Taking the child's perspective
Bouma, Helen
DOI:
10.33612/diss.97960770
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Publication date: 2019
Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database
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Bouma, H. (2019). Taking the child's perspective: exploring children's needs and participation in the Dutch child protection system. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.97960770
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Processed on: 17-9-2019 PDF page: 151PDF page: 151PDF page: 151PDF page: 151 To conclude, it is essential to consider that the child’s perception should always be the
starting point in the protection of children. Children’s perceptions can differ from adults’ views and intentions. For instance, children’s time perceptions differ from adults’ (CRC, 2013) and children and professionals can have different experiences whether children have been listened to (Bell, 2011). Furthermore, perceptions from children in child protection could differ from the perspectives of children who are not involved in child protection. For children in child protection, who could for example have less trust in adults, it can be extra important that professionals make the child aware that they care about how the child is feeling, and that they are really motivated and dedicated to help (Van Gemert, 2019). Moreover, it is necessary to realise that every child has their own unique perceptions, views and experiences. This all together underlines that it is essential to dialogue with children about what is important to them and to check continuously whether, despite the best intentions of the professional, they experience that their needs are truly met.
Addendum
References
Summary
Samenvatting
About the author
List of publications
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NPM 2017: Nationale prevalentiestudie mishandeling van jeugdigen. [NPM 2017: National
prevalence study maltreatment of children] The Hague: WODC
Alpert, L.T. (2005). Research Review: Parents’ service experience – a missing element in research on foster care outcomes. Child & Family Social Work, 10(4), 361-366. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2005.00387.x
Arbeiter, E., & Toros, K. (2017). Parental engagement in child protection assessment: A qualitative analysis of worker and parent perspectives. International Social Work, 60(6), 1469-1481. doi:10.1177/0020872817706409
Archard, D., & Skivenes, M. (2009). Hearing the child. Child & Family Social Work, 14, 391-399. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2008.00606.x
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative
Research, 1(3), 385-405. doi:10.1177/146879410100100307
Ayala-Nunes, L., Jiménez, L., Hidalgo, V., & Jesus, S. (2014). Family feedback in child welfare services: A systematic review of measures. Children and Youth Services Review, 44, 299-306. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.07.004
Baarda, D.B., De Goede, M.P.M., & Van der Meer-Middelburg, A.G.E. (2007). Basisboek
interviewen. Handleiding voor het voorbereiden en afnemen van interviews [Basic book
interviewing. Guide for preparing and conducting interviews]. Groningen/Utrecht, The Netherlands: Noordhoff Uitgevers B.V.
Baeten, P. (2014). VNG-model Handelingsprotocol voor het Advies- en Meldpunt Huiselijk Geweld
en Kindermishandeling ‘Veilig Thuis’ [VNG Model Protocol for the Advice and Reporting
Centre for Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment]. The Hague: VNG.
Balsells, M.A., Fuentes Peláez, N., & Pastor, C. (2017). Listening to the voices of children in decision-making: A challenge for the child protection system in Spain. Children and Youth
Services Review, 79, 418-425. doi:10.1016/jchildyouth.2017.06.055
Bell, M. (2002). Promoting children’s rights through the use of relationship. Child & Family Social
Work, 7(1), 1-11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2206.2002.00225.x
Bell, M. (2011). Promoting children’s rights in social work and social care. A guide to participatory
practice. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Medicine, 87(4), 545. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e31824fbc8a.
Berrick, J.D., Dickens, D., Pösö, T., & Skivenes, M. (2015). Children’s involvement in care-order decision-making: A cross-country analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 49, 128-141. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.07.001
Boelhouwer, M.D., Aukens, N., & Loykens, E.H.M. (2019). Samen1Plan: effectief en efficiënt samenwerken in zorgtrajecten voor gezinnen met meervoudige en complexe problemen. [Together one plan: effective and efficient collaboration in care trajectories for families with multiple and complex problems] In J. Knot-Dickscheit & E.J. Knorth (Eds.), Gezinnen met
meervoudige en complexe problemen: Theorie en praktijk [Families with multiple and
complex problems: Theory and practice] (pp. 169-188). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Lemniscaat.
Bonnet, R. (2016). De kleine gids kindermishandeling: Achtergronden, signaleren en de meldcode. [The brief guide child maltreatment: Backgrounds, identifying and the reporting code]. Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands: Kluwer (fourth edition).
