 174 , 239

1980

Deweer v. Belgium , 27 February 1980, appl. no. 6903/75 . . . 104 , 123 , 126 , 264 K ö nig v. Germany , 10 March 1980 (just satisfaction) (Plenary),

appl. no. 6232/73 . . . 78 , 97 Artico v. Italy , 13 May 1980, appl. no. 6694/74 . . . 124 Guzzardi v. Italy , 6 November 1980 (Plenary), appl. no. 7367/76 . . . 86 , 97 Sunday Times v. the United Kingdom , 6 November 1980 (just satisfaction)

(Plenary), appl. no. 6538/74 . . . 100 , 129 , 224

1981

Airey v. Ireland , 6 February 1981 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 6289/73 . . . 104 Buchholz v. Germany , 6 May 1981, appl. no. 7759/77 . . . 179 Le Compte, Van Leuven and De Meyere v. Belgium , 23 June 1981 (Plenary),

appl. nos. 6878/75 and 7238/75 . . . 265 Young, James and Webster v. the United Kingdom , 13 August 1981,

appl. nos. 7601/76 and 7806/77 . . . 18

1982

Campbell and Cosans v. the United Kingdom , 25 February 1982,

appl. no. 7511/76 and 7743/76 . . . 227 , 259 Adolf v. Austria , 26 March 1982, appl. no. 8269/78 . . . 124

List of Cases

Eckle v. Germany , 15 July 1982, appl. no. 8130/78 . . . 124 Le Compte, Van Leuven and De Meyere v. Belgium , 18 October 1982

(just satisfaction), appl. nos. 6878/75 and 7238/75 . . . 89 , 129 , 207 X. v. the United Kingdom , 18 October 1982 (just satisfaction),

appl. no. 7215/75 . . . 122 Corigliano v. Italy , 10 December 1982, appl. no. 8304/78 . . . 124 , 147 , 158

1983

Albert and Le Compte v. Belgium , 10 February 1983 (Plenary),

appl. nos. 7299/75 and 7496/76 . . . 265 Dudgeon v. the United Kingdom , 24 February 1983 (just satisfaction),

appl. no. 7525/76 . . . 89 , 143 Campbell and Cosans v. the United Kingdom , 22 March 1983

(just satisfaction), appl. nos. 7511/76 and 7743/76 . . . 89 , 228 , 260 Silver et al. v. the United Kingdom , 25 March 1983, appl. nos. 5947/72,

6205/73, 7052/75, 7061/75, 7107/75, 7113/75 and 7136/75 . . . 34 Eckle v. Germany , 21 June 1983 (just satisfaction),

appl. no. 8130/78 . . . 78 , 138 , 158 Zimmermann and Steiner v. Switzerland , 13 July 1983, appl. no. 8737/79 . . . 254

1984

Luberti v. Italy , 23 February 1984, appl. no. 9019/80 . . . 255 Goddi v. Italy , 9 April 1984, appl. no. 8966/80 . . . 126 , 229 De Jong, Baljet and Van den Brink v. the Netherlands , 22 May 1984,

appl. nos. 8805/79, 8806/79 and 9242/81 . . . 104 van der Sluijs, Zuiderveld and Klappe v. the Netherlands , 22 May 1984,

appl. nos. 9362/81, 9363/81 en 9387/81 . . . 124 Piersack v. Belgium , 26 October 1984 (just satisfaction),

appl. no. 8692/79 . . . 79 , 87 , 237 Sporrong and L ö nnroth v. Sweden , 18 December 1984 (just satisfaction)

(Plenary), appl. nos. 7151/75 and 7152/75 . . . 227 , 229 , 248

1985

Colozza v. Italy , 12 February 1985, appl. no. 9024/80 . . . 123 , 229 , 265 X and Y v. the Netherlands , 26 March 1985 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 8978/80 . . . 18 , 20 , 46 , 114 , 116 , 248 Abdulaziz, Cabales and Balkandali v. the United Kingdom , 28 May 1985

(Plenary), appl. nos. 9214/80, 9473/81 and 9474/81 . . . 13 , 129

Intersentia List of Cases

xvi

Benthem v. the Netherlands , 23 October 1985 (Plenary),

appl. no. 8848/80 . . . 104 , 154 Norris and National Gay Federation v. Ireland, Norris and National

Gay Federation v. Ireland , 16 May 1985 (Decision), appl. no. 10581/83 . . . 110

1986

Barthold v. Germany , 31 January 1986 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 8734/79 . . . 130 James et al. v. the United Kingdom , 21 February 1986 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 8793/79 . . . 34 Deumeland v. Germany , 29 May 1986 (Plenary),

appl. no. 9384/81 . . . 104 , 122 , 123 , 154 B ö nisch v. Austria , 2 June 1986 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 8658/79 . . . 230 Lingens v. Austria , 8 June 1986 (Plenary), appl. no. 9815/82 . . . 228 – 229 , 266 B ö nisch v. Austria , 2 July 1986 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 8658/79 . . . 78 , 207 , 226 Lithgow et al. v. the United Kingdom , 8 July 1986 (Grand Chamber),

appl. nos. 9006/80, 9262/81, 9263/81, 9265/81, 9266/81, 9313/81

and 9405/81 . . . 34 N. v. Sweden , 16 October 1986 (decision), appl. no. 11366/85 . . . 23 Rees v. the United Kingdom , 17 October 1986 (Plenary), appl. no. 9532/81 . . . . 13 – 14 Johnston et al. v. Ireland , 18 December 1986 (Plenary),

appl. no. 9697/82 . . . 104 , 108 , 148 , 248

1987

Lechner and Hess v. Austria , 23 April 1987, appl. no. 9316/81 . . . 229 Capuano v. Italy , 25 June 1987, appl. no. 9381/81 . . . 255 Baggetta v. Italy , 25 June 1987, appl. no. 10256/83 . . . 248 , 260 Feldbrugge v. the Netherlands , 27 July 1987 (just satisfaction) (Plenary),

appl. no. 8562/79 . . . 230 , 234 Gillow v. the United Kingdom , 14 September 1987 (just satisfaction),

appl. no. 9063/80 . . . 90 , 123 De Cubber v. Belgium , 14 September 1987 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 9186/80 . . . . 79 Inze v. Austria , 28 October 1987, appl. no. 8695/79 . . . 104 , 125 , 154 , 220 , 228 – 229 Bozano v. France , 2 December 1987 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 9990/82 . . . 278

1988

Bouamar v. Belgium , 29 February 1988, appl. no. 9106/80 . . . 104 , 154 Olsson v. Sweden (no.1) , 24 March 1988 (Plenary),

appl. no. 10465/83 . . . 127 , 148 , 269

List of Cases

Boyle and Rice v. the United Kingdom , 27 April 1988, appl. nos. 9659/82

and 9658/82 . . . 34

Belilos v. Switzerland , 29 April 1988 (Plenary), appl. no. 10328/83 . . . 104

M ü ller et al. v. Switzerland , 24 May 1988, appl. no. 10737/84 . . . 239

Ekbatani v. Sweden , 26 May 1988 (Plenary), appl. no. 10563/83 . . . 104

O. v. the United kingdom , 9 June 1988 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 9276/81 . . . 229

H. v. the United Kingdom , 9 June 1988 (just satisfaction) (Plenary), appl. no. 9580/81 . . . 128

W. v. the United Kingdom , 9 June 1988 (just satisfaction) (Plenary), appl. no. 9749/82 . . . 90 , 269 Ä rzte ‘ f ü r das Leben ’ v. Austria , 21 June 1988, appl. no. 10126/82 . . . 12 , 20 Berrehab v. the Netherlands , 21 June 1988, appl. no. 10730/84 . . . 104

