Corruption in Indonesia
Sondang Silitonga, Mala
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Sondang Silitonga, M. (2018). Corruption in Indonesia: The Impact of institutional change, norms, and
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that governments think carefully about the distribution of power to government bodies and the opportunities for corruption this may generate, as well as about potential checks and balances that may help to keep corruption in check.
Third, this study suggests that government leaders play a key role in fighting corruption and that cues from the civil servants’ environment – appropriate behavior by peers and leaders – may help curb corruption. Activities aimed at triggering and strengthening the normative goal frame of civil servants, such as professionalizing the civil service through campaigns that focus on raising awareness, changing attitudes and promoting anti-corruption, thus seem relevant in this respect.
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Bac, M. (1996). Corruption, supervision, and the structure of hierarchies. The Journal of Law,
Economics, and Organization, 12(2), 277–298.
Bag, P. K. (1997). Controlling corruption in hierarchies. Journal of Comparative Economics, 25, 322–344.
Banerjee, R. (2016). Corruption, norm violation and decay in social capital. Journal of Public
Economics, 137, 14–27.
Bardhan, P. (1997). Corruption and development: A review of issues. Journal of Economic
Literature, 35(3), 1320–1346.
Barr, A., Lindelow, M., & Serneels, P. (2009). Corruption in public service delivery: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 72(1), 225– 239.
Barr, A., & Serra, D. (2010). Corruption and culture: an experimental analysis. Journal of Public
Economics, 94, 862–869.
Beale, S. S. (2006). The news media influence on criminal justice policy: How market driven news promotes punitiveness. William and Mary Law Review, 48, 397–481.
Becker, G. S., & Stigler, G. J. (1974). Law enforcement, malfeasance, and compensation of enforcers. The Journal of Legal Studies, 3(1), 1–18.
Beckert, J., & Wehinger, F. (2013). In the shadow: illegal markets and economic sociology.
Socio-Economic Review, 11(1), 5–30.
Bendahan, S., Zehnder, C., Pralong, F. P., & Antonakis, J. (2015). Leader corruption depends on power and testosterone. The Leadership Quarterly, 26(2), 101–122.
Blunt, P., Turner, M., & Lindroth, H. (2012). Patronage’s progress in post-Soeharto Indonesia.
Public Administration and Development, 32, 64–81.
Bohn, S. R. (2012), Corruption in Latin America: Understanding the perception–exposure gap.
Journal of Politics in Latin America, 4(3), 67–95.
Brass, D. J., Butterfield, K. D., & Skaggs. B. C. (1998). Relationships and unethical behavior: A social network perspective. The Academy of Management Review, 23(1), 14–31. Braun, V., & Clarke V. (2013). An introduction to the vignette method. In Successful qualitative
research: A practical guide for beginners. Retrieved 5 January 2015 from
http://www.uk.sagepub.com/books/Book233059.
Brown, M. E., Trevino, L. K. & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and
Human Decision Processes, 97, 117–134.
Buehler, M. (2007). Local elite reconfiguration in post-new order Indonesia: The 2005 election of district government heads in South Sulawesi. Review of Indonesian and
Malaysian Affairs, 41(1), 119–147.
Bruinsma, G., & Bernasco, W. (2004). Criminal groups and transnational illegal markets. Crime,
Law and Social Change, 41, 79–94.
Brunetti, A., & Weder, B. (2003). A free press is bad news for corruption. Journal of Public
Economics, 87, 1801–1824.
Burt, R. S. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal Sociology, 110, 349–399. Burt, R. S. (1992). The structural holes: The social structure of competition. Harvard University
Press. Cambridge.
Buskens, V., Raub, W., & Snijders, C. (2003). Theoretical and empirical perspectives on the governance of relations in markets and organizations. In V. Buskens, V., W. Raub, & C. Snijders (Eds.), The governance of relations in markets and organizations (pp. 1–18). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
Cartier-Bresson, J. (1997). Corruption network, transaction security, and illegal social exchange. Political Studies, 45, 463–476.
Chang, E. C. C., & Chu, Y. (2006). Corruption and trust: Exceptionalism in Asian democracies?
The Journal of Politics, 68(2), 259–271.
Che ne, M. (2014). Sanctioning regimes for bribery. Transparency International. Retrieved 5 January 2015 from http://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/ Sanctions_for_corruption_2015.pdf.
Christiansen, T., & Neuhold, C. (2012). Introduction. In. T. Christiansen, & C. Neuhold (Eds.),
The international handbook on informal governance (pp. 1–15). Cheltenham: Edwar
Elgar Publishing.
Chiaburu, D., & Harrison, D. A. (2008). Do peers make the place? Conceptual synthesis and meta-analysis of lateral social influences on perceptions, attitudes, OCBs, and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 1082–1103.
Choi, N. (2009). Democracy and patrimonial politics in local Indonesia. Indonesia, 88, 131– 164.
Cialdini, R. (2007). Descriptive social norms as underappreciated sources of social control.
Psychometrika, 72(2), 263–268.
Cole, W. M. (2015). Institutionalizing a global anti-corruption regime: Preserve effects on country outcomes, 1984–2012. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 56(1), 53–80.
