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A DICTIONARY

I

OF

THE MALAY LANGUAGE:

BY

HUGH CLIFFORD

AND

FRANK ATHELSTANE

S\VETTENHA~I.

PART I.-THE LETTER "A,"

~aiping, ~tt'ak:

PRIN1'ED FOR THE AUTHORS AT THE GOVER:'OIE. '1' PRINTI:\G OFFICE.

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THE

A DICTION ARY

OF

MALAY LANGUAGE:

fllalay-~nglisb.

BY

HUGH CLIFFORD

AND

FRANK ATHELSTANE SWETTENHAM.

PART 1.-THE LETTER "A."

• I , I

r

•• I , I1 J

m:aiping, ~etalt:

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHORS AT THE GO VER MENT PRI TING OFFICE.

m.bccc.Id\l.

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r

NOTE.

This lJictiMwry, on ~vhich the Authors have been engaged for the last slm years, ~vill take sa long fa complete and 'lcill make sa bulk1/ a u'01-Jr, that jor' those reasons and fOT otheTs they have deáded to isslll~ it in Parts, oj ~vMch t!lis is the first.

The letten from B to J i.nclusi·ve 01'e now 'ready j01' the press, and will be published in as quick succession as possible. · lt is anticipafed that the whole manu- sC1'ipt will be completed by June, 1896, and that the last par·t may be published before the end of 1898.

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PREFACE.

J'aifaii un peu de bien; c'est mon meilleur ouvrage!-VOLTAIRE.

IN compiling the present Malay-English and English-Malay Dictionary, it has been the endeavour of the Authors to produce a work which shall be more complete than any of a like kind at present accessible to the average English student.

The best Malay-English Dictionary available has hitherto been that of Mr. William Marsden, which was published as long ago as 1812. This work, in addition t.o being out of print, and consequently difficult to obtain, was written at a time when our knowledge of the Malays, and of their languagp. and literature, was necessarily less advanced than it is at the present day. Having regard to the period at wmch it was produced, it is almost impossible to speak too highly of this book, but its most ardent admirers cannot fail to recognise the fa ct that, good as the work is, it adrnits of con-

siderabl~ improvement, addition and correction.

Mr. John Crawfdrd's Dictionary, published twenty-eight years later, tbough a valuable work in nfany respects, partakes more of the nature of a vocabulary than of the modern dictionary. It contains more words than are to be found in Mr. Marsden's Dictionary, but the native character is not givenJ while the system of transliteration is often puzzling to the modern student and does not always succeed in faithfully rendering the true value of Malay sounds.

The Dictionary published by M. l'abbé Favre in 1875-80 gives the Malay character and is more complete than either of the above-named works. In other respects it is less satisfactory. The work is of ten inaccurate, and the author's passion for the theory of Malay compound forms frequently betrays him into coining compound words which, though theoretically correct, are not in use among tbe Malays themselves, and would not be readily understood if used either in speaking or writing Malay. Moreover, M. Favre's book was, we believe, written af ter the author's return to Europe, and our experience in the same field of labour has convineed us that, without constant reference to and consultation with competent native scholars, it is impossible to form conclusions on many of the nicer points of ~1alay orthography which can aspire to have any per- manent value. By the peculiarly puzzling alphabetical arrangement of his Dictionary we cannot but think that M. Favre has done much to injure the value of his work as a book of reference.

The Dutch dictionaries of Malay, which are admittedly the finest works of their kind in existpnce, are, unfortunately, for the most part sealed books to the average English student, in whose scheme of education Dutch but rarely plays a prominent part.

In the present work the arrangement of the words follows the Roman alphabetical order, which, tbough perhaps not the most scholarly method, is the one which, in the opinion of the authors, is best calculated to ren der the work useful to the large majority of Europeans to whom the order of the native character is not familiar. In

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the same way, and for the same reasons, words are to be found in this Dictionary by means of their transliterated forms, and not by the aid of the native character, though the scheme of transliteration, which will be found at the beginning of this Dictionary, is, we trust, sufficiently explicit to enable easy reference to be made to any Malay word the meaning of which is required.

This work will be found to contain some thousands of words never before inserted in any Malay dictionary. 1Vhere the use of a word is conflned to the natives of any one or more localities, notes, where possible, have been inserted eXplaining and indi- cating its restricted use. Special attention has been paid to technical, colloquial, alld synonymous terms, many of which are not to be met with in the written language.

The us es of most words, both in the spoken and written languages, are fully illustrated by examples taken from standard Malay works, proverbial sayings, and colloquial expressions, especially when such phrases embrace idioms which are in use either in writing or in the colloquial. These examples, when coupled with the numerous grammatical and other notes which are to be found throughout the work, will act as a guide to the student in the formation of both a colloquial and a literary style in Malay. Each word is given both in the transliterated Malay and in the native charaeter. No grammar of the language is at present included in tbe scheme of th is work, but it is hoped that, when both parts of tbe Dictionary have been com- pleted, a full treatise on this subject, together with a dissertation dealing with the derivations of Malay words, and the terms which other languages have derived from Malay, may shortly follow as the joint work, or else as the separate labour of one, of the present authors.

The Malay words contained in the pages of this Dictionary are most copious and complete where they form parts of the dialects of the Malay PeninsuIa, and in like manner the transliteration renders the values which the best educated Malays, who speak these dialects, attach to the sounds of their common language; at the same time, it has been the endeavour of the authors to include, in so far as their opportunities have permitted, words in use among the Malays of Eumatra, Borneo, and those other parts of the Àrchipelago in which Malay is spoken.