Bouma, H., Grietens, H., Knorth, E.J., & López López, M. (2017). Betekenisvolle participatie van
kinderen in de jeugdbescherming. Inzicht in het concept en verankering in het Nederlandse jeugdbeschermingsbeleid. [Meaningful participation of children in child protection. Insight
into this concept and embedding in Dutch child protection policy]. Groningen, The Netherlands: University of Groningen.
Bouma, H., López López, M., Knorth, E.J., & Grietens, H. (2018). Meaningful participation for children in the Dutch child protection system: A critical analysis of relevant provisions in policy documents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 79, 279-292. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.016 Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Buckley, H., Carr, N., & Whelan, S. (2011). ‘Like walking on eggshells’: service user views and expectations of the child protection system. Child & Family Social Work, 16, 101-100. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2010.00718.x
Cardol, G. (2012). Kinderrechtenverdrag in de praktijk. Handleiding voor de jeugdprofessional. [Convention of the rights of the child in practice: Guideline for the professional]. Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands: Kluwer.
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References
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NPM 2017: Nationale prevalentiestudie mishandeling van jeugdigen. [NPM 2017: National
prevalence study maltreatment of children] The Hague: WODC
Alpert, L.T. (2005). Research Review: Parents’ service experience – a missing element in research on foster care outcomes. Child & Family Social Work, 10(4), 361-366. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2005.00387.x
Arbeiter, E., & Toros, K. (2017). Parental engagement in child protection assessment: A qualitative analysis of worker and parent perspectives. International Social Work, 60(6), 1469-1481. doi:10.1177/0020872817706409
Archard, D., & Skivenes, M. (2009). Hearing the child. Child & Family Social Work, 14, 391-399. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2008.00606.x
Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic networks: An analytic tool for qualitative research. Qualitative
Research, 1(3), 385-405. doi:10.1177/146879410100100307
Ayala-Nunes, L., Jiménez, L., Hidalgo, V., & Jesus, S. (2014). Family feedback in child welfare services: A systematic review of measures. Children and Youth Services Review, 44, 299-306. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.07.004
Baarda, D.B., De Goede, M.P.M., & Van der Meer-Middelburg, A.G.E. (2007). Basisboek
interviewen. Handleiding voor het voorbereiden en afnemen van interviews [Basic book
interviewing. Guide for preparing and conducting interviews]. Groningen/Utrecht, The Netherlands: Noordhoff Uitgevers B.V.
Baeten, P. (2014). VNG-model Handelingsprotocol voor het Advies- en Meldpunt Huiselijk Geweld
en Kindermishandeling ‘Veilig Thuis’ [VNG Model Protocol for the Advice and Reporting
Centre for Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment]. The Hague: VNG.
Balsells, M.A., Fuentes Peláez, N., & Pastor, C. (2017). Listening to the voices of children in decision-making: A challenge for the child protection system in Spain. Children and Youth
Services Review, 79, 418-425. doi:10.1016/jchildyouth.2017.06.055
Bell, M. (2002). Promoting children’s rights through the use of relationship. Child & Family Social
Work, 7(1), 1-11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2206.2002.00225.x
Bell, M. (2011). Promoting children’s rights in social work and social care. A guide to participatory
practice. London, UK: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
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Boelhouwer, M.D., Aukens, N., & Loykens, E.H.M. (2019). Samen1Plan: effectief en efficiënt samenwerken in zorgtrajecten voor gezinnen met meervoudige en complexe problemen. [Together one plan: effective and efficient collaboration in care trajectories for families with multiple and complex problems] In J. Knot-Dickscheit & E.J. Knorth (Eds.), Gezinnen met
meervoudige en complexe problemen: Theorie en praktijk [Families with multiple and
complex problems: Theory and practice] (pp. 169-188). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Lemniscaat.
Bonnet, R. (2016). De kleine gids kindermishandeling: Achtergronden, signaleren en de meldcode. [The brief guide child maltreatment: Backgrounds, identifying and the reporting code]. Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands: Kluwer (fourth edition).
Bouma, H., Grietens, H., Knorth, E.J., & López López, M. (2017). Betekenisvolle participatie van
kinderen in de jeugdbescherming. Inzicht in het concept en verankering in het Nederlandse jeugdbeschermingsbeleid. [Meaningful participation of children in child protection. Insight
into this concept and embedding in Dutch child protection policy]. Groningen, The Netherlands: University of Groningen.
Bouma, H., López López, M., Knorth, E.J., & Grietens, H. (2018). Meaningful participation for children in the Dutch child protection system: A critical analysis of relevant provisions in policy documents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 79, 279-292. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.02.016 Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in
Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Buckley, H., Carr, N., & Whelan, S. (2011). ‘Like walking on eggshells’: service user views and expectations of the child protection system. Child & Family Social Work, 16, 101-100. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2010.00718.x
Cardol, G. (2012). Kinderrechtenverdrag in de praktijk. Handleiding voor de jeugdprofessional. [Convention of the rights of the child in practice: Guideline for the professional]. Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands: Kluwer.