Weeks v. the United Kingdom , 5 October 1988 (just satisfaction) (Plenary), appl. no. 9787/82 . . . 229

Norris v. Ireland , 26 October 1988 (Plenary), appl. no. 10581/83 . . . 71 , 108 , 110 , 143 Martins Moreira v. Portugal , 26 October 1988, appl. no. 11371/85 . . . 229 , 248 Barbera, Messegu é and Jabardo v. Spain , 6 December 1988 (Plenary), appl. nos. 10588/83, 10589/83 and 10590/83 . . . 78 , 83 , 229 , 264 W. v. the United Kingdom , 9 June 1988 (just satisfaction) (Plenary), appl. no. 9749/82 . . . 90

1989

Bock v. Germany , 29 March 1989, appl. no. 11118/84 . . . 278

Brogan v. the United Kingdom , 30 May 1989 (just satisfaction) (Plenary), appl. nos. 11209/84, 11234/84, 11266/84 and 11386/85 . . . 104 , 130 , 137 , 154 Eriksson v. Sweden , 22 June 1989 (Plenary), appl. no. 11373/85 . . . 127

Soering v. the United Kingdom , 7 July 1989 (Plenary), appl. no. 14038/88 . . . 145

Bricmont v. Belgium , 7 July 1989, appl. no. 10857/84 . . . 130 , 207 Tre Trakt ö rer Aktiebolag v. Sweden , 7 July 1989, appl. no. 10873/84 . . . 51

Union Alimentaria Sanders SA v. Spain , 7 July 1989, appl. no. 11681/85 . . . 111 , 248 , 254 Kostovski v. the Netherlands , 20 November 1989 (Plenary), appl. no. 11454/85 . . . 104 , 154 Kamasinski v. Austria , 19 December 1989, appl. no. 9783/82 . . . 130 , 137 Soering v. the United Kingdom , 7 July 1989 (Plenary session), appl. no. 4038/88 . . . . 19

1990

Powell and Raynar v. the United Kingdom , 21 February 1990, appl. no. 9310/81 . . . . 14

Van Leer v. the Netherlands , 21 February 1990, appl. no. 11509/85 . . . 105

Hakansson and Sturesson v. Sweden , 21 February 1990, appl. no. 11855/85 . . . 265

Huvig v. France , 24 April 1990, appl. no. 11105/84 . . . 104 , 154 Mats Jacobsson v. Sweden , 28 June 1990, appl. no. 11309/84 . . . 207

Intersentia List of Cases

xviii

Cossey v. the United Kingdom , 27 September 1990, appl. no. 10843/84 . . . 131

Windisch v. Austria , 27 September 1990, appl. no. 12489/86 . . . 79

Wassink v. the Netherlands , 27 September 1990, appl. no. 12535/86 . . . 105 , 125 , 131 , 137 Koendjbiharie v. the Netherlands , 25 October 1990, appl. no. 11487/85 . . . 105

Delta v. France , 19 December 1990, appl. no. 11444/85 . . . 209

1991

Fredin v. Sweden , 18 January 1991, appl. no. 12033/86 . . . 207

Zanghi v. Italy , 19 February 1991, appl. no. 11491/85 . . . 84

Oberschlick v. Austria , 23 May 1991 (Plenary), appl. no. 11662/85 . . . 138 , 264 Vocaturo v. Italy , 24 May 1991, appl. no. 11891/85 . . . 123

Demicoli v. Malta , 27 August 1991, appl. no. 13057/87 . . . 90

Helmers v. Sweden , 29 October 1991 (Plenary), appl. no. 11826/85 . . . 127 , 149 Vilvarajah et al. v. the United Kingdom , 30 October 1991, appl. nos. 13163/87, 13164/87, 13165/87, 13447/87 and 13448/87 . . . 34 – 35 Vermeire v. Belgium , 29 November 1991, appl. no. 12849/87 . . . 92

Clooth v. Belgium , 12 December 1991, appl. no. 12718/87 . . . 82

1992

Gana v. Italy , 27 February 1992, appl. no. 13024/87 . . . 133

Pfeifer and Plankl v. Austria , 25 February 1992, appl. no. 10802/84 . . . 264 – 265 Manifattura FL v. Italy , 27 February 1992, appl. no. 12407/86 . . . 112

Pandolfelli and Palumbo v. Italy , 27 February 1992, appl. no. 13218/87 . . . 123

Beldjoudi v. France , 26 March 1992, appl. no. 12083/86 . . . 145

X. v. France , 31 March 1992, appl. no. 18020/91 . . . 123

Megyeri v. Germany , 12 May 1992, appl. no. 13770/88 . . . 127

L ü di v. Switzerland , 15 June 1992, appl. no. 12433/86 . . . 125

Tomasi v. France , 27 August 1992, appl. no. 12850/87 . . . 126

Pham Hoang v. France , 25 September 1992, appl. no. 13191/87 . . . 104 , 127 Vidal v. Belgium , 28 October 1992 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 12351/86 . . . 234

Open Door and Dublin Well Woman v. Ireland , 29 October 1992 (Plenary), appl. nos. 14234/88 and 14235/88 . . . 108 , 111 Olsson v. Sweden (no.2) , 27 November 1992, appl. no. 13441/87 . . . 269

Byrn v. Denmark , 1 July 1992 (Decision), appl. no. 13156/87 . . . 66

Mathes v. Austria , 13 January 1992 (Decision), appl. no. 12973/87 . . . 122

Brincat v. Italy , 26 November 1992 , appl. no. 13867/88 . . . 127

1993

Pine Valley Developments Ltd. et al. v. Ireland , 9 February 1993 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 12742/87 . . . 111

List of Cases

Zanghi v. Italy , 10 February 1993 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 11491/85 . . . 84

Billi v. Italy , 26 February 1993, appl. no. 15118/89 . . . 133

Costello-Roberts v. the United Kingdom , 25 March 1993, appl. no. 13134/87 . . . . 19 , 35 Bunkate v. the Netherlands , 26 May 1993, appl. no. 13645/88 . . . 152

Windisch v. Austria (just satisfaction), 28 June 1993, appl. no. 12489/86 . . . 80

Sa ï di v. France , 20 September 1993, appl. no. 14647/89 . . . 90

Poitrimol v. France , 23 November 1993, appl. no. 14032/88 . . . 229

Van Laak v. the Netherlands , 31 March 1993 (Decision), appl. no. 17669/91 . . . 66

Kelly v. the United Kingdom , 13 January 1993 (Decision), appl. no. 17579/90 . . . 173

1994

Silva Pontes v. Portugal , 23 March 1994, appl. no. 14940/89 . . . 273

Jersild v. Denmark , 23 September 1994 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 15890/89 . . . 196

Diaz Ruano v. Spain , 26 April 1994, appl. no. 16988/90 . . . 119

Keegan v. Ireland , 26 May 1994, appl. no. 16969/90 . . . 12 , 14 Barber à , Messegu é and Jabardo v. Spain , 13 June 1994 (just satisfaction) (Plenary), appl. nos. 10588/83, 10589/83 and 10590/83 . . . 78 , 83 , 229 Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria , 20 September 1994, appl. no. 13470/87 . . . 17