Coleman, J. S. (1986). Social theory, social research, and a theory of action. The American Journal of Sociology, 91(6), 1309–1335.
Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. The American Journal of
Sociology, 94, S95–S120.
Coleman, J. S. (1990). Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Collett, J. L., & Childs, E. (2011). Minding the gap: Meaning, effect, and the potential shortcomings of vignettes. Social Science Research, 40, 512–522.
Collins, J. D., Uhlenbruck, K., & Rodriguez, P. (2009). Why firms engage in corruption: A top management perspective. Journal of Business Ethics, 87(1), 89–108.
Cook, K. S. (2005). Networks, norms, and trust: The social psychology of social capital 2004 Cooley Mead award address. Social Psychology Quarterly, 68(1), 4–14.
Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New work attitude measures of trust, organizational commitment and personal need non-fulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39–52. Crook, R., & Manor, J. (2000). Democratic decentralization. OED Working Paper Series No. 11.
Retrieved 21 January 2014 from http://ieg.worldbank.org/Data/reports/ demcratc.pdf.
De Asis, M. G. (2000). Reducing corruption at the local level. World Bank Institute. Retrieved 10 January 2014 from http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/ pubs/locallevel.htm.
De Graaf, G. (2007). Causes of corruption: Towards a contextual theory of corruption. Public
De Graaf, G., & Huberts, L. W. J. C. (2008). Portraying the nature of corruption using an explorative case study design. Public Administration Review, 68(4), 640–653.
De Nooy, W. (2003). Fields and networks: correspondence analysis and social network analysis in the framework of field theory. Poetics, 31(5–6), 305–327.
Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A. (2012). The hidden order of corruption an institutional approach. UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Dreher, A., & Gassebner, M. (2013). Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry. Public Choice, 1–20.
Desautels, G., & Jacob, S. (2012). The ethical sensitivity of evaluators: A qualitative study using a vignette design. Evaluation, 18, 437–450.
Dey, H. K. (1989). The genesis and spread of economic corruption: A microtheoretic interpretation. World Development, 17(4), 503–511.
Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2001). The role of trust in organizational settings. Organization
Science, 12, 450–467.
Dixit, A. (2015) Governance reforms and growth: Some ideas from economic theory. Princeton University. Retrieved 1 July 2017 from https://www.princeton.edu/ ~dixitak/home/GovRef_FEC.pdf.
Dollar, D., Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2001). Are women really the “fairer” sex? Corruption and women in government. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 46(4), 423– 429.
Downs, A. (1972). Up and down with ecology: The “issue-attention” cycle. Public Interest, 28, 38–51.
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Economakis, G., Rizopoulos, Y., & Sergakis, D. (2010). Pattern of corruption. Journal of
Economics and Business, 13(2), 11–31.
Edmondson, A. C. (2003). Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 1419– 1452.
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Fan, C. S., Lin, C., & Treisman, D. (2010). Embezzlement versus bribery. NBER Working Paper Series No. 16542. Retrieved 2 February 2014 from http://www.nber.org/papers/w16542.
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Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2002). Decentralization and corruption: Evidence across countries.
Journal of Public Economics, 83, 325–345.
Flap, H., & Volker, B. (2013). Social capital. In R. Wittek, T. A. B. Snijders, & V. Nee (Eds.), The
handbook of rational choice social research (pp. 220–251). Stanford: Stanford
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Journal of Developing Societies, 32(2), 159–177.
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Della Porta, D., & Vannucci, A. (2012). The hidden order of corruption an institutional approach. UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited.
Dreher, A., & Gassebner, M. (2013). Greasing the wheels? The impact of regulations and corruption on firm entry. Public Choice, 1–20.
Desautels, G., & Jacob, S. (2012). The ethical sensitivity of evaluators: A qualitative study using a vignette design. Evaluation, 18, 437–450.
Dey, H. K. (1989). The genesis and spread of economic corruption: A microtheoretic interpretation. World Development, 17(4), 503–511.
Dirks, K. T., & Ferrin, D. L. (2001). The role of trust in organizational settings. Organization
Science, 12, 450–467.
Dixit, A. (2015) Governance reforms and growth: Some ideas from economic theory. Princeton University. Retrieved 1 July 2017 from https://www.princeton.edu/ ~dixitak/home/GovRef_FEC.pdf.
Dollar, D., Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2001). Are women really the “fairer” sex? Corruption and women in government. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 46(4), 423– 429.
Downs, A. (1972). Up and down with ecology: The “issue-attention” cycle. Public Interest, 28, 38–51.
Duggar, E., & Duggar, M. (2004). Corruption, culture, and organizational form. Retrieved 5 January 2015 from http://ssrn.com/abstract=770889.
Economakis, G., Rizopoulos, Y., & Sergakis, D. (2010). Pattern of corruption. Journal of
Economics and Business, 13(2), 11–31.
Edmondson, A. C. (2003). Speaking up in the operating room: How team leaders promote learning in interdisciplinary action teams. Journal of Management Studies, 40, 1419– 1452.
Entman, R. M. (2010). Media framing biases and political power: Explaining slant in news of campaign 2008. Journalism, 11, 389–408.