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staff. Child & Family Social Work, 12(2), 133 – 142. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00451.x Conradi, L., & Hossler, J. (2018). Training the child welfare workforce on trauma-informed principles and practices. In V.C. Strand & G. Sprang (Eds.). Trauma responsive child
welfare systems (pp. 285-298). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
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Work, 103-112. doi:10.1111/cfs.12115
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CRC (2013). General comment no. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests
taken as a primary consideration (art. 3, para 1). Geneva: United Nations.
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Review, 13(2), 137-157. doi:10.1002/car837
Davies, J., & Wright, J. (2008). Children’s voices: A review of the literature pertinent to looked-after children’s views of mental health services. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(1), 26-31. doi:10.1111 /j.1475-3588.2007.00458.x
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parenting support: importance and associated factors. PhD Thesis Radboud University
Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Challenging understandings in theory and practice (pp. 49-62). Abingdon, UK / New York,
NY: Routledge – Taylor & Francis Group (second, re-issued edition).
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kindermishandeling [Treatment of the consequences of child maltreatment]. The Hague:
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Ghaffar, W., Manby, M., & Race, T. (2012). Exploring the experiences of parents and carers whose children have been subject to child protection plans. British Journal of Social Work, 42(5), 887-905. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr13
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Cashmore, J. (2002). Promoting the participation of children and young people in care. Child Abuse
& Neglect, 26, 837-847. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00353-8
Charles, A. & Haines, K. (2014). Measuring young people’s participation in decision-making. What young people say. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 22, 641-659. doi:10.1163/15718182-55680022
Clarijs, R. (2014). Jeugdhulp en jeugdbeleid. Lokale zorg voor kinderen na 2015. [Youth support and youth policy. Local support for children after 2015]. Amsterdam: SWP Publishers. Colton, M., & Roberts, S. (2006). Factors that contribute to high turnover among residential care
staff. Child & Family Social Work, 12(2), 133 – 142. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00451.x Conradi, L., & Hossler, J. (2018). Training the child welfare workforce on trauma-informed principles and practices. In V.C. Strand & G. Sprang (Eds.). Trauma responsive child
welfare systems (pp. 285-298). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
Cossar, J., Brandon, M., & Jordan, P. (2014). ‘You’ve got to trust her and she’s got to trust you’: children’s views on participation in the child protection system. Child & Family Social
Work, 103-112. doi:10.1111/cfs.12115
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taken as a primary consideration (art. 3, para 1). Geneva: United Nations.
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Review, 13(2), 137-157. doi:10.1002/car837
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parenting support: importance and associated factors. PhD Thesis Radboud University
Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
De Winter, M. (2018). The century of the participating child. In E.J. Knorth, P.M. van den Bergh, & F. Verheij (Eds.), Professionalization and participation in child and youth care.
Challenging understandings in theory and practice (pp. 49-62). Abingdon, UK / New York,
NY: Routledge – Taylor & Francis Group (second, re-issued edition).
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Towards a theory of motivational social work. Child & Family Social Work, 17, 118-129. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00837.x
Fratto, C.M. (2016). Trauma-informed care for youth in foster care. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing,
30, 439-446. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2016.01.007
Gallagher, M., Smith, M., Hardy, M., & Wilkinson, H. (2012). Children and families’ involvement in social work decision making. Children & Society, 26, 74-85. doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2011.00409.x
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kindermishandeling [Treatment of the consequences of child maltreatment]. The Hague:
Author.
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Husby, I.S.D., Slettebø, T., & Juul, R. (2018). Partnership with children in child welfare: The importance of trust and pedagogical support. Child & Family Social Work, 23, 443-450. doi:10.1111/cfs.12435
Jobe, A., & Gorin, S. (2013). ‘If kids don’t feel safe they don’t do anything’: Young people’s views on seeking and receiving help from Children’s Social Care Services in England. Child &
Family Social Work, 1-10. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00862.x
Johnston, J.R. (1994). High-conflict divorce. The Future of Children, 4(1), 165-182.
