!"#$%
& ' ( ) *' +
, - ./ 0 . /
1 - $$
2 3
1 - !
4 ' 5 6
7 8 5 5
,9 9:.;/
/$
1
Abstract
< * 8 =0 6 6 ' ' 9 -
5 6 6 - -5 6
6 5 0 > - ' 6 6 0
'
6 6 0 5 ?5
5 6 0 6 ' 6
- 6 5 + ' -5 0 5
5 ' - ) 4 - 5
5 -5 -5 '
- )
5 ' 0 6 6 0 6
0 6 6 6
- @ 0
6 6 6 6
A
+ > 0 5 ' - ) 8 0
< * 8 = @0 6 6 -
5 6
2 0 ) 5 5 ' -
6 5 ? 6 ' 0 ' 5 ' '
6
0 5 ' - >' 5 5
- 6 B
8 0 6 >
0 6 - A 0
A
> 5 @
5 56 ' 5 6 5
1 5 5 ' 6 5
- ' - 0 5 0
' 5 6 6
5 ' 5 ' 0 A 6
5 5 6 5
' 0 - - 6 5 )
' 6 )6 6 -5
>
Preface
' ' 0 5 8 0
> @ 6
6 5 6 2 0 ' -
6 6 0 6
6 < * 8 =
' ' 0 6 ) '
0 0 0 '
, 50 @ '
) + 0 6
@ 6 - *
- ' 5 8 50 6 -5 5 &
' ( ) 0 - + 8 5 6
0
0 .3 . /
Figure 1: Demonstration of the user-interface at the Amsterdam AutoRai, April 1st, 2007
Table of contents
- "
- $
3
, * 8 3
3
, ' 6 /
; 6 %
; ; 8 6 %
; ; ; 5 %
; ; . ' - ' ;
; ; " * ;.
; . 5 ;"
; . ; - ;"
; . . *C ;!
; . " 8 ' ;$
; . " ;$
; " ;3
; ! * ;/
. ;%
. ; 4 > ;%
. ; ; * ;%
. ; . >' ' .
. ; " 4 ..
. ; ! , .!
. ; $ * .3
. . 8 ./
. " A .%
" "
" ; "
" . , 5 5 ";
" . ; ";
" . . 2 "!
" . " "3
" . ! ' "%
" " 2 5 5 !.
" " ; !.
" " . 2 !.
" " " !"
" ! * !3
" ! ; !3
" ! . !3
" $ * !%
! ' D !#
! ; 8 !#
! . $
! " * $;
+ -- ' $.
$"
Introduction
+ ' 6 6 6 ' ' 5 5
50 - 5 56 0 @
6 0 6 5 5
' 5 ' 5
? 50 6 5 ' 5
6 5
Project Car of the Future
2 1 E 0 1 2 5 1 ' 21E 0
! " ! ! # $# $ #
% # $ ! & $ &$ # # ' # #
$ #
;=
5 -5 5 ) 0 -5
-
5 ' 6 0 21E
6 5 5 ' 5
5 6 4 ' 5 " 4
F * 8 G ! #
# $ &$ &$ $ & ! ! # ( (
0 21E ' 56 - -
2 4 ' 5 6 ) ' - 0
@ 2 4 ' 5 ' 6 )
6 2 4 ' 5 6 6
) - 5 . . 0 >' 5 '
' 5 5
6 - - 0
. / 0 1
Assignment
' - ) - 0 ' -
'
6 ) - '
6 5 4 ' > 6 6 - -5 -
' 6 - ' ' -
6 ' 6 50
6 -
0 ' - 2 - '
' 6 0
1 SNM, http://www.snm.nl.
2 DHV (2005), “Cars of the future”.
)
6 0 6 ) 6 5 6
'
Preview
6 - -5 6
0 ' - ' 6
- 2 0 ' ' 6
6 0 6 5
0
.0 0 ) - 0 6 6 >
6
2 0 5 >
0 A 0 5 6
@
* " - 0 6 '
8 0 5 - 0 -
!
! > ' '
> 0 6 6 .