Pelladoah v. the Netherlands , 22 September 1994, appl. no. 16737/90 . . . 90

Katte Klitsche de la Grange v. Italy , 27 October 1994, appl. no. 12539/86 . . . 198

Kroon et al. v. the Netherlands , 27 October 1994, appl. no. 18535/91 . . . 12 , 14 Beaumartin v. France , 24 November 1994, appl. no. 15287/89 . . . 133

Lopez Ostra v. Spain , 9 December 1994, appl. no. 16798/90 . . . 14 , 128 , 129 Stjerna v. Finland , 25 November 1994, appl. no. 18131/91 . . . 14

Stran Greek Refi neries and Stratis Andreadis v. Greece , 9 December 1994, appl. no. 13427/87 . . . 92

Vereinigung Demokratischer Soldaten Ö sterreichs and Gubi v. Austria , 19 December 1994, appl. no. 15153/89 . . . 112

1995

Schuler-Zgraggen v. Switzerland , 31 January 1995 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 14518/89 . . . 70

Allenet de Ribemont v. France , 10 February 1995, appl. no. 15175/89 . . . 90

McMichael v. the United Kingdom , 24 February 1995, appl. no. 16424/90 . . . 127

Fischer v. Austria , 26 April 1995, appl. no. 16922/90 . . . 207

Yagci and Sargin v. Turkey , 8 June 1995, appl. nos. 16419/90 and 16426/90 . . . 90 , 269 Hentrich v. France , 3 July 1995 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 13616/88 . . . 94 Tolstoy Miloslavsky v. the United Kingdom , 13 July 1995, appl. no. 18139/91 . . . . 59 , 90 , 104 , 174 , 239 , 287 Nasri v. France , 13 July 1995, appl. no. 19465/92 . . . 104 , 154

Intersentia List of Cases

xx

Vogt v. Germany , 26 September 1995, appl. no. 17851/91 . . . 228 McCann et al. v. the United Kingdom , 27 September 1995

(Grand Chamber), appl. no. 18984/91 . . . 146 , 173 – 174 , 177 Schmautzer v. Austria , 23 October 1995, appl. no. 15523/89 . . . 223 Papamichalopoulos v. Greece , 31 October 1995 (just satisfaction),

appl. no. 14556/89 . . . 72 , 80 , 82 , 88 , 91 – 94 Pressos Compania Naviera S.A. et al. v. Belgium , 20 November 1995,

appl. no. 17849/91 . . . 81 , 255 , 289 Brincat v. Italy , 26 November 1992, appl. no. 13867/88 . . . 127 Ribitsch v. Austria , 4 December 1995, appl. no. 18896/91 . . . 269 Bellet v. France , 4 December 1995, appl. no. 23805/94 . . . 229

1996

A. et al. v. Denmark , 8 February 1996, appl. no. 20826/92 . . . 123 , 180 , 255 G ü l v. Switzerland , 19 February 1996, appl. no. 23218/94 . . . 12 , 14 Ausiello v. Italy , 21 May 1996, appl. no. 20331/92 . . . 105 Amuur v. France , 25 June 1996, appl. no. 19776/92 . . . 125 , 158 Matos e Silva Lda. et al. v. Portugal , 16 September 1996, appl. no. 15777/89 . . . 112 Gaygusuz v. Austria , 16 September 1996, appl. no. 17371/90 . . . 272 – 273 S ü ssmann v. Germany , 16 September 1996 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 20024/92 . . . 171 Akdivar et al. v. Turkey , 16 September 1996 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 21893/93 . . . 47 , 269 Stubbings et al. v. the United Kingdom , 22 October 1996,

appl. nos. 22083/93 and 22095/93 . . . 18 , 23 Ahmet Sadik v. Greece , 15 November 1996, appl. no. 18877/91 . . . 123 Chahal v. the United Kingdom , 15 November 1996 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 22414/93 . . . 34 , 145 , 181 , 265 Nsona v. the Netherlands , 28 November 1996, appl. no. 23366/94 . . . 125 Duclos v. France , 17 December 1996, appl. nos. 20940/92, 20941/92

and 20942/92 . . . 90 Ahmed v. Austria , 17 December 1996, appl. no. 25964/94 . . . 145 , 207 Aksoy v. Turkey , 18 December 1996, appl. no. 21987/93 . . . 34 – 35

1997

De Haes and Gijsels v. Belgium , 24 February 1997, appl. no. 19983/92 . . . 239 Z. v. Finland , 25 February 1997, appl. no. 22009/93 . . . 274 X, Y and Z v. the United Kingdom , 22 April 1997 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 21830/93 . . . 13 – 14 H.L.R. v. France , 29 April 1997, appl. no. 24573/94 . . . 19 Halford v. the United Kingdom , 25 June 1997, appl. no. 20605/92 . . . 207

List of Cases

Pammel v. Germany , 1 July 1997, appl. no. 17820/91 . . . 179 Pressos Compania Naviera S.A. et al. v. Belgium , 3 July 1997

(just satisfaction), appl. no. 17849/91 . . . 81 – 83 Allenet de Ribemont v. France , 7 August 1997 (interpretative),

appl. no. 15175/89 . . . 250 Aydin v. Turkey , 25 September 1997 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 23178/94 . . . 101 , 269 Andronicou and Constantinou v. Cyprus , 9 October 1997,

appl. no. 25052/94 . . . 172 – 173 , 178 Proszak v. Poland , 16 December 1997, appl. no. 25086/94 . . . 192

1998

Guerra et al. v. Italy , 19 February 1998 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 14967/89 . . . 45 , 178 Kaya v. Turkey , 19 February 1998, appl. no. 22729/93 . . . 38 , 101 Botta v. Italy , 24 February 1998, appl. no. 21439/93 . . . 15 , 28 Hornsby v. Greece , 1 April 1998 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 18357/91 . . . 250 Akdivar et al. v. Turkey , 1 April 1998 (Grand Chamber)

(just satisfaction), appl. no. 21893/93 . . . 269 Sel ç uk and Asker v. Turkey , 24 April 1998, appl. nos. 23184/94

and 23185/94 . . . 269 Vasilescu v. Romania , 22 May 1998, appl. no. 27053/95 . . . 183 L.C.B. v. the United Kingdom , 9 June 1998, appl. no. 23413/94 . . . 45 , 178 Mentes et al. v. Turkey , 24 July 1998 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 23186/94 . . . 269 Osman v. the United Kingdom , 28 October 1998,

appl. no. 23452/94 . . . 15 , 27 , 45 , 174 , 274 F.E. v. France , 30 October 1998, appl. no. 38212/97 . . . 229

1999

Fressoz and Roire v. France , 21 January 1999 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 29183/95 . . . 194 Garcia Ruiz v. Spain , 21 January 1999, appl. no. 30544/96 . . . 76 Cable et al. v. the United Kingdom , 18 February 1999, appl. nos. 24436/94,

24582/94, 24583, 94, 24584/94, 24895/94, 25937/94, 25939/94 25940/94, 25940/94, 25941/94, 26271/95, 26525/95, 27341/95, 27342/95, 27346/95, 27357/95, 27389/95, 27409/95, 27760/95, 27762/95, 27772/95, 28009/95, 28790/95, 30236/96, 30239/96, 30276/96, 30277/96, 30460/96, 30461/96, 30462/96, 31399/96, 31400/96, 31434/96, 31899/96 and 32024/96 . . . 269 Musial v. Poland , 25 March 1999 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 24557/94 . . . 234 Nikolova v. Bulgaria , 25 March 1999, appl. no. 31195/96 . . . 146 , 149 – 151 , 273 Velikova v. Bulgaria , 18 May 1999 (decision), appl. no. 41488/98 . . . 119 , 250 , 258 Ogur v. Turkey , 20 May 1999 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 21594/93 . . . 119 , 249