Fan, C. S., Lin, C., & Treisman, D. (2010). Embezzlement versus bribery. NBER Working Paper Series No. 16542. Retrieved 2 February 2014 from http://www.nber.org/papers/w16542.
Fijnaut, C., & Huberts, L. (2002). Corruption, integrity, and law enforcement. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, The Hague.
Finch, J. (1987). The vignette technique in survey research. Sociology, 21, 104–144.
Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structure of social life: The four elementary forms of human relations. New York: The Free Press.
Fiske, A. P. (1992). The four elementary forms of sociality: Framework for a unified theory of social relations. Psychological Review, 99(4), 689–723.
Fiske, A. P. (2012). Metarelational models: Configurations of social relationships: Metarelational models. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(1), 2–18.
Fishbach, A., & Dhar, R. (2005). Goals as excuses or guides: The liberating effect of perceived goal progress on choice. Journal of Consumer Research, 32(3), 370–377.
Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2002). Decentralization and corruption: Evidence across countries.
Journal of Public Economics, 83, 325–345.
Flap, H., & Volker, B. (2013). Social capital. In R. Wittek, T. A. B. Snijders, & V. Nee (Eds.), The
handbook of rational choice social research (pp. 220–251). Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
Franzosi, R. (1987). The press as a source of socio-historical data: Issues in the methodology of data collection from newspapers. Historical Methods, 20(1), 5–16.
Fredriksson, A. (2014). Bureaucracy intermediaries, corruption and red tape. Journal of
Development Economics, 108, 256–273.
Ganie-Rochman, M., & Achwan, R. (2016). Corruption in Indonesia’s emerging democracy.
Journal of Developing Societies, 32(2), 159–177.
Gatti, R., Paternostro, S., & Rigolini, J. (2003). Individual attitudes toward corruption: do social effects matter? World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (3122). Retrieved 5 January 2015 from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/ 432741468765319923/pdf/wps3122.pdf.
Gaventa, J. (2004). Strengthening participatory approaches to local governance: Learning the lessons from abroad, National Civic Review, 93(4), 16–27.
Goel, R. K., & Nelson, M. A. (2007). Are corrupt acts contagious? Evidence from the United States. Journal of Policy Modeling, 29, 839–850.
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Journal of Public Economics, 89, 1639–1663.
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Kukutschka, R. M. B., & Kelso, C. (2016). Latest trends in corruption measurement and analysis. Transparency International. Retrieved 30 June 2016 from https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Latest_trends_in_
corruption_measurement_and_analysis_2016.pdf.
Kydd, A. (2003). Which side are you on? Bias, credibility and mediation. American Journal of
Political Science, 47(4), 597–611.
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Asian Social Science, 8(13), 1–8.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2007). The institutional economics of corruption and reform: Theory,
evidence, and policy. Cambridge University Press.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2009). The organization of anti-corruption: Getting incentives right. In: R. I. Rotberg (Ed.), Corruption, global security, and world order (pp. 389–415). Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2002). Making corrupt deals: Contracting in the shadow of the law. Journal
Harris, D. (2007). Bonding social capital and corruption: A cross-national empirical analysis. Environmental Economy and Policy Research Working Paper No. 27.2007. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 4 July 2017 from https://econpapers.repec.org/ paper/lndwpaper/200727.htm
Helmke, G., & Levitsky, S. (2004). Informal institutions and comparative politics: A research agenda. Perspectives on Politics, 2(4), 740–775.
Henderson, J. V., & Kuncoro, A. (2004). Corruption in Indonesia. NBER Working Paper, 10674. Retrieved 4 April 2014, from http://www.nber.org/papers/w10674.
Hiller, P. (2010). Understanding corruption: How system theory can help. In G. de Graaf, P. von Maravic, & P. Wagenaar (Eds.), The good cause: Theoretical perspective on corruption (pp. 64-82). Germany: Barbara Budrich Publisher.
Hofman, B., & Kaiser, K. (2002). The making of the big bang and its aftermath a political
economy perspective. The World Bank. Retrieved 30 January 2014 from
http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781845421656.00007.
Hofman, B., Kaiser, K., & Schulze, G. G. (2009). Corruption and decentralization. In C. J. G. Holtzappel, & M Ramstedt (Eds.), Decentralization and regional autonomy in Indonesia (pp. 99–113). Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
Huisman, W., & Walle, G.V. (2010). The criminology of corruption. In G. de Graaf, P. von Maravic, & P. Wagenaar (Eds.), The good cause: Theoretical perspectives on corruption (pp. 115– 145). Barbara Budrich Publishers.
Huizingh, E. (2007). Applies statistic with SPSS. London: SAGE Publications.
Hutchcroft, P. (1997). The politics of privilege: Assessing the impact of rents, corruption, clientelism on third world development. Political Studies, 45, 639–658.
Huther, J., & Shah, A. (1998). Applying a simple measure of good governance to the debate on
fiscal decentralization. Policy Research Working Paper N. 1894. Retrieved 30 January
2014 from http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/ 17662/wps1894.pdf. Jain, A. (2001). Corruption: A review. Journal of Economic Surveys, 15(1), 17–121.
Jansics, D., & Javor, I. (2012). Corrupt governmental networks. International Public
Management Journal, 15(1), 62–99.