8 0 '
*
1. Acceptance of the powertrain
+ # # ' # ' # # ' $ $& , ' # # $
- ! # $ $& . $ ' ! # # # !& # # $
# % ' # & # # $! $ $&
! # # . $
# ' # # $ $& # # # $ $ $
$ # $ # #
1.1 Fuel cell powertrain
6 < * 8 = 5 6
6 2 6 6 0 - 5
6 ) 6 6 ) 50
' 0 - 8* 5 @
6 @ 5 G 8*?C ? G 8*:
"0 - - < , @
E -
!= , E / # , , E 8 * 56
- 0 -
2 5 6 - 0 6 -5
1.1.1 The technology
8 5 - 6 5 5
0 6 - A 5 ' 6 - 5
5 5 - '
0 - 0 '
- ' - ' 6 -
5 5 5 - -5 6
5 0 ) 5
5 0 0 B 6 ) ' 5
4 50 6 6
6 60 6 ) , E 8* 56 - @
" # $ ' 5
, E 0
5
0 6 2 0
5 5 6 0 )>
>6 B
0 ' )
- +
' 0
5 8 .
- 6 -5.
6
) 0
- % H* - 0
- 6 6
3 Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fuel_cell_vehicles.
4 Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell.
Figure 2: Working principle PEM fuel cell
0
- 5 6 @ 5$
2 ' 0 $ $ $ -0 - 5
) " )+ 5
+ 0 6 -
-5 ' 5 0
6 0 5 4 50
' 6 5 6
- -5 ) ;>.
%
5 - 4
- - ' 5 5 5 '
" )+ 6 6 -5 )
6 0 5 ' 6 0 0
0 0 - 5 6
0 ) > ) )
) 6
- 6 5 50 - 6
+ 0 56 5 '
6 5
$. . 6 - -5- -
5 5 6 5 ' -5
) - -5 0 ' 56 6 >6
6 5 ; )+0 ) ! )+
5 ' 6 I F' G F - G
- ; J 50 ' ) % )+ -
; ) >; ) K - ;
1 5 ' 6 5 50 5
6 ) 6 5 5 56 5 ' -5
- ) 0 - '
0 5 - ) 5I 6 - '
5 6 - ' - )
-
6 0 5 - 6 0 5
A 5 ?5 -
' 0 - 5 - @ 0 @
5 + 50 5 0
- 5 0 ) 50 6 B >
6 0 ' B L
&
?5 - ) )6 -
5 / - )
0 - - ' 5 -
5 5
' -
5 Toshiba, http://www.toshiba.co.jp/about/press/2005_03/pr2901.htm.
Europhysics News, http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/23/article2/article2.html.
1(
) - ;
- -
6 5 -5
6 1 - 6
6
' ' - 6 0 6
' 0 ' @ 5 M 50
6 ' - ' 5 G 0 6
- ' 0 5 2 0 ' - - '
- ' - @
1.1.2 Driving behaviour
6 6 ' 6 0
- 6 - >
'
2 - 6 ' - -5 '
0
2 0 6 0 6 5 '
6 6 2 50 5 )
6 ) 6 6 @ 0
5 -5
2 0 6 6 6 6 5
6 ) 6
@ 5 5
"
' - 6 6
) $>" '
5
9 > 5 0 ' 6
> )
' 5 - 5
5 6 5 ' 5
- 5 50 6
6 - 0 ' 6 -
6 6 - ; ; 2
5 1 6 - '
- 0 6 5
' !>$ 0 6 5 6 6 -5
6 - 0 6 '
- A 7
+ - A
- A * -
A 6
) ' 0 - 6 - )6
6 K - )6
11
6 5 )
, ) - ) 6 1 6
6 - )
"
- 6 6 @ 6
6 - 6 6 6
- - ) 5 ) 0
) 5 8 @ 0 ' '
6 56 ) 5 6 5
- 0 -5 )
6
5 ) 0 - 5 @
G
+ 0 6 5 0 0 ' 6
5 G @ 0 -
>
) 5 ' 6 G -
' '
6 5 5
& ' 6 - 6 5
56 - ) 5
5 6 5 -
(
5 5 )6 - ;. N - !$ )
' - - 5 I
A 6 5
& (
8 6 5 - 5 6 8 @ 0 ' 5- 5) 6 )
- 5 @ '
?5 @ ' ? 6 ' 0 @ ' 9 5
6 5 ' !J 0 - 5
! 0 - ;J
' 5- 5 ) 6 - ' ) - 5 6 -
6 ?5 @ 0 - 5 5
Figure 3 Wheels, electro motors, fuel cells (FC) and ultracapacitor (SC) in a scheme
1
6 0 - 5
' 5' 6 5
5 ) - / - ) ' 5
6 G )
5 ' ' ' -
A 6 5 8 @ *4
' - ' -5 5 -
3'
6 5 ) - - 0 6 5
5 ' 5 ' ' - - -
'
1.1.3 Conclusion
6 6 5 -
' 5 6 5 ) 6 ! 6
' 6 4 5 ' @ 6 5
A
' ) 6 50
) 6 5
- ) 5 5
8
• !$ )
• ;"$ ) K
• 8 5
• ' - )
• ( • ! 6 '