Intersentia List of Cases

xxii

Bladet Tromso and Stensaas v. Norway , 20 May 1999 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 21980/93 . . . 188 , 194 Ba ş kaya and Ok ç uo ğ lu v. Turkey , 8 July 1999 (Grand Chamber),

appl. nos. 23536/94 and 24408/94 . . . 247 Ç akici v. Turkey , 8 July 1999 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 23657/94 . . . 119 , 121 , 214 , 249 Tanrikulu v. Turkey , 8 July 1999 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 23763/94 . . . 43 Selmouni v. France , 28 July 1999, appl. no. 25803/94 . . . 90 Buscemi v. Italy , 16 September 1999, appl. no. 29569/95 . . . 147 Dalban v. Romania , 28 September 1999 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 28114/95 . . . 65 , 123 , 144 Moore and Gordon v. the United Kingdom , 29 September 1999,

appl. nos. 36529/97 and 37393/97 . . . 104 , 154 Gonzalez Marin v. Spain , 5 October 1999, appl. no. 39521/98 . . . 34 Perks et al. v. the United Kingdom , 12 October 1999,

appl. nos. 25277/94, 25279/94, 25280/94, 25282/94, 25285/94,

28048/95, 28192/95 and 28456/95 . . . 116 Zielinski, Pradal and Gonzalez et al. v. France , 28 October 1999

(Grand Chamber), appl. nos. 24846/94, 34165/96, 34166/96, 34167/96,

34168/96, 34169/96, 34170/96, 34171/96, 34172/96 and 34173/96 . . . 229 Freedom and Democracy Party ( Ö zdep) v. Turkey , 8 December 1999

(Grand Chamber), appl. no. 23885/94 . . . 112 Khalfaoui v. France , 14 December 1999, appl. no. 34791/97 . . . 229 V. v. the United Kingdom , 16 December 1999 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 24888/94 . . . 167

2000

Beyeler v. Italy , 5 January 2000 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 33202/96 . . . 192 Caraher v. the United Kingdom , 11 January 2000 (decision), appl. no. 24520/94 . . . 66 Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania , 25 January 2000, appl. no. 31679/96 . . . 17 Aydin v. Turkey , 1 February 2000 (decision), appl. nos. 28293/95,

29494/95 and 30219/96 . . . 65 Gast and Popp v. Germany , 25 February 2000, appl. no. 29357/95 . . . 171 Kr č m á ř et al. v. the Czech Republic , 3 March 2000,

appl. no. 35376/97 . . . 229 – 230 , 233 Ö zg ü r G ü ndem v. Turkey , 16 March 2000, appl. no. 23144/93 . . . 15 – 16 , 109 , 253 Mahmut Kaya v. Turkey , 28 March 2000, appl. no. 22535/93 . . . 15 , 16 Witold Litwa v. Poland , 4 April 2000, appl. no. 26629/95 . . . 132 Comingersoll S.A. v. Portugal , 6 April 2000 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 35382/97 . . . 109 , 112 – 113 , 248 Bergens Tidende et al. v. Norway , 2 May 2000, appl. no. 26132/95 . . . 188 , 194 , 196 Ertak v. Turkey , 9 May 2000, appl. no. 20764/92 . . . 214 Velikova v. Bulgaria , 18 May 2000, appl. no. 41488/98 . . . 118 – 119 , 160 Co ë me et al. v. Belgium , 22 June 2000, appl. nos. 32492/96, 32547/96,

32548/96, 33209/96 and 33210/96 . . . 104 , 154

List of Cases

Jabari v. Turkey, 11 July 2000, appl. no. 40035/98 . . . 35 Ilhan v. Turkey , 27 June 2000 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 22277/93 . . . . 43 , 253 , 281 Salman v. Turkey , 27 June 2000 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 21986/93 . . . 43 , 103 , 119 , 214 , 250 Elsholz v. Germany , 13 July 2000 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 25735/94 . . . 133 Scozzari and Giunta v. Italy , 13 July 2000 (Grand Chamber),

appl. nos. 39221/98 and 41963/98 . . . 87 , 91 , 237 Smith and Grady v. the United Kingdom , 25 July 2000 (just satisfaction),

appl. nos. 33985/96 and 33986/96 . . . 224 , 250 Lustig-Prean and Beckett v. the United Kingdom , 25 July 2000

(just satisfaction), appl. nos. 31417/96 and 32377/96 . . . 128 , 208 , 228 , 237 , 250 Frydlender v. France , 27 July 2000 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 30979/96 . . . 181 Klein v. Germany , 27 July 2000, appl. no. 33379/96 . . . 179 Guisset v. France , 26 September 2000, appl. no. 33933/96 . . . 125 Akkoc v. Turkey , 10 October 2000, appl. nos. 22947/93 and 22948/93 . . . 15 – 16 Wloch v. Poland , 19 October 2000, appl. no. 27785/95 . . . 231 Kudla v. Poland , 26 October 2000 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 30210/96 . . . 34 – 36 Kingsley v. the United Kingdom , 7 November 2000 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 35605/97 . . . 150 Tas v. Cyprus , 14 November 2000, appl. no. 24396/94 . . . 120 Bielectric S.R.L. v. Italy , 16 November 2000, appl. no. 36811/97 . . . 112 S.A. Sotiris and Nikos Koutras Attee v. Greece , 16 November 2000,

appl. no. 39442/98 . . . 112 Demiray v. Turkey , 21 November 2000, appl. no. 27308/95 . . . 102 , 215 Rehbock v. Slovenia , 28 November 2000, appl. no. 29462/95 . . . 215 , 260 Craxi v. Italy , 7 December 2000 (decision), appl. no. 25337/94 . . . 123 G ü l v. Turkey , 14 December 2000, appl. no. 22676/93 . . . 39 , 120 Egmez v. Cyprus , 21 December 2000, appl. no. 30873/96 . . . 265 Wettstein v. Switzerland , 21 December 2000, appl. no. 33958/96 . . . 223 , 231 Tas v.Cyprus , 14 November 2000 , appl. no. 24396/94 . . . 121

2001

Ananyev et al. v. Russia , 10 January 2001, appl. nos. 42525/07

and 60800/08 . . . 39 , 120 Lunari v. Italy , 11 January 2001, appl. no. 11463/93 . . . 17 Pialopoulos et al. v. Greece , 15 January 2001, appl. no. 37095/97 . . . 198 Coster v. the United Kingdom , 18 January 2001, appl. no. 24876/94 . . . 131 Chapman v. the United Kingdom , 18 January 2001, appl. no. 27238/95 . . . 131 Brumarescu v. Romania , 23 January 2001 (just satisfaction)

(Grand Chamber), appl. no. 28342/95 . . . 72 , 80 , 92 – 93 , 99 , 125 , 152 , 157 Holzinger v. Austria (no. 1) , 30 January 2001, appl. no. 23459/94 . . . 64 Tammer v. Estland , 6 February 2001, appl. no. 41205/98 . . . 239 , 266