The authors are fuUy sensible of the many respects in which this work falls short of their ideal, but the exigencies of their duties, apart from those of lexicographers, have precluded the possibility of tbat thorough and widespread research which, even if extended over a lifetime, could scarcely ensure the production of an absolutely complete Malay-English dictionary. It has been said, with some degree of truth, that Malay is a LCm'dy rather tban a ?'ich language; but it is not until the study of Malay has been prosecuted with considerable thoroughness, that the full resource and peculiar genius of the language is appreciated by the European scholar. It ha~ been pointed out with irritating persistence that Malay is an imperfect speech medium for cientific and abstract reasonings; this statement is entirely correct, but the genius of Malay, which is the language of an inaccurate, exclusive and illiterate people, lies in a wholly different direction. Às a tongue which is capable of expressing, with admirable tersene s, the most minute sbades of difference between every physical action, and between many states of feeling-differences which are so slight as to be hardly perceptible to the Eur?pean mind-Malay has pr.obably few rivals. Like French, it is e entially a diplo- matlC language, and one admlrably adapted for concealing the feelings and cloak:in~

the real thought~. No~ even in French is it possible to be so polite, or so rude, nor to say such rude thmgs wlth every appearance of exaggerated courte y, a i the ca e in Malay. In a language such as this, which is essentially idiomatic, and in which lll..'lny

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words in themselves contain what in English would require a whole senten ce to express, it is fatally easy to miss some of the more rarely used terms when collecting material for a dictionary. It is to be feared that this difficulty has not been altogether conquered, and that in spite of the greatest care many such words may even now have escaped observation. lt is therefore as a work which is Ie ss incomplete than its predecessors, rather than one incapable of further improvement, that the authors now offer to the pnblic the result of their joint labours.

H. C.

F. A. S.

28th Mm·ch, 1894.

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THE MALAY ALPHABET.

Name. Isolated. Initial. Medial. Final. Equivalent.

Alif I I I l

A.

Ba ~ ~ -:- ~ B.

Ta ~ 6 )

-

...,...J T.

t

Tha ~ ,', ) *- ~ Th (as in "thick").

Jim (;: r:;.. ~ (;: J.

t

Oha ~ c <!l: ~ Oh.

'.' '.'

t

Ha L Co & L R (strong in back of throat).

t

Kha

t

6- oS.

t

Kh (stronger than ch in " loch ").

+ Dal .J .J J.. J.. D .

+

t

ThaI ~ ~ J. J. Th.

Ra ) ) .) ) R.

t

Zal j j ) ) Z.

Sin ~ -"

-

u- S.

t

Shin ~ ~ iN.

..r

Sh.

t

Sod ~ ..0 .a i f S (strong).

t

Thod

if

..0 ..à.

Th (as in "the") or D.

t

Ta b b b b T (strong).

t

Tha \:, \:, 1=,. 1=,. Th (stronger than Thod).

t

Aäin

ê

p >t. (: Aä or ä.

t

Rhäin É p ~

t.

Rh.

t

Nga ( .. , p ~ (:. .. , Ng

t

Fa u .i b- ui. F.

t

Pa '-' ,', ,', ,', ,', P.

"

St ~

Kof

J

,; ~ 6 K.

Kaf ~ S- s::: ~ K.

t

Ga J ~

s::

J G.

Lam

J

l 1 j L.

Mim Î

.. ...

r" M .

Nun I,;) ) ;..

'"

N.

Wau ) ) .J .J Au, 0, D, W.

Ha ö ~ ~ d H.

Ya ~ ~

-

9 Ai, E, Ei, I, Y.

t

Nya ~ ) ',' ',' <fJJ Ny.

Amzah

{

, which, when placed after a final vowel,

" , .. " , , , ' has the effect of a final silent K.

Lam-alif ~ , .. , " .. , La.

Note.-The Malay Alphabet is similar to the Arabic Alphabet with the exception of the six letters marked

t

which have been added. The letters marked t are only used in words of Arabic origin.

Note.-The letters wau ) and ya ~ are supplemented by an initial alij 1 in order to express the following sounds at the beginning of a word : -

o

)1 as in drang V)I

I

~!I as in ~lok ~1

rr

)1 as in Ûbat ~)1

I

î ! 1 as in lnang

t:-l

l

Note.-When two alij I occur in a word, or in a conjunction of words, the letter amzah "

is used to express the seconà aZij, which is suppressed-e.g., Ia-itu ~\i.

ka-ampat d...b..,.."lS'.

Note.-The letter aäin

ê

though usually represented by the sounds or ä, has, on occasion, the sound of e, as in elernu, ~ Science; ê as in êtakad, .}JULP Faith; ï, as in ïMrat, 05) ~ Allegory; ö, as in döa, LP..l Prayer; or Ü, as in ümor,

.rs>

Age.

lU.

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TABLE SHOWINC THE MALAY LETTERS IN THEIR VARIOUS FORMS.

Letters.

c

é

.J j

J

J

i o

)

IV.

Isolated.

öly. <~I.I

~J .~~

=>~ . ölS' u..>.L . .î'

.ll;

i

01~1 I)~

j).I

I.J"').I 'I.J"'~

~p

u"L.:.

t...P)y

b~

l;,~

t.~

uI

ê) .p.;

<.5).r!

~~

J~.r!

J~ .JI~

t'i

G

0~

ê.»)1

ö\.,-J

~I.l

~lAI

Initial.