6 GVB, http://www.gvb.nl/overgvb/projecten/brandstofcelbus.html.
1
1.2 Acceptance of technology
1 6 - '5 - ' -
A * 6
5 ' - - A 6 5 50 56
5 ' 5 ' 6 ) ' )
8 5 ' 6 6 5 -5
6 ; 5
6 5 5 2 . 56 )
' ' -5 ' 5 '
5
6 ' @ ' 6
/
-5
' 5 6 6 ' -
- 6 -
@ 6 5 0
- @ 5
• * • ,
•
• 4 - 5
• * - 5
•
8 @ 6 -
1.2.1 Robotic transmission
- @ ' -5 6 8
6 2 0 -5
) -5
- 0 '
' 5 5 5
-5 - @ 0
6 > 9
- - '
' ' F G- ' 5 6 G '
' 5 ) 6 6 - @ A )0
- - ) 6 5 - 5 6
' G @ G 6 5 - @- ' 2 -
5 ' 8 @ A - @
% - B ) 6 5 '
'
%0#7 The rapport of this investigation can be found in supplement 1.
8Autowereld.nl, http://www.autowereld.com/rijimpressies/detail.asp?artikel=2702.
9Autoweek.nl, http://www.autoweek.nl/autotestrapport.php?id=1341&cache=no.
1
* > - 0 6 -
• ' - 6 5 6
• 6 )
1.2.2 CVT transmission
5 ' - *C
6 !>3 *C 6 )6
- @ 5 ' - 6
6 6 - 5
- ' 0 ) - '
!>3
6 '
0 - @ 6 ' -
- @ -
9 0 @ 6 -
A 0
- ' 6 -5 8 @ 0 *C
6 -
' 5 @ - ' 6 -
5 ' 2
) 5 6 6 5
@ - ' 0 ' 5 6 F ) G
5 ' 5 -
;8 0 '