Jones, A.S., LaLiberte, T., & Piescher, K.N. (2015). Defining and strengthening children’s well-being in child protection. Children and Youth Services Review, 54, 57-70. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.05.001
Juffer, F. (2010). Beslissingen over kinderen in problematische opvoedingssituaties: inzichten uit
gehechtheidsonderzoek. [Decisions about children in problematic child rearing situations:
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Voorwaarden voor ontwikkeling vanuit een pedagogisch perspectief [The best interests of
the child in Dutch legislation. Conditions for development from a pedagogical perspective]. Amsterdam: SWP Publishers.
535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma Processed on: 17-9-2019 Processed on: 17-9-2019 Processed on: 17-9-2019
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Kennan, D., Brady, B., & Forkan, C. (2018). Space, voice, audience and influence: The Lundy model of participation (2007) in child welfare practice. Practice, Social Work in Action, 31(3), 205-218. doi:10.1080/09503153.2018.1483494
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Knorth, E.J., Van den Bergh, P.M., & Verheij, F. (2018). Professionalization and participation in child and youth care: two sides of one coin? In E.J. Knorth, P.M. van den Bergh, & F. Verheij (Eds.). Professionalization and participatoin in child and youth care: Challenging
understandings in theory and practice (pp. 1-23). Abingdon, UK / New York, NY:
Routledge – Taylor & Francis Group (second, re-issued edition).
Križ, K., & Roundtree-Swain, D. (2017). “We are merchandise on a conveyer belt”: How young adults in the public child protection system perceive their participation in decisions about their care. Children and Youth Services Review, 78, 32-40. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.05.001
Križ, K., & Skivenes, M. (2017). Child welfare workers’ perceptions of children’s participation: A comparative study of England, Norway and the USA (California). Child & Family Social
Work, 22(2), 11-22. doi:10.1111/cfs.12224
Leeson, C. (2007). My life in care: Experiences of non-participation in decision-making processes.
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López López, M., Bouma, H., Knorth, E.J., & Grietens, H. (2018). The Dutch child protection system: Historical overview and recent transformations. In L. Merkel-Holguin, J.D. Fluke, & R.D. Krugman (Eds.), National systems of child protection: Understanding the
international variability and context for developing policy and practice. Cham (ZG),
Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG.
Lundy, L. (2007). ‘Voice’ is not enough: Conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. British Educational Research Journal, 33(6), 927-942. doi:10.1080/01411920701657033
Lundy, L., McEvoy, L., & Byrne, B. (2011). Working with young children as co-researchers: An approach informed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Early
Education and Development, 22(5), 714-736. doi:10.1080/10409289.2011.596463
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system for implementing organizations of Child Protection and Juvenile Rehabilitation version 2.0]. The Hague: Author.
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Huiselijk Geweld en Kindermishandeling [Basic Model for the Compulsory Reporting Code
Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment]. The Hague: Author.
Ministerie van VWS [Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport] (2016). Basismodel Meldcode
Huiselijk Geweld en Kindermishandeling. Geactualiseerde versie 2016. [Basic Model for
the Compulsory Reporting Code Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment. Updated version 2016]. The Hague: Author.
Morris, K. (2012). Thinking family? The complexities for family engagement in care and protection.
British Journal of Social Work, 42(5), 906-920. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr116
Morris, K., Brandon, M., & Tudor, P. (2013). Rights, responsibilities and pragmatic practice: Family participation in case reviews. Child Abuse Review, 24, 198-209. doi:10.1002/car.2272 Mortelmans, D. (2011). Kwalitatieve analyse met Nvivo. [Qualitative analysis with Nvivo]. Leuven,
Belgium: Acco.
Muench, K., Diaz, C. & Wright, R. (2017). Children and parent participation in child protection conferences: A study in one English local authority. Child Care in Practice, 23(1), 49-63. doi:10.1080/13575279.2015.1126227
Munro, E.R., & Ward, H. (2008). Balancing parents’ and very young children’s rights in care proceedings: Decision-making in the context of the Human Rights Act 1998. Child & Family
535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma Processed on: 17-9-2019 Processed on: 17-9-2019 Processed on: 17-9-2019
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Keddell, E. (2018). The vulnerable child in neoliberal contexts: The construction of children in the Aotearoa New Zealand child protection reforms. Childhood, 25(1), 93-108. doi:10.1177/0907568217727591
Kennan, D., Brady, B., & Forkan, C. (2018). Space, voice, audience and influence: The Lundy model of participation (2007) in child welfare practice. Practice, Social Work in Action, 31(3), 205-218. doi:10.1080/09503153.2018.1483494
Kinderombudsman [Child Ombudsman] (2016) Als je het ons vraagt. Kinderrechtentour 2016 [If you ask us. Children’s Rights Tour 2016]. The Hague: Author.