Janscis, D., & Javor, I. (2013). The role of power in organizational corruption: An empirical study. CUNY Academic Works.
Jasso, G. & Opp, K. D. (1997). Probing the character of norms: a factorial survey analysis of the norms of political action. American Sociological Review, 53, 919–932.
Javor. I., & Jansics, D. (2016). The role of power in organizational corruption: An empirical study. Administration & Society, 48(5), 527–558.
Jemadu, A. (2017). Challenges in eradicating corruption in the Indonesian presidential system
the centre for international governance innovation. CIGI Papers No. 119. Retrieved 6
June 2017 from https://www.cigionline.org/publications/challenges-eradicating-corruption-indonesian-presidential-system.
Jones, C Hesterly, W & Borgatti, S. P. (1997). A general theory of network governance: Exchange conditions and social mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 911–945.
Jurkiewicz, C. L., & Giacalone, R. A. (2016). Organizational determinants of ethical dysfunctionality. Journal of Business Ethics, 136, 1–12.
Kaufman, R. R. (1974). The patron-client concept and macro politics: Prospects and problems.
Comparative Studies in Society and History, 16(3), 284–308.
Keizer, K., Lindenberg, S., & Steg, S. (2008). The spreading of disorder, Science, 322, 1681– 1685.
Kettering, S. (1988). The historical development of political clientelism. The Journal of
Interdisciplinary History, 18(3), 419–447.
Khan, M. H. (1998). Patron-client networks and the economic effects of corruption in Asia. The
European Journal of Development Research, 10, 15–39.
Kim, W. G. & Brymer, R. A. (2011). The effects of ethical leadership on manager job satisfaction, commitment, behavioral outcomes, and firm performance. International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 30, 1020–1026.
King, D. Y. (2000). Corruption in Indonesia: A curable cancer? Journal of International Affairs,
5(22), 603–616.
Kingston, C. (2007). Parochial corruption. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 63, 73–87.
Kish-Gephart, J. J., Harisson, D. A., & Trevino, L. K. (2010). Bad apples, bad cases, and bad barresls: meta-analytic evidence about sources of unethical decision at work. Journal
of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 1–31.
Klitgaard, R. (1998). Controlling corruption. Barkeley: University of California Press.
Kram, K. E., & Isabella, L. A. (1985). Mentoring alternatives: The role of peer relationships in career development. The Academy of Management Journal, 28(1), 110–132.
Kristiansen, S., Dwiyanto, A., Pramusinto, A., & Putranto, E. A. (2009). Public sector reforms and financial transparency: Experiences from Indonesian districts. Contemporary
Southeast Asia, 31(1), 64–87.
Kolstad, I., & Fjeldstad, O. (2006). Fiscal decentralization and corruption: A brief overview of the issues. Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Kugler, M., Verdier, T., & Zenou, Y. (2005). Organized crime, corruption and punishment.
Journal of Public Economics, 89, 1639–1663.
Kuipers, Kathy J. (2009). Formal and informal network coupling and its relationship to workplace attachment. Sociological Perspectives, 52(4), 455–479.
Kukutschka, R. M. B., & Kelso, C. (2016). Latest trends in corruption measurement and analysis. Transparency International. Retrieved 30 June 2016 from https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/Latest_trends_in_
corruption_measurement_and_analysis_2016.pdf.
Kydd, A. (2003). Which side are you on? Bias, credibility and mediation. American Journal of
Political Science, 47(4), 597–611.
Labolo, M., & Hamka, M. A. (2012). Reconsidering the indirect elections for the head of region, response towards the current direct democration mechanism system in Indonesia.
Asian Social Science, 8(13), 1–8.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2007). The institutional economics of corruption and reform: Theory,
evidence, and policy. Cambridge University Press.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2009). The organization of anti-corruption: Getting incentives right. In: R. I. Rotberg (Ed.), Corruption, global security, and world order (pp. 389–415). Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press.
Lambsdorff, J. G. (2002). Making corrupt deals: Contracting in the shadow of the law. Journal
Lambsdorff, J. G., & Teksoz, S. U. (2005). Corrupt relational contracting. In J. G. Lambsdorff, M. Schramm & M. Taube. (Eds.), The new institutional economics of corruption (pp. 138– 151). New York: Rutledge.
Lane, J. C. (1995). Ethics of business students: Some marketing perspectives. Journal of
Business Ethics, 14(7), 571–580.
Lawler, E. J., & Hipp, L. (2010). Corruption as social exchange. In Advances in group processes (pp. 269–296). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Retrieved 1 July 2017 from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/S0882-6145(2010)0000027013. Leo n, C. J., Arana, J. E., & de Leon, J. (2013). Valuing the social cost of corruption using
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Lesne , F., & Gauthier, B. (2014). The kinship in public office indicator: Kin connectivity as a proxy
for nepotism in the public sector. Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Lewis, B. D. (2010). Indonesian decentralization: Accountability deferred. International
Journal of Public Administration, 33, 648–657.
Liddle, R. (1985). Soeharto’s Indonesia: Personal rule and political institutions. Pacific Affairs,
58(1), 68–90.
Liddle, R. (2013). Improving the quality of democracy in Indonesia: Toward a theory of action.