(:--ll

'd

l

~.I)! .~4

~ 'dW u..>U·

e-

~

.}=>.I . (}).I .1.11.1

y-S~

<::1) .t'i

G

d:...I.j

Ö..)....o 'iL.

b~

bl; ·ê~

~?\P\P

~lS'

~

~ 'i~

l.lr .).l L.

~)j 'il;

êIJ 0'P

.u.)~

'-=-'1.1 • ~ 1

&)~ .&~

Medial.

~L..., .~l~

~.) ,ör.--"

~.~

Y--

~~.~

~l; .~

dQj .~I

~..)....o .~~ .ê.ll ö..LJ

~y

.r-> .~

u-dlörl

öy6=

0~

~

ê.#

dij .

d-3

~

~

Á3 .t'rSl iM

.t}->

.~

ê#

.~.l

~ .<.5~

~~ '~r->

d7P .

1.Ji-l

~:f .ri.

~4 'i~

~~

Final.

<::1) .~

~lS'

C-.)U

.l~ .JJ J....~

y..l .~

j).l

~G '1.J"':f

~!y:w

u"L:.1 lf'4G.

h-ol) b....-J

~ 'êlyJ

~&:l

~.lr .~4

~.J~

~.~

J iU .~.l 0P 'dl

.Jl.rS

.)~L.

Ö):f .~

~.r! .~

~I~ '~r'~

;;",sl.l

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FR01\l THE MALAY INTO THE R01\IAN CHARACTER; \YITH NOTES 0:-.1 THE PRO",U:'\CIATION OF MALA Y \YORDS.

Vowels.

The Vowels a, e, i, 0, u are pronounced as in Italian. The circumflex accent A or the short mark v ",hen placed over any of these vowels, will lengthen or shorten it.

'(hese tonal marks do n.o~ always rePr.esellt a Ion/{ or short vowel z'n the Jl,falay spellhzg, but are g/1'en to show the quantltzes of the varzous syLlables of a word in pronullciatioll.

Pronounce á as the a in soprano,. or the vow.el sound in farm; example, Barang, lIabok.

Pronounce ~ as the vo'wel sound ~n the Engl~sh word same; example, Sampei, Rangka.

Pronounce a as the vowel sound 111 the Engllsh word cup; example, Kräp, Bähan.

Never gz've the sound of a in the English word man, to any 1I1alay word.

Pronounce é like the sound of ay in the English "'ord 11lay; example, Êlok, Hêmat.

Pronounce e like the sound of e in the English ,yord ten " example, Hengga, Pîleh, Peng an.

Pronounce

e

as short as pos ible, like the sound of re in the English word reiire; example, Menang, Tepi. The sound is so short that many persons have advocated its expression by a single apostrophe, thus, M'nang, but the eis preferabIe.

Pronounce î long, as the ee in sLeek; example, Lîhat, Pîleh.

Pronounce i as in the preceding without laying quite so much stress upon it, as Bûdi, Kinchang.

At the end of the word, when followed by a consonant, the sound of the i is shorter, like the sound of i in the English word tin; example, Lîlin, Langit, Mäsjid.

Pronounce ~ very short, as in the case of the e, only with the sound of i in giLl; example, JlHd, Tlap, Pkhat. The use of th is tone is rare.

Pronounce ó as in the vowel sound in the English go; example, Dosa, Drang.

Pronounee 0 as the 0 in English; example, Choreng.

The pronunciation of 0 really depends on what follows it. Thus, 0 followed by n is pr0nounced like the English on, <!xample, Chontol and 0 alone or followed by an amzah, ~ has the ~ound of 0 in sa, example, Dato'. Again, 0 followed by r is pronounced like the English or, thus Undor; whilst 0

hefore ng is pronounced more like the 0 in the Dutch Jongkheer than in the English long, as Longgar, GÛnong.

o

is very seldom met with; it should be pronounced with the vowel sound of the English knob : example, Dösta, Pöhun.

Pronounee Û like the vowel sound in the English toa; example, Gûnong, Lûka.

Pronounce u rather shorter than the above, but with the same sound; as Takut, Muntah.

il has the vowel sound of the English word took; example, Gillita, Dunia.

The sound is r"re in Malay, but met with in Arabic words.

Never pronounce u when met wzth in a Jl,f alay word hke the u in but.

Diphthongs.

Pronounce ae, ai, or ei, when met with, with the sound given by repeating these vowels one af ter the other, as above instruded; example, Shaer, Semai, Sûngei.

au has the sound of ow in the English llOW; example, Pûlau.

Consonants.

As regards Consonants, it is only necessary to say that nj[ is always pronounced like ng in the English hang and never like ng in the English mangle. This last sound is giyen in Malay by adding another g, thus, Tanggong.

The sound given by Malays to what is expressed by the letters ang is difficult to find in any English word. The sound of the first syllable of "hungry " is, however, near it. Never pronounce ang like the same letters in the English hang.

g is always hard, as in go. The soft sound of g in the English gentte is invariably expressed by j in Malay, thus, Jînak.

ch is always pronounced like the cll in clwrch,-and sh like the same letters in s/zine unless

",here specially instructed to the contrary.

Always pronounce th like th in the and not as in 't/zin', except when the letter Tha Cl") occurs.

kh should be pronounccd like ch in Loch, but harder, as Khabar.