Knorth, E.J., Van den Bergh, P.M., & Verheij, F. (2018). Professionalization and participation in child and youth care: two sides of one coin? In E.J. Knorth, P.M. van den Bergh, & F. Verheij (Eds.). Professionalization and participatoin in child and youth care: Challenging
understandings in theory and practice (pp. 1-23). Abingdon, UK / New York, NY:
Routledge – Taylor & Francis Group (second, re-issued edition).
Križ, K., & Roundtree-Swain, D. (2017). “We are merchandise on a conveyer belt”: How young adults in the public child protection system perceive their participation in decisions about their care. Children and Youth Services Review, 78, 32-40. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.05.001
Križ, K., & Skivenes, M. (2017). Child welfare workers’ perceptions of children’s participation: A comparative study of England, Norway and the USA (California). Child & Family Social
Work, 22(2), 11-22. doi:10.1111/cfs.12224
Leeson, C. (2007). My life in care: Experiences of non-participation in decision-making processes.
Child & Family Social Work, 12(3), 268-277. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2007.00499.x
López López, M., Bouma, H., Knorth, E.J., & Grietens, H. (2018). The Dutch child protection system: Historical overview and recent transformations. In L. Merkel-Holguin, J.D. Fluke, & R.D. Krugman (Eds.), National systems of child protection: Understanding the
international variability and context for developing policy and practice. Cham (ZG),
Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG.
Lundy, L. (2007). ‘Voice’ is not enough: Conceptualising Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. British Educational Research Journal, 33(6), 927-942. doi:10.1080/01411920701657033
Lundy, L., McEvoy, L., & Byrne, B. (2011). Working with young children as co-researchers: An approach informed by the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Early
Education and Development, 22(5), 714-736. doi:10.1080/10409289.2011.596463
Maslow, A.H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370-296. doi:10.1037/h0054346
Mason, J. (2008). À children’s standpoint: Needs in out-of-home care. Children & Society, 22, 358-369. doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2007.00115.x
Memorie van Toelichting Jeugdwet [Explanatory Memorandum Youth Act] (2013). Retrieved from: http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten-
enpublicaties/kamerstukken/2013/07/01/memorie-van-toelichting-bij-de-jeugdwet.html. Ministerie van V&J [Ministry of Security and Justice] (2016). Certificatieschema voor toetsing van
het kwaliteitsmanagementsysteem van uitvoerende organisaties voor Jeugdbescherming en Jeugdreclassering versie 2.0 [Certification scheme for assessing the quality management
system for implementing organizations of Child Protection and Juvenile Rehabilitation version 2.0]. The Hague: Author.
Ministerie van VWS [Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport] (2013). Basismodel Meldcode
Huiselijk Geweld en Kindermishandeling [Basic Model for the Compulsory Reporting Code
Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment]. The Hague: Author.
Ministerie van VWS [Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport] (2016). Basismodel Meldcode
Huiselijk Geweld en Kindermishandeling. Geactualiseerde versie 2016. [Basic Model for
the Compulsory Reporting Code Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment. Updated version 2016]. The Hague: Author.
Morris, K. (2012). Thinking family? The complexities for family engagement in care and protection.
British Journal of Social Work, 42(5), 906-920. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr116
Morris, K., Brandon, M., & Tudor, P. (2013). Rights, responsibilities and pragmatic practice: Family participation in case reviews. Child Abuse Review, 24, 198-209. doi:10.1002/car.2272 Mortelmans, D. (2011). Kwalitatieve analyse met Nvivo. [Qualitative analysis with Nvivo]. Leuven,
Belgium: Acco.
Muench, K., Diaz, C. & Wright, R. (2017). Children and parent participation in child protection conferences: A study in one English local authority. Child Care in Practice, 23(1), 49-63. doi:10.1080/13575279.2015.1126227
Munro, E.R., & Ward, H. (2008). Balancing parents’ and very young children’s rights in care proceedings: Decision-making in the context of the Human Rights Act 1998. Child & Family
535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma Processed on: 17-9-2019 Processed on: 17-9-2019 Processed on: 17-9-2019
Processed on: 17-9-2019 PDF page: 160PDF page: 160PDF page: 160PDF page: 160 160
Nanninga, M., Reijneveld, S.A., Knorth, E.J., & Jansen, D.E.M.C. (2016). Expectations of barriers to psychosocial care: Views of parents and adolescents in the community. European Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(1), 107-117. doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0717-1
Nilsson, S., Björkman, B., Almqvist, A., Almqvist, L., Björk-Willén, P., Donohue, D., Enskär, K., Granlund, M., Huus, K., & Hvit, S. (2015). Children’s voices – Differentiating a child perspective from a child’s perspective. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 18(3), 162-168. doi:10.3109/17518423.2013.801529
NJi (n.d.). Wijkteams [Neighbourhood Teams]. Retrieved from: http://www.nji.nl/wijkteams Odhayani, A.A., Watson, W.J. & Watson, L. (2013). Behavioural consequences of child abuse.