Indonesia, 96, 59–80.
Lindenberg, S. (2008). Social rationality, semi modularity, and goal framing: What is it all about? Analyse and Kritik, 30, 669–687.
Lindenberg, S. (2011). How cues in the environment affect normative behavior. In L. Steg, A. E. Van den Berg, & J. De Groot (Eds.), Environment Psychology: An Introduction (pp. 119–128). New York: Wiley.
Lindenberg, S. (2013) Social rationality, self-regulation, and well-being: The regulatory significance of needs, goals, and the self. In R. Wittek, T. A. B. Snijders, & V. Nee (Eds.),
The Handbook of Rational Choice Social Research (pp. 72–112). Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
Lindenberg, S. & Foss, N. J. (2011). Managing joint production motivation: The role of goal framing and governance mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 36(3), 500– 525.
Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2013). Goal-framing theory and norm-guided environmental behavior. In H. Van Trijp (Ed.), encouraging sustainable behavior (pp. 37–54). New York: Psychology Press.
Lipset, M. S., & Lenz G. S. (2000). Corruption, culture and markets. In L. E. Harrisson, & S. P. Huntington (Eds.), Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (pp. 112–124). New York: Cambridge University Press.
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Lomnitz, L. (1988). Informal exchange networks in formal system: A theoretical model.
American Anthropologist, 90(1), 42–55.
Luo, Y. (2004). An organizational perspective of corruption. Management and Organization
Review, 1, 119–154
Malm, A., Bichler, B., & Van De Walle, S. (2010). Comparing the ties that bind criminal networks: Is blood thicker than water? Security Journal, 23, 52–74.
Manor, J. (1999). The political economy of democratic decentralization. The World Bank. Retrieved 12 January 2014 from http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/ book/10.1596/0-8213-4470-6.
Martin, J. L. (2003). What is field theory? American Journal of Sociology, 109(1), 1–49. Martini, M. (2012). Causes of corruption in Indonesia. Transparency International. Retrieved 4
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Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681–712. Mauro, P. (1997). Why Worry about Corruption? International Monetary Fund, Washington
D.C.
McCarthy, J. D., McPhail, C., & Smith, J. (1996). Images of protest: dimensions of selection bias in media coverage of Washington demonstrations, 1982 and 1991. American
Sociological Review, 61(3), 478–499.
McLeod, R. H. (2000). Soeharto Indonesia: A better class of corruption. The Indonesian
Quarterly, 28(1), 16–27.
McLeod, R. H. (2005). The struggle to regain effective government under democracy in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 41, 367–386.
Me on, P. G., & Sekkat, K. (2005). Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth? Public
Choice, 122(1), 69–97.
Mietzner, M. (2010). Indonesia’s direct elections: Empowering the electorate or entrenching the new order oligarchy? In Soeharto’s New Order and its legacy: Essays. In E. Aspinall, & G. Fealy (Eds.), Essays in honour of Harold Crouch (pp. 173-190). Australia: ANU Press Library.
Montinola, G. R., & Jackman, R. W. (2002). Sources of corruption: A cross-country study. British
Journal of Political Science, 32(01), 147–170.
Morselli, C. (2009). Inside Criminal Networks. New York: Springer.
Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2011). Contextual choices in fighting corruption: Lessons learned. Oslo: Norad. (Report No. 4/2011). Retrieved 20 February 2015 from http://www.oecd.org/countries/zambia/48912957.pdf.
Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2006). Corruption: Diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Democracy, 17(3), 86-99.
Nielsen, R. P. (2003). Corruption networks and implications for ethical corruption reform.
Journal of Business Ethics, 42(2), 125–149.
Nordholt, H. S. (2005) Decentralisation in Indonesia: Less state, more democracy? In J. Harriss, K. Stokke, & O. To rnquist (Eds.), Politicising democracy. International political economy
Lambsdorff, J. G., & Teksoz, S. U. (2005). Corrupt relational contracting. In J. G. Lambsdorff, M. Schramm & M. Taube. (Eds.), The new institutional economics of corruption (pp. 138– 151). New York: Rutledge.
Lane, J. C. (1995). Ethics of business students: Some marketing perspectives. Journal of
Business Ethics, 14(7), 571–580.
Lawler, E. J., & Hipp, L. (2010). Corruption as social exchange. In Advances in group processes (pp. 269–296). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Retrieved 1 July 2017 from http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/S0882-6145(2010)0000027013. Leo n, C. J., Arana, J. E., & de Leon, J. (2013). Valuing the social cost of corruption using
subjective wellbeing data and the technique of vignettes. Applied Economics, 45(27), 3863–3870.
Lesne , F., & Gauthier, B. (2014). The kinship in public office indicator: Kin connectivity as a proxy
for nepotism in the public sector. Chr. Michelsen Institute.
Lewis, B. D. (2010). Indonesian decentralization: Accountability deferred. International
Journal of Public Administration, 33, 648–657.
Liddle, R. (1985). Soeharto’s Indonesia: Personal rule and political institutions. Pacific Affairs,
58(1), 68–90.
Liddle, R. (2013). Improving the quality of democracy in Indonesia: Toward a theory of action.
Indonesia, 96, 59–80.