Whenever a word or the final svllable of a word of more than one syllable, ends with either h or k, that "'ord or fina{ syllable must" be pronounced very short indeed,-whatever the "owel which precedes the h or k. \Vhen the word ends with h th at letter should be slightly sounded, but when it ends with k, the k is always silent in the dialeds spoken in the PeninsuIa, although it is pronounced hy the natives of Borneo, Sumatra and other parts of the Archipelago.

Lastly, the letter r is more guttural than that in English and .more ne~r1~ resembles the sound of the r in the German word Berg than in any English word. It IS a peculIanty of the people that they lay much stress on the r in pronunciation. It is difficult for an Englishman to pick up the practice, but it should be attempted.

v.

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slight differences of pronunciation than in the variety of words employed. In na case are the local peculiarities of dialect sa marked as to present any obstacle to mutual intercourse between the natives of different parts of the Peninsuia, and if the rules for accurate pronunciation of l\lalay words, as above laid down, are carefully adhered to, and if these "'ords are used in their proper sense the knowledge of Malay aequired will be found equally useful ·in all parts of the Malay Peninsuia and in many of the islands of the Archipelago.

Local Peculiarities.

The following are same of the prineipal peculiarities of the dialects of the Malay PeninsuIa, and they are, of course, more accentuated among~t the lower orders.

In the States of Pêrak, Selángor, Sûngei Ujong, Jahor, Pähang and Trenggánu final a is pronounced like the vowel sound in the English word" bur."

In Kedah and Malacca final a is pronounced like a final a in Italian.

In PHáni and Kelantan the final a is pronounced like the final vowel sound III the English word saw.

In some parts of the State of Pêrak final a is pronounced e with rather a draw!.

The other chief peculiarities of the Kedah dialect are that the final syllable in \Yords ending in lis so altered that al is pronounced e, ol is pronounced oz' and ui is pronounced ui. Final s is pro- nounced like h, as in nîpis which is pronounced nîplll, and there is a very notieeable tendency to

"clip" words wherever possible; land s, in such words as bantal and hábis, are slurred in such a degree that they can hardly be said to be pronounced at all, while all words ending in 11.1 are pronounced ui. This peculiarity to a minor extent is observabie among the natives of Pêrak and Pähang.

In Pêrak u is sometimes changed into 0, as in rz1mah, which becomes rómalz. The final g in all words ending in ing is dropped. All words ending in rare pronounced as though they ended in or, and a final aû is pronounced in the same way. Initial and medial r is very guttural.

By the natives of Trenggánu final ng is replaced by final m, and final m by final ng. They also omit medial mand n, such words as kampong and gantang being pronounced kapom and gatalll.

In Petani and Kelantan final 1Ig becomes an 11, which is very slightly sounded, and final n becomes ng, \\·ith astrong nasal sound. Final m also becomes ng, medial mand 11 are also omitted in a similar manner to that adopted by the natives of Trenggánu.

The natives of Menangkábau, Mendêling and Ráwa, and same other parts of Sumatra pronounce final a as do natives of Kelantan and Petani, and the Malays of Bátu Bára pronounce it like ar.

The chief peculiarity noticeable among the Malays of Sumatra is a tendency to lengthen those vowels, "'hich, in the PeninsuIa, are pronounced short, thus blfkas is pronounced bókas, &c. A tendency to rail the letter l' is also observabIe among the Malays of Sumatra.

l\Iany local words are in use in different parts of the PeninsuIa, and they will be found in the body of this work, sa need not be enumerated here. Other words which may be used with propriety in one part of the PeninsuIa are held to be inelegant by the natives of other parts; thus, the numeral co-efficient Bî/i must not be used in Pähang, Bûtir being substituted for it, and the word Bûrong must be replaced by Ung/{as in Rämbau. In the same way, Gálak is good Malay in Pêrak but bears a coarse meaning in Kedah.

The States of Pêtáni and Kelantan are more ri eh in local words than any other places in the PeninsuIa, and there the lowest form of Malay is spoken, always excepting the grossly degenerate patois spoken in the Colony of the Straits Settlements, and which is rapidly spreading in all ciyilized districts populated by foreigners and Europeans.

The so-called " Malay" spoken in the Straits by Europeans, Tamils, Chinese and others would not be understood in those parts of the PeninsuIa as yet unpermeated by this "pidjin" Malay, and those foreigners who take their instructions from the books whieh teach this alla podrida of English, Chinese, Portuguese, Dutch, Tamil, Hindustan; and Malay, ,,"ould certainly find themselves quite unable to understand i\Ialays speaking in their own tongue.

All authorities are agreed that the pure3t Malay is spoken at the present time by the natives of the Penins'ula, especially in the States of Pêrak, Kedah, Jahor and Pähang, and it is here that the student should look for specimens of the language in its highest and most elegap.t farms.

Abbreviations.

Ar. Arabic. Jay. - Jayanese.

Bat. Malay of Batavia. Lam. Lampong.

Ben. Malay of Bencoolen. Pers. Persian.

Bug. Bugis. Pol\-'. Polynesian.

Chin. Chinese. Po(t. - Por~uguese.

Dt.:t. Dutch. Rej. Rejang.

Eng. English. Sans. Sanskrit.

Eur. _ European. Sund. Sunda.

Hind. Hindi. Te!. - Telinga or Tamil.

NOTE.-When any of the above abbreviations are placed after a Malay word. it doe not necessarily denote tbat the term in qnestion is a pure form in the langna~e indicated, but tbat tbe word is derived from that lan"cruage, or is au altered form of some word whieh it eontains.

Yl.

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DICTIONARY

OF THE

:r dALAY LA N G U A G E .