Canadian Family Physician, 59, 831-836.
Petersen, S.K. (2018). Parents’ experiences of child protection practice in Denmark. Child & Family
Social Work, 1-8. doi:10.1111/cfs.12451
Pöllki, P., Vornanen, R., Pusiainen, M., & Riikonen, M. (2012). Children’s participation in Child-protection Processes as Experienced by Foster Children and Social Workers. Child Care in
Practice,18(2), 107-125. doi:10.10801357279.2011.646954
Probst, B. (2015). The eye regard itself: Benefits and challenges of reflexivity in qualitative social work. Social Work Research, 39(1), 37-48. doi:10.1093/swr/svu028
Procesreglement Civiel Jeugdrecht [Procedural Rules for Private Juvenile Law] (2017). Retrieved
from: https://www.rechtspraak.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/procesreglement-civiel-jeugdrecht.pdf
Procesreglement Gezag en Omgang [Procedural Regulations for Custody and Parental Contact]
(2017). Retrieved from: https://www.rechtspraak.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/ procesreglement-gezag-en-omgang.pdf
Raad voor de Kinderbescherming (RvdK) [The Child Care and Protection Board] (2012).
Grondslagen Raadsonderzoek [Child Welfare Investigation Principles]. Utrecht, the
Netherlands: Author.
RvdK (2016a). Kwaliteitskader van de Raad voor de Kinderbescherming 2016 [Quality Framework RvdK 2016]. The Hague: Author.
RvdK (2016b). Protocol Beschermingszaken [Protocol for Child Protection Investigations]. The Hague: Author.
RvdK (2017, November 23). Actieplan na congres Waarheidsvinding. [Action plan after congress determining the truth]. Retrieved from: https://www.kinderbescherming.nl/over-ons/nieuws/2017/11/23/actieplan-na-congres-waarheidsvinding
RvdK (2018). Jaarbericht RvdK: Kijk op Kinderbescherming. [Year report RvdK: View on child protection]. The Hague: Author.
Reekers, S.E., Dijkstra, S., Stams, G.J.J.M., Asscher, J.J., & Creemers, H.E. (2018). Signs of effectiveness of signs of safety? A pilot study. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 177-184. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.012
Reimer, D. (2010). ‘Everything was strange and different’: Young adults’ recollections of the transition into foster care. Adoption & Fostering, 34(2), 14-22. doi:10.1177/030857591003400204
Riebschleger, J., Day, A., & Damashek, A. (2015). Foster care youth share stories of trauma before, during, and after placement: youth voices for building trauma-informed systems of care.
Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24, 339-360.
doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1009603
Sanders, R., & Mace, S. (2006). Agency policy and the participation of children and young people in the child protection process. Child Abuse Review, 15, 89-109. doi:10.1002/car.927 Shier, H. (2001). Pathways to participation: openings, opportunities, and obligations. A new model
for enhancing children’s participation in decision-making in line with Article 12.1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Children & Society, 15, 107-117. doi:10.1002/CHl.617
Sinclair, R. (2018). Participation by children in care planning: Research and experiences in the United Kingdom. In E.J. Knorth, P.M. van den Bergh, & F. Verheij (Eds.),
Professionalization and participation in child and youth care (pp. 191-200). Abingdon, UK
/ New York, NY: Routledge – Taylor & Francis Group (second, re-issued edition). Smithson, R., & Gibson, M. (2017). Less than human: A qualitative study into the experiences of
parents involved in the child protection system. Child & Family Social Work, 22(2), 565-574. doi:10.1111/cfs.12270
Srivastava, P., & Hopwood, N. (2009). A practical iterative framework for qualitative data analysis.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(1), 76-84.