Lindenberg, S. (2008). Social rationality, semi modularity, and goal framing: What is it all about? Analyse and Kritik, 30, 669–687.
Lindenberg, S. (2011). How cues in the environment affect normative behavior. In L. Steg, A. E. Van den Berg, & J. De Groot (Eds.), Environment Psychology: An Introduction (pp. 119–128). New York: Wiley.
Lindenberg, S. (2013) Social rationality, self-regulation, and well-being: The regulatory significance of needs, goals, and the self. In R. Wittek, T. A. B. Snijders, & V. Nee (Eds.),
The Handbook of Rational Choice Social Research (pp. 72–112). Stanford: Stanford
University Press.
Lindenberg, S. & Foss, N. J. (2011). Managing joint production motivation: The role of goal framing and governance mechanisms. Academy of Management Review, 36(3), 500– 525.
Lindenberg, S., & Steg, L. (2013). Goal-framing theory and norm-guided environmental behavior. In H. Van Trijp (Ed.), encouraging sustainable behavior (pp. 37–54). New York: Psychology Press.
Lipset, M. S., & Lenz G. S. (2000). Corruption, culture and markets. In L. E. Harrisson, & S. P. Huntington (Eds.), Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress (pp. 112–124). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Litvack, J., Ahmad, J., & Bird, R. (1998). Rethinking decentralization in developing countries. The World Bank. Retrieved 30 January 2014 from http://www1.worldbank.org/ publicsector/decentralization/Rethinking%20Decentralization.pdf.
Litvack, J., & Seddon, J. (1999). Decentralization briefing notes. World Bank Institute Working Papers No. 37142. Retrieved 30 January 2014 from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/WBI/Resources/wbi37142.pdf.
Lomnitz, L. (1988). Informal exchange networks in formal system: A theoretical model.
American Anthropologist, 90(1), 42–55.
Luo, Y. (2004). An organizational perspective of corruption. Management and Organization
Review, 1, 119–154
Malm, A., Bichler, B., & Van De Walle, S. (2010). Comparing the ties that bind criminal networks: Is blood thicker than water? Security Journal, 23, 52–74.
Manor, J. (1999). The political economy of democratic decentralization. The World Bank. Retrieved 12 January 2014 from http://elibrary.worldbank.org/doi/ book/10.1596/0-8213-4470-6.
Martin, J. L. (2003). What is field theory? American Journal of Sociology, 109(1), 1–49. Martini, M. (2012). Causes of corruption in Indonesia. Transparency International. Retrieved 4
June 2017 from: https://www.transparency.org/files/content/corruptionqas/ 338_Causes_of_corruption_in_Indonesia.pdf.
Matsueda, R. L. (2013). Rational choice research in criminology: A multi-level framework. In R. Wittek, T. A. B. Snijders, & V. Nee (Eds). The Handbook of Rational Choice Social
Research (pp. 385-458). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Matsui, K. (2005). Post-decentralization regional economies and actors: Putting the capacity of local government to the test. The Developing Economies, 43(1), 171–189.
Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681–712. Mauro, P. (1997). Why Worry about Corruption? International Monetary Fund, Washington
D.C.
McCarthy, J. D., McPhail, C., & Smith, J. (1996). Images of protest: dimensions of selection bias in media coverage of Washington demonstrations, 1982 and 1991. American
Sociological Review, 61(3), 478–499.
McLeod, R. H. (2000). Soeharto Indonesia: A better class of corruption. The Indonesian
Quarterly, 28(1), 16–27.
McLeod, R. H. (2005). The struggle to regain effective government under democracy in Indonesia. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 41, 367–386.
Me on, P. G., & Sekkat, K. (2005). Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth? Public
Choice, 122(1), 69–97.
Mietzner, M. (2010). Indonesia’s direct elections: Empowering the electorate or entrenching the new order oligarchy? In Soeharto’s New Order and its legacy: Essays. In E. Aspinall, & G. Fealy (Eds.), Essays in honour of Harold Crouch (pp. 173-190). Australia: ANU Press Library.
Montinola, G. R., & Jackman, R. W. (2002). Sources of corruption: A cross-country study. British
Journal of Political Science, 32(01), 147–170.
Morselli, C. (2009). Inside Criminal Networks. New York: Springer.
Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2011). Contextual choices in fighting corruption: Lessons learned. Oslo: Norad. (Report No. 4/2011). Retrieved 20 February 2015 from http://www.oecd.org/countries/zambia/48912957.pdf.
Mungiu-Pippidi, A. (2006). Corruption: Diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Democracy, 17(3), 86-99.
Nielsen, R. P. (2003). Corruption networks and implications for ethical corruption reform.
Journal of Business Ethics, 42(2), 125–149.
Nordholt, H. S. (2005) Decentralisation in Indonesia: Less state, more democracy? In J. Harriss, K. Stokke, & O. To rnquist (Eds.), Politicising democracy. International political economy
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Olken, B. A., & Pande, R. (2011). Corruption in developing Countries. Working Paper 17398. Retrieved 1 July 2017 from http://www.nber.org/papers/w17398.
Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press
Palmer, D. (2008). Extending the process model of collective corruption. Research in
Organizational Behavior, 28, 107–135.