P A R T I.

l\I ALAY AXD

E~GLISH.

A

A I. Aiic1at, AR., ö.Jb.

sûtu hUrlt sàma hurû ka-düa hurû sama aäbadi, ka-tîga aiibädi sûma aiibadi, 0.,-;1.1\

j Lo;;" j"Lo 9 ~y. ~ u-il.J ~~I d:.I.)

;A ~ ;;l. J

Î L. ...;s~ ~ ...;s~ j L. .T'"

b.>S

.T'"

...;s~ 'l'his fornication is of three kinds

(divisions), firstly those who are free with those who are free, secondly the free with slaves, and thirdly slaves with slaves. Tebus aäbadi, ...;s~

lY"r.J

To purchase a slave. Yote: In colloquial :Malay this word is commonly pro- nounced audi or ;:lJd L .

A I The l\Ialays pronounce á (long) like th e a in thR Italian word sopmno or the vowel sound in "calm"; a (medium) is pronounced like the vowel sound in

"come," and a (short) is pronounced a little more shortly than the vowel sound in the English word "but." The sounds á

I

or a, when the expres sion of the vowel is notentirely suppressed,arerepresented in the Malay character by the letter l alij, which is the first letter of the Arabic and 1\falay alphabets. Xote: In colloquial .M:alaya final a is pronOtlilced in a variety

of ways, all of which are discribed in Aä.~ärat, AR., Ö) 4-c Au al1egory. (See the foregoi!1g notes on LocalPeculiarities. lbûrat, Ö)~).

The most usual is perhaps that which Aädad, AR., .l.J..C Kumbers, numerals.

gives to a fin al a the vowel sound in the Kitab iang her-nama al-aädad, ~ yk$' English word blw. .l-.WI jliy. The Book of Numbers.

Aäbad, AR., J-! b Good, worthy, polite,

I

Aädälat, AR., dll.J..C J ustice, eql1ity.

l\Ie-

pleasant. J~ngan-:ah ora~g a~tbad ~.er- rosak-kan nama a~idalat raja~ j li ~?r kampong dengan orang Jahat, àL.:.9~ <::G iiJl.J..C To defame the kmg's JustIce.

~

t))1

.§-.l

t #

y. J-! LP

t))1

Let not, ~Yote: This ,:,"or~ (pronounced ~ädalah)

good men consort with men who are IS on1l me~ ,:,lth lil 1\~alay ?ooks of purely

wicked. Arabic orlgm, dealmg wlth morals and

Aäbädi, AR., ...;s~ A bought slave, the descendant of a bought slave, a slave or the descendant of a slave who was not originally of the :Muhammadan religion. Kote : An Aäbadi ...;s~ can be bought or sold without his consent, which is not the case with the Hamba ber-ûtang, ~)Iy. ~~ or slave debtors.

Me-merdehêka-kan aäbadi, -J~.J.r-­

...;s~ To free a slaive. Orang aäbadi dan orang merdehêka, b)\ 01.1 ...;s~ t))l Ly.1 y" Slaves and free men. Note:

The term Hurû ;;. is also used for free :g:ten-i.e., persons who are not slaves.

Ada-pun zÎnah itu di-atas tîga bhûgi

ethics. Unlike its root Aädil, J.lb it is not in common usc among Malays. (See Aädil, J.Jb Just, &c.)

Aädat, AR., ö.lb Custom, usage, manner, habit, state, mode, fashion, rite, func- tions, ceremonies, rules of etiquette, of behaviour, or of law. 1.da-pun aädat segûla hûlubalang :Miilûyu ttpa-bîla nama tûan-nya di-bawa' ptlda s'bûah negri maka handak-lah sangat-sàngat meng- hermat-kan dan tûkl1t tlkan mem-bri aäib s'kûli-kali ia tiàda mau,

JL

ö.Jb 0.,-;1.1) öl.r.-> ...u "1)4.1

J IJ

j li ~I y..L ~ 01.1 I;)'~~ I"dSL. &l;~ ~ ...;s~

/ l ..

.J~ ...;sI t'

J K...

< ... ,-(b ...;s~ cl~1 ö.,s"u

It is the cu stom of l\Ialay warriors, wh en

(15)

Aädat, AR., ö.llP.

they support the reputation of tbeir master in a foreign land, to treat his name with great respect and fear, and tbey will not on any account bring sbame upon it. Aädat Miilayu mem-bàwa' sharat hltlubàlang tLpa-bîla ia ka-sfmgei m(üut- nya tiàda man her-kMa-kata kar~ma

belum habis ka-sûngei lagi, .) ~ y..L ö.l lP /L..ly- .di}y ..,;;p~ ~I ~I ~br-o

d~ ~y-$ u--l~ j}-l c))l$' I"~l$'y. It is the Malay custom for one who is skilled in warrior's knowIedge, when he is reliev- ing himself, to refrain from speech until he has completed his ablutions. Màka apa-bîla kîta mllsok ka-dûlam negri orang tentu-Iah. men-ûrut ista-aädat rûja-nya, Ê))I ~~ ~I.LS' ~L. ~ J~I ~ ..

lif"'G ö.lk...1 Ö)r'" dlp 'Vheneyel' one enters any foreign country one, of course, follows the customs of its ruler. Deri mana datang-nya dan handak ka-mfma pergi-nya dan berûpa orang di-dalam- nya dan àpa bûrang mflat-an-nya dan àda-kah ia ka-tahu-i ûkan aädat bhàsa ugàma orang di-Ilmt ini, ~I.l c)L.).l Ê)I ul)-l c)1.l ~~ c)U 0~ ).l

~I d...S1.l1 c)1.l ~ .. :.ïl, .. Ê)~ uI c)1.l ~I.).)