535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma 535528-L-bw-Bouma Processed on: 17-9-2019 Processed on: 17-9-2019 Processed on: 17-9-2019
Processed on: 17-9-2019 PDF page: 161PDF page: 161PDF page: 161PDF page: 161 161
Nanninga, M., Reijneveld, S.A., Knorth, E.J., & Jansen, D.E.M.C. (2016). Expectations of barriers to psychosocial care: Views of parents and adolescents in the community. European Child
and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(1), 107-117. doi:10.1007/s00787-015-0717-1
Nilsson, S., Björkman, B., Almqvist, A., Almqvist, L., Björk-Willén, P., Donohue, D., Enskär, K., Granlund, M., Huus, K., & Hvit, S. (2015). Children’s voices – Differentiating a child perspective from a child’s perspective. Developmental Neurorehabilitation, 18(3), 162-168. doi:10.3109/17518423.2013.801529
NJi (n.d.). Wijkteams [Neighbourhood Teams]. Retrieved from: http://www.nji.nl/wijkteams Odhayani, A.A., Watson, W.J. & Watson, L. (2013). Behavioural consequences of child abuse.
Canadian Family Physician, 59, 831-836.
Petersen, S.K. (2018). Parents’ experiences of child protection practice in Denmark. Child & Family
Social Work, 1-8. doi:10.1111/cfs.12451
Pöllki, P., Vornanen, R., Pusiainen, M., & Riikonen, M. (2012). Children’s participation in Child-protection Processes as Experienced by Foster Children and Social Workers. Child Care in
Practice,18(2), 107-125. doi:10.10801357279.2011.646954
Probst, B. (2015). The eye regard itself: Benefits and challenges of reflexivity in qualitative social work. Social Work Research, 39(1), 37-48. doi:10.1093/swr/svu028
Procesreglement Civiel Jeugdrecht [Procedural Rules for Private Juvenile Law] (2017). Retrieved
from: https://www.rechtspraak.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/procesreglement-civiel-jeugdrecht.pdf
Procesreglement Gezag en Omgang [Procedural Regulations for Custody and Parental Contact]
(2017). Retrieved from: https://www.rechtspraak.nl/SiteCollectionDocuments/ procesreglement-gezag-en-omgang.pdf
Raad voor de Kinderbescherming (RvdK) [The Child Care and Protection Board] (2012).
Grondslagen Raadsonderzoek [Child Welfare Investigation Principles]. Utrecht, the
Netherlands: Author.
RvdK (2016a). Kwaliteitskader van de Raad voor de Kinderbescherming 2016 [Quality Framework RvdK 2016]. The Hague: Author.
RvdK (2016b). Protocol Beschermingszaken [Protocol for Child Protection Investigations]. The Hague: Author.
RvdK (2017, November 23). Actieplan na congres Waarheidsvinding. [Action plan after congress determining the truth]. Retrieved from: https://www.kinderbescherming.nl/over-ons/nieuws/2017/11/23/actieplan-na-congres-waarheidsvinding
RvdK (2018). Jaarbericht RvdK: Kijk op Kinderbescherming. [Year report RvdK: View on child protection]. The Hague: Author.
Reekers, S.E., Dijkstra, S., Stams, G.J.J.M., Asscher, J.J., & Creemers, H.E. (2018). Signs of effectiveness of signs of safety? A pilot study. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 177-184. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.06.012
Reimer, D. (2010). ‘Everything was strange and different’: Young adults’ recollections of the transition into foster care. Adoption & Fostering, 34(2), 14-22. doi:10.1177/030857591003400204
Riebschleger, J., Day, A., & Damashek, A. (2015). Foster care youth share stories of trauma before, during, and after placement: youth voices for building trauma-informed systems of care.
Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24, 339-360.
doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1009603
Sanders, R., & Mace, S. (2006). Agency policy and the participation of children and young people in the child protection process. Child Abuse Review, 15, 89-109. doi:10.1002/car.927 Shier, H. (2001). Pathways to participation: openings, opportunities, and obligations. A new model
for enhancing children’s participation in decision-making in line with Article 12.1 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Children & Society, 15, 107-117. doi:10.1002/CHl.617
Sinclair, R. (2018). Participation by children in care planning: Research and experiences in the United Kingdom. In E.J. Knorth, P.M. van den Bergh, & F. Verheij (Eds.),
Professionalization and participation in child and youth care (pp. 191-200). Abingdon, UK
/ New York, NY: Routledge – Taylor & Francis Group (second, re-issued edition). Smithson, R., & Gibson, M. (2017). Less than human: A qualitative study into the experiences of
parents involved in the child protection system. Child & Family Social Work, 22(2), 565-574. doi:10.1111/cfs.12270
Srivastava, P., & Hopwood, N. (2009). A practical iterative framework for qualitative data analysis.
International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 8(1), 76-84.