- 5 @
' 6 ' - A ' @
- ' 6
I ' -
2 ' 0 6 6 ' 6 - @ ' @ 0
' - ) F ) G 5
' 6
;;0;.2 -
' -
*C F ) G
6
10 See supplement 4.
11 Automotive Design and Production, http://www.autofieldguide.com/columns/0405euro.html.
12 AutoWire.Net:, http://www.autowire.net/2002-38.html.
Figure 4 Comparison manual transmission vs cvt
1
6 - >
• ' - ' )
6 5
1.2.3 Fuel alternatives
5 1 6 5 '
- - - 6
? 6 ' 0 ' ' - 6 -
9 N, 0
N, N, 0 -
' . ) N, - )-5 6 N, 4 N,
0 - N, -
N, N,
' 5 - 0 - 5 ' 6 -5 5
N,
9 ' - > ' 5 '
- - E 5 )
' 5 ' ? 6 ' 0 5
' - 5 - ' 5 -
@ ' G 6
- - ' 6 5
6 6 '
6 - > '
• 8 -5 -5
• ' 5 ' 5
1.2.3 Electrical
5- '5 5
5 + -
5 5 ' -
G - 0
6 0
- ' 5 6
6 ) ' 0
'
E 5 6 6
5 5 '
' 5
9 @ E C;
6 ;. 7 ;! ) - ;. ) K
6 5 0 ' 6 -
' - 5 - 5
6 - G 4 5 E
0 - ' 6 @ '
Figure 5 GM’s EV1
1
-5 ' 5
-5 - 8 '
@ 5 ' 5 6
- @
0 5 A 6
) ' 8
- - @
1 6 5 ' 6 ' 6 '
' 5' 5 5 0
) 6 2 5 ' ' 5
) ) ) -5 '
• ? ' 6 '
1.3 Acceptance
6 6 6
6 5 - '
' - - 6 >
6 6 - >
6 0 :: -
6 6
- 6
"
6 6 8 @ 0
6 - 6 6 6
6 6 6 -
)
6 5 @ 5 5 ' 5 60
) 6 0 ' ' '
? 6 ' 0 6 6 - 6
5 '
% * (
6 ' 5 5 6 -
@ 2 ) -5
'
* (
5 A @ 6 -
-5 5- ' @
' 6 6 6 A ' 6 5 6
- 8 ' 6 6 6 )
F G
1)
1.4 Conclusion
6 6 6 - ' ) 6 5
6 5 )0
' ) ' 6 50
) 6 5 - )
5 5
2 6 6 - ) )
* 6 A 6 6
- 5 6 6
+ &
6 5 5
2
5
5 @ 6
1 1
K - 5 2
C 5
1 ; J 6 ' -
5 ) 6
1 1
1 F G @
4 ' 5
< * @= 5
, - 6
' 5
Figure 6: Qualities and shortcomings of the new powertrain
1*
2. Design considerations
+ # # ' # # # # & & + #
# ' $ # # # ! ! # $
$ $&
2 $ $ # ! $ $- ! # # $ #
! # # # #
. $ # # # & &$ $ #
$ # # $ 3
2.1 User-interface design aspects 2.1.1 Car of the future
)
' -5 5 6 ) 5
5 4 5 ' 6 5 )
0 6 0 ' 5 0 - 5
' -
• '
• ' > 0 ' 6 '
• '
"
5 - 6 5 6
- 6 5
6
# # $ # $# # $ #
. # $ -' ! ' # ' # $ #
# # 4
16 5 5 '
6 5 6 2
6 6 5 6 -
6 @
,*
5 . . 0 - -5 ' ) ) 6 ' -
-5 ' ' ' ' . . 0
5 ' - 6 ' 5
- 6 > )6
6 @ 6 - - ' 5 A 5
' , 5 '
0 - 5 @
5
6 6 ' - 6 5 . . 8 0
6 - 8 @ 0
- 5 5 2 50 ' 5 - -
13 Common, http://www2.io.tudelft.nl/io1008595/.
10
. . 0 6 - 0 - F G @
6 5 6 6 - . .
0 6 . . 6 ' '
. . 0 - > ' - ' 0
- - 6
% (
' ' 6 5
/ # ,
' 5 . . - -5 '
9 56 ' - ' 0 0 - 5
'
+ ' @ - 6 6 -
@0 - 5 0 - - 5
8 @ - 5 6 ) 6
) 6 0 I 5 ' 5 )
5 -5
@ > 5
56 - - 0 @- 0 - 50 5
0 ) 6 )0 5
&(
- 0 - @
6 6
6 5 F G 6 0 - 6 5 '
F G6 6 - 6
;!
• 9 5 '
• * 5
• 5 -
• '
• 2 ' -
' 5 5 6 '
6 F )G ' - ' )0 )
0 6 5 6 5 5
' - )
• * - ' 6 5 -
- '
• E 5 - 5 0 5 - 5 -
(
) 5 ' ' '
6 ' ' 5 9 5 6
A 6 ' -
) ' ' 5
? 6 ' 0 6 ) - ' 5
;$
8 6 ' - 5 6
5
14 Lammers, J; Final Package_20060530[DRAFT].ppt
(
• 5 - 5
• ' ' 6 5
) - 6 5 0 5
5 ' 25 ) 0
0 - 6 - 5
< * 8 = @ 6 ) ) 6
@ 6 + > 0 - >
2.1.2 In-vehicle interface developments
+ # ! # $ # $ 5 + 6+ %7 $ $&
# !# & $ # # & # ! #
# -
5 0 - - 5
4 - 0 >
6 5 > ' @ ' 0 )
6 0 0 - ) ? 6 ' 0 5 @
0 - 0 0 6 -5 '
2 0 6 -5 ' 6 ' 0 '
' 6 0 - 5
8 @ 0 ' 0 0 ' '
' 6 55 5
0 - 5 6 0 -
- - -5 ' 8 @ 0 0 0 ' 5
5
- - @> 5 0
' 5
6 6 ' >' 5
*(
4 60 - 6 - 6 5 8
@ 0 - ) - 5
' ' ' ' ' 6
' -
' ' 0 6
4 - 6 < -5>6 =0
@ ' >-5>6 5>6
- 0 ) 6 0 - ) 0
0 - )
- 6 6 0 0 ) - )
0 A '
- ) 6
6 - ) - ) 6 9 ' >-5>6
' 5 2 0 '