~I ö)~.) Ê))I WI u-->~ ö.)U;: d' ~YP

,Yhence comes he, and whither goes he?

How many men are in the ship, and what is its cargo? and does he kno"

the manners, customs, and reliO'ion of the inhabitants of this sea ? b :Mûka labiimàna pun dàtang menO'-àdap ber-

'A b

plan seperti aiidat sedîa-kàla, c)l...Ji.I ~ ..

Jl<).~ ö.)lP ö ~ J~.)1 u.)~ .. (:iI.) c)~

The Adrniral came to see the monarch , walking according to his customary habit.

Seperti aädats'hari-hari, I"~) ~ ö.) lP ö ~

According to his daily habit. Pàtek itu handak rneng-ûdap duli shah aälam, màka patek itu handak mem-ûkei perentah seperti aädat raja-rûja meng-fldap, màka raja pun ber-tÎtah baik-Iah iang mana aädat segûla orang tûa-tlla kîta iang dahûlu kàla itu, tiada kîta ûbah-kan karfma Tan }\fegat ànak ka-pad a kîta,

~ ,.. .llPö6 9 I).) u.l~

v · ..

.. ~ d...J1 ~l;

ö.llP öjL.-> ~~ ~L- 0~ ~I ~l;

&-

~4 ~y. c)~ <:G ~ u.)~

ê:-!

I"c:G Jl$' }Y'.)

&-

~ 1"1.,s Ê))I ~ ö.llP c)L.

~ JJJS ~I dL

d

c))LÇ ~)I ~.ly- <i!1 He (thy slave) wishes to come into thy presence, and he wishes to use the cere-

Aädat, AR., ö.llP.

monies customary when a prince seeks an interview. Then said the king, "It is wen, we will not change the state ceremonials formerly in use among our- ancestors because Tan Megat is to us as a son." :Màka Baginda itu di-kahwin-kan orang-lah dengan tûan Peteri Gemala Ràkan Pelinggam, seperti aädat ràja- raja iang men-anggong ka-raja-an iang besar-besar, ,s}.p))1 ~~.l =--1.1 ~ ~

s.)lP

Sf'-->

~ dG JLS ~? c)1); ,p..l I"~ c)'~I~ Ê)~ ~ I"c:G They married the monarch i 0 the Princess Gemûla Rûkan Pelinggam according to the rites observed among princes who rule great monarchies. Bîar mati ànak jàngan mati aädat, dL. ,p.~ ~I dL. ~ ö.llP Let our children die rather than our customs. P1·OV. Ista-aädat s.)k...1 and Ista-aädat ka-raja-an c)·~I.f ö.)k...1 Customs, ceremonies, state functions, rites, &c. Hukum aädat, 6.)lP ~ The laws of custom, as opposed to the Hukum sharaä,

tr-o F

or laws contained in the Khuràn. Pàda hukum aädat orang pem-bfmoh bûlih di-denda-kan sampei tûjoh pûloh lîma tàhil pêrak àtau-pun di- hûlor-kan ka-pàda ka-raja-an, ~ J...-;

dl

r

~; ~ d'JJ.l.l dly. di~ Ê))I ö.)lP c) ~I.f JJJS d}~.) c)~ );1 0~ ~lJ ~ According to the laws of cu stom a mur- derer may be fined up to seventy-five ounces of silver, or become the slave of the ruling power. (See ?lote under HflIor }Y')' Note: a tàhil pêrak, 0~ ~lJ

~ ounce of silver, 16 oz: to the kati, 1

t

Ibs.)

IS reckoned as bemg worth sixteen Mexican dollars. Tiada aädat s'kàli-kali me-lûku-kan iang damikian, 6.)Ls;:.

.)y

~<...)

&-

d.,sL I" ~ K.... There is no form of usage which justifies such conduct.

Lûar aädat, ö.l lP ) I} or Sàlah pada aädat, Ö.l lP .u dl L. Contrar,' to the prescribed manner. Pegang aildat, ö.llP t.?':'j To stand by tbe customs in force, to appeal to the laws of custom. Letak aädat, ~ 6.) lP To lay down tbe law in accordance with custom. Minta aädat, 6.llP ' 6 To demand the penalty laid down by the law of custom, to demand redress.

L~nggar aädat, Ö.lL.s;:.. ~ To behave wlth .gross rudeness, to infringe the rules of etIquette or law. Aädat raja be-kerja,

c:~ <:G Ö.J lP State ceremonies (conse- quent on tbe birth, circumcision, or

(16)

Aädawat, AR., ö)IJ-P.

marriage of a member of a royal family). See no te under Kerja, ~.f to work, &c.

Màka aädat-nya pàda t'lap-t'lap hàri maka àpa-bîla sudah ia mem-bàsoh kain maka di-mflat-nya ka-àtas kaldei itu, dJb ~ ör~ ~l öJ.-" ~l ~ ~)~ t'~ JJ

=--1.1 ~..0S

u-S01S" d'yJ

~ d-IS" lt was his daily custom, when he had "ashed the clothes, to put a load of them upon the ass.

Aädäwat, AR., ö)lJ-P Enmity, hatred.

Aädi, AR., ~J\P .An enemy, a foreigner.