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Processed on: 17-9-2019 PDF page: 163PDF page: 163PDF page: 163PDF page: 163 163
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doi:10.1080/10538712.2018.1520378
Stephens, T., Gopalan, G., Acri, M.C., Bowman, M., & McKernan McKay, M. (2018). Culturally relevant, trauma-informed engagement strategies for child welfare workers: Moving beyond compliance to engagement with families experiencing high levels of exposure to trauma and stress. In V.C. Strand & G. Sprang (Eds.), Trauma responsive child welfare systems (pp. 67-86). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
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Norwegian child welfare services. Child & Family Social Work, 19(3), 312-320. doi:10.1111/cfs.12004
Ten Brummelaar, M.D.C., Knorth, E.J., Post, W.J., Harder, A.T., & Kalverboer, M.E. (2018). Space between the borders? Perceptions of professionals on the participation in decision-making of young people in coercive care. Qualitative Social Work, 17(5), 692-711. doi:10.1177/1473325016681661
Thomas, N. (2007). Towards a theory of children’s participation. The International Journal of
Children’s Rights, 15, 199-218. doi:10.1163/092755607X206489
Tilbury, C., Osmond, J., & Crawford, M. (2010). Measuring client satisfaction with child welfare services. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 4(1), 77-90. doi:10.1080/15548730903563160 Trotter, C. (2008). What does client satisfaction tell us about effectiveness? Child Abuse Review,
17(4), 262-274. doi:10.1002/car.1038
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United Nations (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved from:https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/crc.pdf
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47, 253-259. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.09.018
Van Bijleveld, G.G., Dedding, C.W.M., & Bunders-Aelen, J.F.G. (2015). Children’s and young people’s participation within child welfare and child protection services: A state-of-the-art review. Child & Family Social Work, 20(2), 129-138. doi:10.1111/cfs.12082
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Van Nijnatten, C. (2010). Children’s agency, children’s welfare. A dialogical approach to child
development, policy and practice. Bristol, UK: The Policy Press.
Van Os, E. C. C., Zijlstra, A. E., Post, W. J., Knorth, E. J., & Kalverboer, M. E. (2018). Finding
keys: A systematic review of barriers and facilitators for refugee children's disclosure of their life stories. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 1-19. doi:10.1177/1524838018757748 Vis, S.A., & Fossum, S. (2015). Organizational factors and child participation in decision-making:
Differences between two child welfare organizations. Child & Family Social Work, 20, 277-287. doi:10.1111/cfs.12076
Vis, S.A., Holtan, A., & Thomas, N. (2012). Obstacles for child participation in care and protection cases – Why Norwegian social workers find it difficult. Child Abuse Review, 21, 7-23. doi:10.1002/car.1155
Vis, S.A., Strandbu, A., Holtan, A., & Thomas, N. (2011). Participation and health: A research review of child participation in planning and decision-making. Child & Family Social Work,
16(3), 325-335. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2010.00743.x
Vis, S.A., & Thomas, N. (2009). Beyond talking – children’s participation in Norwegian care and protection cases. European Journal of Social Work, 12(2), 155-168. doi:10.1080/13691450802567465
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Summary
Child maltreatment can highly impact children’s well-being and development on the short and the long term. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) describes that the State has the responsibility to protect the development of children, in line with the core principle of the UNCRC: the best interests of the child (article 3). The principles of the UNCRC are embedded in the Dutch child protection policy. This legislation provides the State the possibility and responsibility to intervene in private family life when this is needed in the best interests of the child.
However, the UNCRC also emphasises the primary position of parents in the fulfilment of children’s rights and describes the family as the natural environment for growth and development. Therefore, supporting parents in fulfilling their parental responsibilities should be the focus of child protection, and separating children from their parents may only be used as a last resort when needed in the best interests of the child. This crucial role of parents and family life in the fulfilling of children’s rights makes collaboration with parents essential in the implementation of children’s rights to protection.
Besides collaboration with parents, participation of children plays an important role in the protection of children. Children’s views need to be heard and given weight in all matters affecting them. In the context of child protection, this implies that children should be seen as ‘primary service users’ and experts on their own experiences. Children have the fundamental right to contribute to the care and services they receive and their views are essential in individual decision-making as well as in service evaluations.
Participation of children is meaningful when children experience being listened to and taken seriously. ‘Meaningful participation’ therefore consists of adequately
informing children, hearing their views, and involving them in decision-making. It is an ongoing process and a right and choice for all children.
In this dissertation, we investigated the needs of children and families and the participation of children in the Dutch child protection system (CPS). Knowledge about the experiences and needs of children (chapter 4) and parents (chapter 5) in child protection trajectories
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