Intersentia List of Cases

xxiv

Berktay v. Turkey , 1 March 2001, appl. no. 22493/93 . . . 103 K-HW v. Germany , 22 March 2001 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 37201/97 . . . 109 Keenan v. the United Kingdom , 3 April 2001, appl. no. 27229/95 . . . 15 – 16 , 28 Tanli v. Turkey , 10 April 2001, appl. no. 26129/95 . . . 250 Hugh Jordan v. the United Kingdom , 4 May 2001, appl. no. 24746/94 . . . 43 McKerr v. the United Kingdom , 4 May 2001, appl. no. 28883/95 . . . 257 Cyprus v. Turkey , 10 May 2001 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 25781/94 . . . 121 VP. and K.M. v. the United Kingdom , 10 May 2001 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 28945/95 . . . 40 Denizci et al. v. Cyprus , 23 May 2001, appl. nos. 25316/94, 25317/94,

25318/94, 25319/94, 25320/94, 25321/94 and 27207/95 . . . 178 Akdeniz et al. v. Turkey , 31 May 2001, appl. no. 23954/94 . . . 104 Trickovic v. Slovenia , 12 June 2001, appl. no. 39914/98 . . . 171 , 179 Akman v. Turkey , 26 June 2001, appl. no. 37453/97 . . . 65 VgT Verein gegen Tierfabriken v. Switzerland , 28 June 2001,

appl. no. 24699/94 . . . 12 Avsar v. Turkey , 10 July 2001, appl. no. 25657/94 . . . 165 Bilgin v. Turkey , 17 July 2001, appl. no. 25659/94 . . . 39 Brusco v. Italy , 6 September 2001 (decision), appl. no. 69789/01 . . . 34 Hatton et al. v. the United Kingdom , 2 October 2001, appl. no. 36022/97 . . . 182 Latridis v. Greece , 19 October 2000 (just satisfaction) (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 31107/96 . . . 80 , 99 Werner v. Poland , 15 November 2001, appl. no. 26760/95 . . . 206 McElhinney v. Ireland , 21 November 2001 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 31253/96 . . . 269 Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia et al. v. Moldavia , 13 December 2001,

appl. no. 45701/99 . . . 109

2002

Calvelli and Ciglio v. Italy , 17 January 2002 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 32967/96 . . . 47 – 48 Conka v. Belgium , 5 February 2002, appl. no. 51564/99 . . . 35 Matthies-Lenzen v. Luxemburg , 5 February 2002 (decision),

appl. no. 45165/99 . . . 36 Mikulic v. Croatia , 7 February 2002, appl. no. 53176/99 . . . 23 Dichand et al. v. Austria , 26 February 2002, appl. no. 29271/95 . . . 266 Frette v. France , 26 February 2002, appl. no. 36515/97 . . . 23 Magalh ã es Pereira v. Portugal , 26 February 2002, appl. no. 44872/98 . . . 132 Paul and Audrey Edwards v. the United Kingdom , 14 March 2002,

appl. no. 46477/99 . . . 15 – 16 , 39 Nikula v. Finland , 21 March 2002, appl. no. 31611/96 . . . 133 Soci é t é Comabat v. France , 26 March 2002, appl. no. 51818/99 . . . 112 Klamecki v. Poland , 28 March 2002, appl. no. 25415/94 . . . 254 Podkolzina v. Latvia , 9 April 2002, appl. no. 46726/99 . . . 217 Doubtfi re v. the United Kingdom , 23 April 2002 (decision), appl. no. 31825/96 . . . . 66

List of Cases

McVicar v. the United Kingdom , 7 May 2002, appl. no. 46311/99 . . . 194 Bourdov v. Russia (no.1) , 7 May 2002, appl. no. 59498/00 . . . 66 Meulendijks v. the Netherlands , 14 May 2002, appl. no. 34549/97 . . . 123 Georgiadis v. Cyprus , 14 May 2002, appl. no. 50516/99 . . . 229 Jokela v. Finland , 21 May 2002, appl. no. 28856/95 . . . 128 Gronus v. Poland , 28 May 2002, appl. no. 29695/96 . . . 230 Beyeler v. Italy , 28 May 2002 (just satisfaction) (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 33202/96 . . . 149 , 193 Kingsley v. the United Kingdom , 28 May 2002 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 35605/97 . . . 99 – 100 , 150 , 206 , 234 , 237 , 250 Staff ord v. the United Kingdom , 28 May 2002, appl. no. 46295/99 . . . 131 Anguelova v. Bulgaria , 13 June 2002, appl. no. 38361/97 . . . 43 , 85 , 102 – 103 , 188 , 257 Orhan v. Turkey , 18 June 2002, appl. no. 25656/94 . . . 250 , 270 – 271 Migon v. Poland , 25 June 2002, appl. no. 24244/94 . . . 147 Colombani v. France , 25 June 2002, appl. no. 51279/99 . . . 194 Wilson, National Union of Journalists et al. v. the United Kingdom ,

2 July 2002, appl. nos. 30668/96, 30671/96 and 30678/96 . . . 100 , 206 Markass Car Hire LTD v. Cyprus , 2 July 2002, appl. no. 51591/99 . . . 229 Del Federico v. Italy , 4 July 2002, appl. no. 35991/97 . . . 170 Kalashnikov v. Russia , 15 July 2002, appl. no. 47095/99 . . . 167 Sovtransavto Holding v. Ukraine , 25 July 2002, appl. no. 48553/99 . . . 17 Christine Goodwin v. the United Kingdom , 11 July 2002,

appl. no. 28957/98 . . . 15 , 71 , 132 , 143 Mastromatteo v. Italy , 24 October 2002 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 37703/97 . . . 178 M ü ller v. Switzerland , 5 November 2002, appl. no. 41202/98 . . . 207 Lazzarini and Ghiacci v. Italy , 7 November 2002 (decision),

appl. no. 53749/00 . . . 47 Former King of Greece et al. v. Greece , 23 November 2002

(Grand Chamber), appl. no. 25701/94 . . . 80 , 87 – 88 , 237 Venema v. the Netherlands , 17 December 2002 (just satisfaction),

appl. no. 35731/97 . . . 52 Traore v. France , 17 December 2002, appl. no. 48954/99 . . . 234

2003

Shishkov v. Bulgaria , 9 January 2003, appl. no. 26746/05 . . . 70 , 85 Peck v. the United Kingdom , 28 January 2003, appl. no. 44647/98 . . . 128 Lors é et al. v. the Netherlands , 4 February 2003, appl. no. 52750/99 . . . 35 , 153 Mamatkulov and Abdurasulovic v. Turkey , 6 February 2003,

appl. nos. 46827/99 and 46951/99 . . . 132 Odi è vre v. France , 13 February 2003 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 42326/98 . . . 12 , 14 , 23 Chevrol v. France , 13 February 2003, appl. no. 49636/99 . . . 133