Aädil, .AR., jJb Just. Maka Sang Perte- dêwa pun ka-ràja-an-nya ter-làlu aädil dan pereksa-nya akan segala raäyat-nya ~

~L; ~ 0 'J jJb }21.; "ll:;,.l.f 0)~ 'y....ÀÏ""';

t-'

~)

y=-...., d'

.And Sang Pertedêwa was most just in the government of his

I

country, and he enquired ~pto the con- dition of all his subjects. .Ada raja iang aädil dan ada iang thalim, jJb

&

~l) Jl

~Hb

&

Jl 0lJ There are both just and I unjust kings.

Damikian-lah laku-nya sultan bestàri, Men-jadi raja dlla bllah negri,

.Aädil dan mûrah tiàda ter-pri, Ûtus meng-ûtus ka-sana ka-mari,

<..:5) Li 0 \hL...., ~f' 21 4<...J

~}:-l öl)! I)J ~l) ~J~

~yj y--3

Jw.

Ö)y 0 lJ JJ~

~)L...S' 0L.S ..;-1~ ..;-1)1

Such was the conduct of the "ise Sultan,

I

who had now become the ruler of two kingdoms. Ris justice and generosity were indescribabIe, and he held friendly intercourse with the neighbouring realms.

Ka-aädil-an, ~JW" Justice. Dan ba- ginda pun me-laku-kan ka-aüdil-~n di- atas segala isi negri-nya, 0~ l~ 0

'J

d-yû ~I

jL....,

~IJ -fiJ~

JfL

.And tne monarch behaved wlth JustlCe to all the inhabitants of his country. I Sepaya bûlih-lah aku meng-a-tahu-i. di- àtas akhtiar segala. orang besar-besar lang mem-egang hukum-hukum-an clan ka- aädil-an, ~I

u-S'J

~~ f'l ~)! ~l.L, J!.JW" 0'J 0t'F

F &

t'.r-l ~)I jL

In order that I may be aware of the intentions of those Chiefs who carry out the laws and administer justice. Rukum- an iang ka-aädil-an, J!.JW"

t---J.

~ Ju st laws-i.e.,laws "hich ensure justice.

Aäfiat, .AR., ~ Health, convalescence, recovery. Màka harap-Iah k-îta ka-pada

.Aäib, AR., ~., ... tb Tûhan sru sekelian aälam seperti sri paduka sehàbat kîta àda di-dàlam sêhat

"al-aäfiat s'làma-làma-nya, ili)u ~

~.>--> öyL,Jb ~)y....> ~f JJJS ~

~t'L..L., ~l) ~ ,J'JJ J l 4 dil-o ~Jl.;

,Ve trust in the Lord of all the uniyerse that our friend is always well, and free from sickness. .Aäfiat deri-pada ka- sakit-an dan semboh deri-pada peny- àkit-nya, ö~ 0'J ~L.S JJ)J L.:,.iP

~y JJ)J Recovered from his disease, and healed as to his ailments. .Aäfiat di-kernia Ttlhan, ~)ï W.fJ d .. 6n Good health is granted by the Lord.

Aäib, .AR., '--:-!."b (or ~). Shame, a reproach, an insult, a defect, a Haw. Mem- bri aäib, '--:-!."b ~~ To shame or insult a person. Men-aroh aäib, ~"b Ö»)L.

Tofeelashamed, to be ashamed. Ac1a-pun aädat segàla hûlubàlang Malayu itu apa- bîla nama ttlan-nya di-ba wa' pada s'bÎlah negri maka handak-lah sangat-sangat meng-hermat-kan dan tàkut dan mem-bri aäib s'kàli-kali tiàda ia mau, ÖJb 0~IJI

öl)':"-", JJ "1)4J

d'J

jU ~1l41 y..L ~ 0'J ~~ t'LPL...., '-'~ ~ .. ~~

/L. ~l

Jw.

t'

JK...

'--:-!."b ~~ 0'J öf'lï It is the custom of :Malay warriors when they are sustaining the repntation of their master in a foreign land, to treat his name with great respect and fear, and they will not. on any account bring shame upon it. Tiûda patut di-bri nama hülubûlang dan peng-lîma ka-pada orang iang tiada men-aroh mal u dan aiiib, J W

t-J.

~)I JJJS ~u 01J ~ jli ~y.J lUl.;

'--:-!."b 01J }L. Ö»)l:..,. JW It is not fitting that those should be called warriors and war-chiefs who are devoid of shame and impervious io insult. .Aäib-kan, ~"b

To insult, to shame. J-ika di-aäib-kan kîta baik mati deri-pada hîdup dengan men-anggong mal u, ~ ~"bJ ~

}L. b!:.~.J;-J w~ JJ)J dL. ~4 If we be insulted it werc better to die than to live disgraced. .Aäip-an,

c.f.!"b

Insult, shame. Bab iang ka-dûa pûloh lîma pri hukum meng-embàli-kan benda iang di-bli sebab aäib apa-bîla mem-bli suatu benda ka-Iîhat-an atas benda itu aäib iang sedîa di-kembàli-kan-nya, I ~ ~ <'lw.. . ,.--~<- ~.J" . r-~-\dl'l~ 'Y) -~ lJ . 1\·, ~ ö~ ~- ~ "I l_~_ \ .\ ~"b <...--0 _lIJ

• - • • 9" L.-

(17)

Aäidat, ÀR., S~

9..L-.. (:-I. ~"lP =--1.1 I~

v-S

I ~ .d-<"'~W.) Chapter the twenty-fifth rclating tothe law referring to the return- ing of goods which have been bought on account of any defect. ,Vhen any- thing has been purchased, if it is noticed that it has any defect (which it had at the time when it was sold) it should be returned.