Panth, S. (2011). Changing norms is key to fighting everyday corruption. The World Bank, Retrieved 1 July 2017 from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTGOVACC/Resources/ChangingNormsAnnexFinal.pdf.
Park, H. H., & Rethemeyer, K. (2014). The politics of connections: Assessing the determinants of social structure in policy network. Journal of Public Administration Research and
Theory, 24(2), 349–379.
Pelletier, K. L. & Bligh, M. C. (2008). The aftermath of organizational corruption: Employee attributions and emotional reactions. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 823–844.
Persson, A., Rothstein, B., & Toerell, J. (2013). Why anticorruption reforms fail: Systemic corruption as a collective action problem. Governance: An International Journal of
Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 26(3), 449–471.
Peters, B. G. (2010). Institutional design and good governance. In G. de Graaf, P. von Maravic, & P. Wagenaar (Eds.). The good cause: Theoretical perspective on corruption (pp. 83– 97). Germany: Barbara Budrich Publisher.
Pickhardt, M., & Shinnick, E. (2008). The shadow economy, corruption, and governance. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pinto, J., Leana, C. R., & Pil, F. K. (2008). Corrupt organization or organizations of corrupt individuals? Two types of organization-level corruption. Academy of Management
Review, 33(3), 685–709.
Pradiptyo, R. (2012). Does Corruption Pay in Indonesia? If so, who are benefited the most? Universitas Gadjah Mada Working Paper Series. Retrieved 6 June 2017 from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2107537.
Prud’homme, R. (1995). The dangers of decentralization, The World Bank Research
Observer, 10(2), 201–220.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. American Political Science Association, 28(4), 664–683.
Renoe, C. E. (2002). Institutionalized “corruption”: Implications for legal reform in Indonesia and the need to make haste slowly. Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, 2, 102-113. Robertson-Snape, F. (1999). Corruption, collusion and nepotism in Indonesia. Third World
Quarterly, 20(3), 589–602.
Rinaldi, T., Purnomo, M., & Damayanti, D. (2007). Fighting corruption in decentralized
Indonesia: Case studies on handling local government corruption. World Bank Working
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Rose-Ackerman, S. (2008). Corruption and government. International Peacekeeping, 15(3), 328–343.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK/New York
Rosenblatt, V. (2012). Hierarchies, power inequalities, and organizational corruption. Journal
of Business Ethics, 111(2), 237–251.
Rothstein, B. (2011). The quality of government: Corruption, social trust, and inequality in
international perspective. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press.
Rothstein, B., & Torsello, D. (2013). Is corruption understood differently in different cultures?
Anthropology meets political science. Working Paper Series 2013: 5. Retrieved October
04, 2017 from http://www.qog.pol.gu.se/digitalAssets/1443/ 1443545_2013_5_rothstein_torsello.pdf.
Ruegger, D., & King, E. W. (1992). A study of the effect of age and gender upon student business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(3), 179–186.
Schilke, O., Riemann, M., & Cook, K. S. (2015). Power decreases trust in social exchange.
Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences, 112(42), 12950–12955.
Schminke, M., Wells, D, Peyrefitte, J., & Sebora, T. C. (2002). Leadership and ethics in works groups: A longitudinal assessment. Group& Organization Management, 27(2), 272– 293.
Schwarz, A. (2004). A nation in waiting: Indonesia’s search for stability. Singapore Talisman
Publishing.
Schweitzer, H. (2005). Corruption – its spread and decline. In J. G. Lambsdorff, M. Schramm & M. Taube (Eds.), The new institutional economics of corruption (pp. 16–39). New York: Rutledge.
Schwickerath, A. K., Varraich, A., & Smith, L. L. (2017). How to research corruption? Conference Proceedings Interdisciplinary Corruption Research Forum. Interdisciplinary Corruption Research Network (ICRN).
Scott, J. C. (1972). Comparative political corruption. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Serra, D., & Wantchekon, L. (2012). New advances in experimental research on corruption. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
Shah, A. (2006). Corruption and decentralized public governance. World Bank Working Paper 3824. Retrieved 13 January 2014 from http://elibrary.worldbank.org/ doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-3824.
Shah, A., Thompson, T., & Zou, H. (2004). The impact of decentralization on service delivery,
corruption, fiscal, management, and growth in developing and emerging market economies: A synthesis of empirical evidence. CEMA Working Papers 492. Retrieved 12
January 2014 from http://www.cesifogroup.de/pls/guestci/download/ CESifo%20DICE%20Report%202004/CESifo%20DICE%20Report%201/2004/ dicereport104-forum2.pdf.
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University Press.
Olken, B. A. (2009). Corruption perceptions vs. corruption reality. Journal of Public Economics,
93(7-8), 950–964.
Olken, B. A. (2007). Monitoring corruption: Evidence from a field experiment in Indonesia.
Journal of Political Economy, 115(2), 200–249.
Olken, B. A., & Pande, R. (2011). Corruption in developing Countries. Working Paper 17398. Retrieved 1 July 2017 from http://www.nber.org/papers/w17398.
Ostrom, E. (2005). Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press
Palmer, D. (2008). Extending the process model of collective corruption. Research in
Organizational Behavior, 28, 107–135.