Intersentia List of Cases

xxvi

Brudnicka et al. v. Poland , 3 March 2003, appl. no. 54723/00 . . . 107 Molnarova and Kochanova v. Slovakia , 4 March 2003, appl. no. 44965/98 . . . 179 Petur Th or Sigurdsson v. Iceland , 10 April 2003, appl. no. 39731/98 . . . 234 Akta ş v. Turkey , 24 April 2003, appl. no. 24351/94 . . . 39 , 101 , 103 , 120 , 250 , 273 Sylvester v. Austria , 24 April 2003, appl. nos. 36812/97 and 40104/98 . . . 114 – 115 Kuznetsov v. Ukraine , 29 April 2003, appl. no. 39042/97 . . . 172 Dankevich v. Ukraine , 29 April 2003, appl. no. 40679/98 . . . 167 , 172 McGlinchey et al. v. the United Kingdom , 29 April 2003,

appl. no. 50390/99 . . . 35 , 179 Iglesias Gil and A.U.I. v. Spain , 29 April 2003, appl. no. 56673/00 . . . 218 – 219 Appleby et al. v. the United Kingdom , 6 May 2003, appl. no. 44306/98 . . . 15 , 17 Tepe v. Turkey , 9 May 2003, appl. no. 27244/95 . . . 270 Walston v. Norway (no.1) , 3 June 2003, appl. no. 37372/97 . . . 125 Chalkley v. the United Kingdom , 12 June 2003, appl. no. 63831/00 . . . 147 Pedersen and Baadsgaard v. Denmark , 19 June 2003, appl. no. 49017/99 . . . . 194 , 254 Garaudy v. France , 24 June 2003 (decision), appl. no. 65831/01 . . . 9 , 191 Buff alo S.R.L. IN Liquidation v. Italy , 3 July 2003, appl. no. 38746/97 . . . 289 Sahin v. Germany , 8 July 2003 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 30943/96 . . . 149 Hatton et al. v. the United Kingdom , 8 July 2003 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 36022/97 . . . 14 , 129 Edwards and Lewis v. the United Kingdom , 22 July 2003,

appl. nos. 39647/98 and 40461/98 . . . 216 Y ö yler v. Turkey , 24 July 2003, appl. no. 26973/95 . . . 165 , 247 Smirnova v. Russia , 24 July 2003, appl. nos. 46133/99 and 48183/99 . . . 254 Ryabykh v. Russia , 24 July 2003, appl. no. 52854/99 . . . 103 , 153 Price and Low v. the United Kingdom , 29 July 2003, appl. nos. 43185/98

and 43186/98 . . . 269 Doran v. Ireland , 31 July 2003, appl. no. 50389/99 . . . 35 – 36 , 256 Skawi ń ska v. Poland , 16 September 2003, appl. no. 42096/98 . . . 168 Radio France et al. v. France , 23 September 2003 (decision),

appl. no. 53984/00 . . . 110 Koua Poirrez v. France , 30 September 2003, appl. no. 40892/98 . . . 107 Timofeyev v. Russia , 23 October 2003, appl. no. 58263/00 . . . 103 , 153 Worwa v. Poland , 27 November 2003, appl. no. 26624/95 . . . 180 Peryt v. Poland , 2 December 2003, appl. no. 42042/98 . . . 147 M.C. v. Bulgaria , 4 December 2003, appl. no. 39272/98 . . . 17 – 18 , 52

2004

Tekdag v. Turkey , 15 January 2004, appl. no. 27699/95 . . . 121 Sakkopoulos v. Greece , 15 January 2004, appl. no. 61828/00 . . . 149 Sindicato dos Pilotos de Avia ç ã o Civil v. Portugal ,

29 January 2004 (decision), appl. no. 38176/02 . . . 47 B.B. v. the United Kingdom , 10 February 2004, appl. no. 53760/00 . . . 269

List of Cases

Perez v. France , 12 February 2004 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 47287/99 . . . 285 Ipek v. Turkey , 17 February 2004, appl. no. 25760/94 . . . 103 Calvo v. Italy , 11 March 2004, appl. no. 59636/00 . . . 253 Hirst v. the United Kingdom (no. 2) , 30 March 2004, appl. no. 74025/01 . . . 70 , 94 Tahsin Acar v. Turkey , 8 April 2004 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 26307/95 . . . 221 Assanidze v. Georgia , 8 April 2004 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 71503/01 . . . 72 , 95 , 97 , 152 Haase v. Germany , 8 April 2004, appl. no. 11057/02 . . . 88 , 91 , 238 Cianetti v. Italy , 22 April 2004, appl. no. 55634/00 . . . 149 Politikin v. Poland , 27 April 2004, appl. no. 68930/01 . . . 125 Prodan v. Moldavia , 18 May 2004, appl. no. 49806/99 . . . 70 , 252 Vides Aizsardz ī bas Klubs v. Latvia , 27 May 2004, appl. no. 57829/00 . . . 175 Ciecho ń ska v. Poland , 14 June 2004, appl. no. 19776/04 . . . 55 Broniowski v. Poland , 22 June 2004 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 31443/96 . . . 14 , 183 Aziz v. Cyprus , 22 June 2004, appl. no. 69949/01 . . . 72 Pini et al. v. Romania , 22 June 2004, appl. nos. 78028/01 and 78030/01 . . . 234 Von Hannover v. Germany , 24 June 2004, appl. no. 59320/00 . . . 23 , 266 Voytenko v. Ukraine , 29 June 2004, appl. no. 18966/02 . . . 125 Vo v. France , 8 July 2004 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 53924/00 . . . 47 – 48 Ilascu et al. v. Moldavia and Russia , 8 July 2004 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 48787/99 . . . 72 , 95 , 152 , 279 Pla and Puncernau v. Andorra , 13 July 2004, appl. no. 69498/01 . . . 17 , 21 , 116 Balogh v. Hungary , 20 July 2004, appl. no. 47940/99 . . . 217 Shmalko v. Ukraine , 20 July 2004, appl. no. 60750/00 . . . 125 , 157 Romashov v. Ukraine , 27 July 2004, appl. no. 67534/01 . . . 125 , 157 Ikincisoy v. Turkey , 27 July 2004, appl. no. 26144/95 . . . 270 Edwards and Lewis v. the United Kingdom , 27 October 2004

(Grand Chamber), appl. nos. 39647/98 and 40461/98 . . . 216 Taskin et al. v. Turkey , 10 November 2004, appl. no. 46117/99 . . . 123 Musci v. Italy , 10 November 2004, appl. no. 64699/01 . . . 248 Ernestina Zullo v. Italy , 10 November 2004, appl. no. 64897/01 . . . 248 , 282 Selisto v. Finland , 16 November 2004, appl. no. 56767/00 . . . 194 – 196 Moreno Gomez v. Spain , 16 November 2004, appl. no. 4143/02 . . . 17 , 23 Wasserman v. Russia (no.1) , 18 November 2004, appl. no. 15021/02 . . . 70 Ö neryildiz v. Turkey , 30 November 2004 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 48939/99 . . . 16 , 45 , 48 , 119 , 178 , 248 , 250 , 285 Mykhaylenky et al. v. Ukraine , 30 November 2004, appl. nos. 35091/02,

35196/02, 35201/02, 35204/02, 35945/02, 35949/02, 35953/02,

36800/02, 38296/02 and 42814/02 . . . 168 – 169 Mascolo v. Italy , 16 December 2004, appl. no. 68792/01 . . . 52 Cumpana and Mazare v. Romania , 17 December 2004

(Grand Chamber), appl. no. 33348/96 . . . 23 , 194 Makaratzis v. Greece , 20 December 2004 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 50385/99 . . . 178 , 256 Busuioc v. Moldavia , 21 December 2004, appl. no. 61513/00 . . . 207 Merger and Cros v. France , 22 December 2004, appl. no. 68864/01 . . . 161