Aäidat, Alt., SJ..,.P Return, produce, tribute.

Aäin,

t.

the letter

t.

which is the twentieth letter of the Malay alphabet. English equivalent aä or ä: sometimes this letter bas tbe sound of e, as in elemu ~

science; ê, as in êtakad, .}jijlP Faith; ï, as in ïbárat, S) l:-c Allegory; sometimes ö, as in döa, lP.) Prayer; or ü, as in ümor, F Age. Hole: The presence of this letter is almost invariably a sign of the word in which it occurs being of foreign, usnally of Arabic, origin.

Aäip-an, 1.:)Ä!."lP Shame, insuJt, areproach.

(See Aäib, ~"lP Shame, &c.)

Aäjab, AR., ~~ Oppression, injustice, misery, discomfort, to fe el oppressed. This is a common Malay rendering of Aüzab, ~JD

Aäjäib, Al~., ~"~ ,Vonder, surprise, wonderful, surprised, miracles, prodigies, to be surprised. Patek pun te-rasa aiijaib mem-andang rllpa-nya, 0,j ~l;

0l;)) Ë~ ~"~ u->Iyi Thy slave feIt wonder at beholding her. Aäjáib-lab flkll mem-îkir-kan,

d

y~ ~I ~"~

I am astonished when 1 reflect upon it.

Jangan-lah men-jádi aäjáib dan taäjub tllan hamba, 01.) ~"~ 9.)~ äL.ê~

~ 01,,;- ~~ Be not sllrprised or astonished, oh my master (i.e., at any- thing which you may see.) Aäjáib khanah (Pers.) dJ\::.. ~ ... (~ A museum (i.e., a place ~here wond ers are collected togetber-.) Apa-bîla pátek ûda me-lîhat satu aäjûib bháru-lah patek datang meng- áda p, . . . ~"~"L..,:iy ~ . \ - .)1 ~l; ...r-:-\.1

w.)~ ... ~I.) ~l; oJ).)f! When thy slave has seen a prodigy then only does he come into thy presence. l\fûka apa-bîla di-dengar ûlih hakim ákan per-kata-an itu ter-làlu-lah aäjaib-nya karana pohun kûyu táhu ber-kAta-káta itu, ~I ~ ...

~~ dl"DI j ~10"l::S ~

dl

~~ dl) I ~.).)

~I \",ö\$'y. ~ll.J!.lS ..fb~ 0)l$' Now when

the judge heard these words he was

Aäkal, AR.,

j....liP.

exceedingly astonished in that a tree could speak. Mau-kah tûan-tûan men- dengar suatu hikayat iang ûmat aäjaib, d.-I

&.

~ L<...e. S",--'~.À.:..A \"'01,,;- (\. ... S/L.

~"~ Will ye listen, oh master, to a very wonderful tale? Máka kata anak raja itn bahwa sllDggoh-nya aäjàib ini,

dl ...,...J~ ~r>

'..w.

~I <;:!; ~I ö\$' ~ Then quoth the Prince, "N ow verily it is a miracle." Hê sehabat-ku lîhat-lah barang aäjaib dan khasÎat di-dálam-nya, d..~b 01.) ~"~ Ë)~ ~ fo.~ ~

~I.).) Oh my friend, behold the peculi- arity and quality of the things which are within it.

Aäjam, AR., ~ P~rsian. Benlla aäjam,

~ Iy-I Persia. Orang aäjam, ~ê))1

A Persian. Bllat-an aäjam, ~

dl,l

Of Persian manufacture. Hampar-an belat-an aäjam, ~

dl,,!

0~ Persian carpet.

Aäjibat, AR., ~ A miracle, a marvel;

an astonisbing, marvellous, or wonderful thing. '~rote : This word, unlike its root Aäjáib, ~.,_.(~ is not generally under- stood among Malays.

Aäkad,' AH.,...IJi.p A concluded bargain;

agreed, ~done. Rote: Tbe word Àchi,

~I or Asi, ~I is more commonly used ta convey this meaning.

Aäkäid, AR., ~~ Articles of faith.

Aäkfticl iang di-dálam kitab sharaä, J-i. ~

t..r-o

~ l::S ~ I.).)

&.

The articles of Faith which are in the Scriptures.

Aäkal, AR.,

J.a.c

Intelligence, sagacity, acuteness, ingenuity, cunning, policy, judgment, understanding, stratagem, resource. Hê Setûbah jikûlau aäkal itu semperna ncscháya sampei-lah barang ka- handak-nya itu, =---1.1

J.a.c

~ dl? ~

=--1.1 d~ Ë)~ ~ 9~ 0~ Oh SLStûbah, if his sagacity is sufficient, w hat- ever may be his desire it will surely come to pass. Mau-kah tÎlan-hamba men- dengar suatu hikayat bagei-mana aäkal bûlih me-lepas-kan deri-páda bahia,

0~ 'W,l<:,. öl~~.À.:..A ~ 01f dS"/L.

l.M-J

..u).) ~ dl y.

J.a.c

Wilt thou, oh my master, listen to a tale of how acuteness can deliver one from danger?

Máka kata bllrong betîna itu aäkal apa- kah tûan hamba kata-kan itu, ~\$' ~

dl::S ~ 01

f

~ I

J.a.c

=--1.1 ~

ê)

y.

Referenties

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