Panth, S. (2011). Changing norms is key to fighting everyday corruption. The World Bank, Retrieved 1 July 2017 from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/ INTGOVACC/Resources/ChangingNormsAnnexFinal.pdf.
Park, H. H., & Rethemeyer, K. (2014). The politics of connections: Assessing the determinants of social structure in policy network. Journal of Public Administration Research and
Theory, 24(2), 349–379.
Pelletier, K. L. & Bligh, M. C. (2008). The aftermath of organizational corruption: Employee attributions and emotional reactions. Journal of Business Ethics, 80, 823–844.
Persson, A., Rothstein, B., & Toerell, J. (2013). Why anticorruption reforms fail: Systemic corruption as a collective action problem. Governance: An International Journal of
Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 26(3), 449–471.
Peters, B. G. (2010). Institutional design and good governance. In G. de Graaf, P. von Maravic, & P. Wagenaar (Eds.). The good cause: Theoretical perspective on corruption (pp. 83– 97). Germany: Barbara Budrich Publisher.
Pickhardt, M., & Shinnick, E. (2008). The shadow economy, corruption, and governance. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Pinto, J., Leana, C. R., & Pil, F. K. (2008). Corrupt organization or organizations of corrupt individuals? Two types of organization-level corruption. Academy of Management
Review, 33(3), 685–709.
Pradiptyo, R. (2012). Does Corruption Pay in Indonesia? If so, who are benefited the most? Universitas Gadjah Mada Working Paper Series. Retrieved 6 June 2017 from http://ssrn.com/abstract=2107537.
Prud’homme, R. (1995). The dangers of decentralization, The World Bank Research
Observer, 10(2), 201–220.
Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. American Political Science Association, 28(4), 664–683.
Renoe, C. E. (2002). Institutionalized “corruption”: Implications for legal reform in Indonesia and the need to make haste slowly. Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs, 2, 102-113. Robertson-Snape, F. (1999). Corruption, collusion and nepotism in Indonesia. Third World
Quarterly, 20(3), 589–602.
Rinaldi, T., Purnomo, M., & Damayanti, D. (2007). Fighting corruption in decentralized
Indonesia: Case studies on handling local government corruption. World Bank Working
Paper No. 43641. Retrieved 13 January 2014 from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTJUSFORPOOR/resources/
FightingCorruptioninDecentralizedIndonesia.pdf.
Robins, G. 2015. Doing social network research: Network-based research design for social
scientists. London: SAGE Publications.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (2001). Trust, honesty and corruption: Reflection on the state-building process. European Journal of Sociology, 42(03), 526–570.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (2008). Corruption and government. International Peacekeeping, 15(3), 328–343.
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Corruption and government: Causes, consequences, and reform. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK/New York
Rosenblatt, V. (2012). Hierarchies, power inequalities, and organizational corruption. Journal
of Business Ethics, 111(2), 237–251.
Rothstein, B. (2011). The quality of government: Corruption, social trust, and inequality in
international perspective. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press.
Rothstein, B., & Torsello, D. (2013). Is corruption understood differently in different cultures?
Anthropology meets political science. Working Paper Series 2013: 5. Retrieved October
04, 2017 from http://www.qog.pol.gu.se/digitalAssets/1443/ 1443545_2013_5_rothstein_torsello.pdf.
Ruegger, D., & King, E. W. (1992). A study of the effect of age and gender upon student business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(3), 179–186.
Schilke, O., Riemann, M., & Cook, K. S. (2015). Power decreases trust in social exchange.
Proceeding of National Academy of Sciences, 112(42), 12950–12955.
Schminke, M., Wells, D, Peyrefitte, J., & Sebora, T. C. (2002). Leadership and ethics in works groups: A longitudinal assessment. Group& Organization Management, 27(2), 272– 293.
Schwarz, A. (2004). A nation in waiting: Indonesia’s search for stability. Singapore Talisman
Publishing.
Schweitzer, H. (2005). Corruption – its spread and decline. In J. G. Lambsdorff, M. Schramm & M. Taube (Eds.), The new institutional economics of corruption (pp. 16–39). New York: Rutledge.
Schwickerath, A. K., Varraich, A., & Smith, L. L. (2017). How to research corruption? Conference Proceedings Interdisciplinary Corruption Research Forum. Interdisciplinary Corruption Research Network (ICRN).
Scott, J. C. (1972). Comparative political corruption. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc.
Serra, D., & Wantchekon, L. (2012). New advances in experimental research on corruption. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
Shah, A. (2006). Corruption and decentralized public governance. World Bank Working Paper 3824. Retrieved 13 January 2014 from http://elibrary.worldbank.org/ doi/pdf/10.1596/1813-9450-3824.
Shah, A., Thompson, T., & Zou, H. (2004). The impact of decentralization on service delivery,
corruption, fiscal, management, and growth in developing and emerging market economies: A synthesis of empirical evidence. CEMA Working Papers 492. Retrieved 12
January 2014 from http://www.cesifogroup.de/pls/guestci/download/ CESifo%20DICE%20Report%202004/CESifo%20DICE%20Report%201/2004/ dicereport104-forum2.pdf.