Intersentia List of Cases

xxviii 2005

Mayzit v. Russia , 20 January 2005, appl. no. 63378/00 . . . 106 , 120 , 154 Steel and Morris v. the United Kingdom , 15 February 2005,

appl. no. 68416/01 . . . 62 , 174 , 287 Novoseletskiy v. Russia , 22 February 2005, appl. no. 47148/99 . . . 15 Sharenok v. Ukraine , 22 February 2005, appl. no. 35087/02 . . . 168 Enhorn v. Sweden , 25 January 2005, appl. no. 56529/00 . . . 132 Khachiev and Akaieva v. Russia , 24 February 2005, appl. nos. 57942/00

and 57945/00 . . . 47 , 70 Bone v. France , 1 March 2005 (decision), appl. no. 69869/01 . . . 15 , 220 Bubbins v. the United Kingdom , 17 March 2005, appl. no. 50196/99 . . . 40 Akkum et al. v. Turkey , 24 March 2005 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 21986/93 . . . 214 Makri et al. v. Greece , 24 March 2005 (decision), appl. no. 5977/03 . . . 119 Shamayev et al. v. Georgia and Russia , 12 April 2005, appl. no. 36378/02 . . . 275 Lo Tufo v. Italy , 21 April 2005, appl. no. 64663/01 . . . 52 , 222 Z. et al. v. the United Kingdom , 10 May 2005 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 29392/95 . . . 19 , 39 , 45 , 115 , 134 – 135 , 250 , 257 , 274 Ö calan v. Turkey , 12 May 2005 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 46221/99 . . . 72 , 95 Buzescu v. Romania , 24 May 2005, appl. no. 61302/00 . . . 105 , 208 , 248 , 250 Wolfmeyer v. Austria , 26 May 2005, appl. no. 5263/03 . . . 65 , 144 Koku v. Turkey , 31 May 2005, appl. no. 27305/95 . . . 15 – 16 Claes et al. v. Belgium , 2 June 2005, appl. nos. 46825/99, 49716/99,

49104/99, 47132/99, 47502/99, 49010/99 and 49195/99 . . . 97 , 238 Fadeyeva v. Russia , 9 June 2005, appl. no. 55723/00 . . . 101 , 129 Krasuski v. Poland , 14 June 2005, appl. no. 61444/00 . . . 36 Independent news and media and Independent newspapers

Ireland v. Ireland , 16 June 2005, appl. no. 55120/00 . . . 61 Milatova et al. v. the Czech Republic , 21 June 2005,

appl. no. 61811/00 . . . 125 , 158 , 233 Nachova et al. v. Bulgaria , 6 July 2005 (Grand Chamber),

appl. nos. 43577/98 and 43579/98 . . . 102 , 250 Strain et al. v. Romania , 21 July 2005, appl. no. 57001/00 . . . 72 , 93 , 152 , 248 Siliadin v. France , 26 July 2005, appl. no. 73316/01 . . . 19 , 125 , 158 Tanis et al. v. Turkey , 2 August 2005, appl. no. 65899/01 . . . 39 , 132 Vasyagin v. Russia , 22 September 2005, appl. no. 75475/01 . . . 103 , 153 Amat-G Ltd and Mebaghishvili v. Georgia , 27 September 2005,

appl. no. 2507/03 . . . 172 Mathew v. the Netherlands , 29 September 2005, appl. no. 24919/03 . . . 206 , 279 Becciev v. Moldavia , 4 October 2005, appl. no. 9190/03 . . . 85 Gisela M ü ller v. Germany , 6 October 2005, appl. no. 69584/01 . . . 147 Hirst v. the United Kingdom (no.2) , 6 October 2005 (Grand Chamber),

appl. no. 74025/01 . . . 72 Savitchi v. Moldavia , 11 October 2005, appl. no. 11039/02 . . . 194 Gongadze v. Ukraine , 8 November 2005, appl. no. 34056/02 . . . 43 , 121

List of Cases

Kozarov v. the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia , 10 November 2005

(decision), appl. no. 64229/01 . . . 220

Bocos-cuesta v. the Netherlands , 10 November 2005, appl. no. 54789/00 . . . 80 , 95 Paduraru v. Romania , 1 December 2005, appl. no. 63252/00 . . . 183

Storck v. Germany , 16 June 2005, appl. no. 61603/00 . . . 105

2006

Swiersko v. Poland , 10 January 2006, appl. no. 9013/02 . . . 150

Mizzi v. Malta , 12 January 2006, appl. no. 26111/02 . . . 23

Aoulmi v. France , 17 January 2006, appl. no. 50278/99 . . . 132

Popov v. Moldavia , 17 January 2006 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 74153/01 . . . 253

Vodopyanovy v. Ukraine , 17 January 2006, appl. no. 22214/02 . . . 170

Lungoci v. Romania , 26 January 2006, appl. no. 62710/00 . . . 100

Iovchev v. Bulgaria , 2 February 2006, appl. no. 41211/98 . . . 34

Bic et al. v. Turkey , 2 February 2006, appl. no. 55955/00 . . . 119

Yayan v. Turkey , 2 February 2006, appl. no. 66848/01 . . . 103 , 153 – 154 Levin v. Russia , 2 February 2006, appl. no. 33264/02 . . . 85

Debono v. Malta , 7 February 2006, appl. no. 34539/02 . . . 149

Sejdovic v. Turkey , 1 March 2006 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 56581/00 . . . 95 , 265 Erikan Bulut v. Turkey , 2 March 2006, appl. no. 51480/99 . . . 15 – 16 Dolgova v. Russia , 2 March 2006, appl. no. 11886/05 . . . 257

Melnik v. Ukraine , 28 March 2006, appl. no. 72286/01 . . . 190

Scordino v. Italy (no.1) , 29 March 2006 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 36813/97 . . . 37 – 38 , 71 , 80 , 93 , 273 , 279 Ernestina Zullo v. Italy , 29 March 2006 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 64897/01 . . . 70

Corsacov v. Moldavia , 4 April 2006, appl. no. 18944/02 . . . 257

Stradovnik v. Slovenia , 13 April 2006, appl. no. 24784/02 . . . 282

Stoll v. Switzerland , 25 April 2006, appl. no. 69698/01 . . . 194

Pereira Henriques v. Luxemburg , 9 May 2006, appl. no. 60255/00 . . . 39 , 120 Lungu v. Moldavia , 9 May 2006, appl. no. 3021/02 . . . 257

Dulskiy v. Ukraine , 1 June 2006, appl. no. 61679/00 . . . 192

Magherini v. Italy , 1 June 2006, appl. no. 69143/01 . . . 52

S ü rmeli v. Germany , 8 June 2006 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 75529/01 . . . 35 – 37 , 96 , 224 Kostovska v. the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia , 15 June 2006, appl. no. 44353/02 . . . 257

Hutten-Czapska v. Poland , 19 June 2006 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 35014/97 . . . 183 , 257 Byrzykowski v. Poland , 27 June 2006, appl. no. 11562/05 . . . 48

Nold v. Germany , 29 June 2006, appl. no. 27250/02 . . . 190

Zarb v. Malta , 4 July 2006, appl. no. 17209/02 . . . 70

Salah v. the Netherlands , 6 July 2006, appl. no. 8196/02 . . . 84 , 248 Sylla v. the Netherlands , 6 July 2006, appl. no. 14683/03 . . . 93

Intersentia List of Cases

xxx

Lupsa v. Romania , 8 July 2006, appl. no. 10337/04 . . . 249

Jalloh v. Germany , 11 July 2006 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 54810/00 . . . 85

Popov v. Russia , 13 July 2006, appl. no. 26853/04 . . . 279

Stork v. Germany , 13 July 2006, appl. no. 38033/02 . . . 147

Bazorkina v. Russia , 27 July 2006, appl. no. 69481/01 . . . 121

Kanayev v. Russia , 27 July 2006, appl. no. 43726/02 . . . 137

Iosub Caras v. Romania , 27 July 2006, appl. no. 7198/04 . . . 115

Ermicev v. Moldavia , 8 August 2006, appl. no. 42288/02 . . . 253

Yanakiev v. Bulgaria , 10 August 2006, appl. no. 40476/98 . . . 100

Nierojewska v. Poland , 22 August 2006, appl. no. 77835/01 . . . 181

Beshiri et al. v. Albania , 22 August 2006, appl. no. 7352/03 . . . 249 , 279 Biszta v. Poland , 12 September 2006, appl. no. 4922/02 . . . 285

Monnat v. Switzerland , 21 September 2006, appl. no. 73604/01 . . . 125 , 158 Wainwright v. the United Kingdom , 26 September 2006, appl. no. 12350/04 . . . 128

Fleri Soler and Camilleri v. Malta , 26 September 2006, appl. no. 35349/05 . . . 183

Lickov v. the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia , 28 September 2006, appl. no. 38202/02 . . . 179

Moskow Branch of the Salvation Army v. Russia , 5 October 2006, appl. no. 72881/01 . . . 125

Estamirov et al. v. Russia , 12 October 2006, appl. no. 60272/00 . . . 214

Mubilanzila, Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v. Belgium , 12 October 2006, appl. no. 13178/03 . . . 121 , 257 Okkali v. Turkey , 17 October 2006, appl. no. 52067/99 . . . 52

Hermi v. Italy , 18 October 2006 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 18114/02 . . . 264 – 265 Central Mediterranean Development Corporation Limited v. Malta , 24 October 2006, appl. no. 35829/03 . . . 70

Holomiov v. Moldova , 7 November 2006, appl. no. 30649/05 . . . 253

Luluyev et al. v. Russia , 9 November 2006, appl. no. 69480/01 . . . 43

Krone Verlags GMBH and CO KG v. Austria (no.4) , 9 November 2006, appl. no. 72331/01 . . . 196

Imakayeva v. Russia , 9 November 2006, appl. no. 7615/02 . . . 132 , 214 Belukha v. Poland , 9 November 2006, appl. no. 33949/02 . . . 192

Melinte v. Romania , 9 November 2006, appl. no. 43247/02 . . . 132

Solarova et al. v. Slovakia , 5 December 2006, appl. no. 77690/01 . . . 70

G ü l et al. v. Turkey , 5 December 2006 (decision), appl. no. 956/02 . . . 119

Ivanov v. Ukraine , 7 December 2006, appl. no. 15007/02 . . . 192

Ö sterreichischer Rundfunk v. Austria , 7 December 2006, appl. no. 35841/02 . . . . 110

2007

Fener Rum Erkek Lisesi Vakf ı v. Turkey , 9 January 2007, appl. no. 34478/97 . . . 247

Mamidakis v. Greece , 11 January 2007, appl. no. 35533/04 . . . 289

Herbst v. Germany , 11 January 2007, appl. no. 20027/02 . . . 35 , 37 – 38 , 225 Russian Conservative Party of Entrepreneurs et al. v. Russia , 11 January 2007, appl. nos. 55066/00 and 55638/00 . . . 108

Sisojeva et al. v. Latvia , 15 January 2007, appl. no. 60654/00 . . . 76

List of Cases

Zav ř el v. Th e Czech Republic , 18 January 2007, appl. no. 14044/05 . . . 133

Boczon v. Poland , 30 January 2007, appl. no. 66079/01 . . . 192

Wieser v. Austria , 22 February 2007, appl. no. 2293/03 . . . 167

Tonsbergs Blad AS and Haukom v. Norway , 1 March 2007, appl. no. 510/04 . . . 196

Salah v. the Netherlands , 8 March 2007 (just satisfaction), appl. no. 8196/02 . . . 84

Tarariyeva v. Russia , 14 March 2007, appl. no. 4353/03 . . . 47

Karacay v. Turkey , 27 March 2007, appl. no. 6615/03 . . . 153

Baysayeva v. Russia , 5 April 2007, appl. no. 74237/01 . . . 160

Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia , 5 April 2007, appl. no. 18147/02 . . . 125

Evans v. the United Kingdom , 10 April 2007 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 6339/05 . . . 12 , 23 Hajdukovich v. Croatia , 12 April 2007, appl. no. 38303/02 . . . 70

Vilho Eskelinen et al. v. Finland , 19 April 2007 (Grand Chamber), appl. no. 63235/00 . . . 36

Gebremedhin v. France , 26 April 2007, appl. no. 25389/05 . . . 34 , 132 Dumitru Popescu v. Romania (no.2) , 26 April 2007, appl. no. 71525/01 . . . 132

Grzin č i č v. Slovenia , 3 May 2007, appl. no. 26867/02 . . . 35

Pasanec v. Croatia , 3 May 2007, appl. no. 41567/02 . . . 70

Skugor v. Germany , 10 May 2007, appl. no. 76680/01 . . . 35

Akhmadova and Sadulayeva v. Russia , 10 May 2007, appl. no. 40464/02 . . . . 132 , 214 Paudicio v. Italy , 24 May 2007, appl. no. 77606/01 . . . 93

Milasinovic v. Croatia , 24 May 2007, appl. no. 41751/02 . . . 70

Grande Oriente D ’ Italia de Palazzo Giustiniani v. Italy (no.2) , 31 May 2007, appl. no. 35972/97 . . . 153

Kontrov á v. Slovakia , 31 May 2007, appl. no. 7510/04 . . . 15 – 16 , 40 Gorelishvili v. Georgia , 5 June 2007, appl. no. 12979/04 . . . 194

Dupuis et al. v. France , 7 June 2007, appl. no. 1914/02 . . . 194

Baybasin v. the Netherlands , 7 June 2007, appl. no. 13600/02 . . . 248

Igor Ivanov v. Russia , 7 June 2007, appl. no. 34000/02 . . . 106 , 120 , 154 Pridatchenko et al. v. Russia , 21 June 2007, appl. nos. 2191/03, 3104/03, 16094/03 and 24486/03 . . . 259

Sara Lind Eggertsdottir v. Iceland , 5 July 2007, appl. no. 31930/04 . . . 229

Cruz de Carvalho v. Portugal , 10 July 2007, appl. no. 18223/04 . . . 153

Paladi v. Moldavia , 10 July 2007, appl. no. 39806/05 . . . 85

Magomadov and Magomadov v. Russia , 12 July 2007, appl. no. 68004/01 . . . 121

Jevremovi ć v. Serbia , 17 July 2007, appl. no. 3150/05 . . . 168

Rusu et al. v. Romania , 19 July 2007, appl. no. 4198/04 . . . 72 , 93 , 152 , 249 Cobzaru v. Romania , 26 July 2007, appl. no. 48254/99 . . . 102

Sidorenko v. Russia , 26 July 2007, appl. no. 4459/03 . . . 103 , 154 Walchli v. France , 26 July 2007, appl. no. 35787/03 . . . 128

Jakupovic v. Croatia , 31 July 2007, appl. no. 12419/04 . . . 70

Kucheruk v. Ukraine , 6 September 2007, appl. no. 2570/04 . . . 121

Hadrabova v. Th e Czech Republic , 25 September 2007 (decision), appl. nos. 42165/02 and 466/03 . . . 190

Ilic v. Serbia , 9 October 2007, appl. no. 30132/04 . . . 72 , 153 Ž uni č v. Slovenia , 18 October 2007 (decision), appl. no. 24342/04 . . . 36

Husic v. Croatia , 25 October 2007, appl. no. 14878/04 . . . 70