' - 6
15 Maarseveen, M.F.A.M. van, Voort, M.C. van der & Driel, C.J.G. van (2002).
1
' - - 5
' > 6 ? 6 ' 0 ' ' )
- ) 0 5
-
) (
6 5 0 - 0 '
6 0 ' ) 5 6 - 5
5 ' 0 ' 5 5
-
@ 5 - C 2 6 5 @
' ' 6 6 5 6 - < '
5 = @ @ 5 6 5 -5 5
;3; . ( 8 @ 6 '
. & ( ( 8 @ ' 0 >
' -
" , ( 8 @ ' 5 '
5
! ( 8 @ 5 -
5
* 0 6 < =0 F # $
! G 5 5
>C 25 C 2 0 6
' 4 50 ' G - 5 - ' '
' C 2 ' ' ' '
) 8 @ 0 ' ' 6 5
! - ' - 5 ' )
6 ) ! - ? 6 ' 0
6 " 5 ' 6 5 6 @
' - ' )0 6 5 -
8 - -5 ' 0
- 6 50
0 6
& 6 B0 -5
> C 5 6 A - 0 C 2
• >' 5 ' -
• C 2 - ' 5
• - ' 6
• ' -
'
@ - >' 5
6 5
0 - 0 6 ' -
>' 5 8 @ 5 -
16 Kantowitz, B. H. et al, Integration of driver in-vehicle its information.
2.1.3 GUI design guidelines
@ - '
8 @ < ? 2 *C9= -5
8 $ $ 9 , / 4 2 B 0
0 -5 ' 0
2 ) /$
2 - -5 5 -
B 0 ' 0 0 0 ' 2 *C9 '
;/@ < 5 >' 5 = -5
N - 5 5 4&
- 0 5 5
-
' ) -' 5
' 0 - ' ' ' 0 ' )
' ? 6 ' 0 ' ' F G
5 ) ' 5 6 6
- 5 6 ' > 5 ' 6
5 5
>' ' 5 5
5 ' - 0
' )
- ' -5 ' ; ) - I
. 5 - - 0 '
5 ) - 0 0 5> 0
- )0 5 - 5 0 - '
A @
6 - ) 6
5 - - - 0 - 6 - '
? 6 ' 0 5 - ' 6
6 5 - '
6 6 - - - 5
-5 ' '
5 6 0 ' - 5
' ' 6 5 0 5
6 5 ' > ) 1
' '
8 - 0 5
6 -
8 @ 0 - 0
)
- 5 ' 0 '
A 6 - -
17 US Department of Transportation, http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/atis/index.html.
6 $
C 5 6
50 @0 A 5 -
- '
6 5 - - 5
- ' ' 0 50 5 A 5
+
' - -
6 ) N 0
6 - @ )
' 5 5
0 0
6 -
6 -
* ' -
'
- 5 6 5 -5 - 0 5 - 0
+ 5 6 @
- 5 - -
) ' - 56 ' )
8 0 . . 0 @- 6 - 6
- 5 5
' '
• 4 -
• 2 5> @ 6
)
• 2 ' 5 56 -
• * - 5 8 @
5
Figure 7 Flexible displays
• 0 - - 5
+ 9 $
> 5 ?4 5 6 5
' ' - -5 6
@
;%+ ?4 0 5 - ' - 6
?4 ' - 8 @ 6
' 5- 6 ' ?4
4 ?4 ' - 0 - ' 5
?4 ' 6 8 0 6 5
' 5 :
5 - 6 ' G - 0 6
6 -
2 ) @ - -
2 ) @ 5 - 0 )
0 6 - ' '
) ' ' - 6 A
' 5 ' ) ' 5 6
- 5 B ) @ -5
' - 5 )
9
' - 6
'- 0 F ) )> 6 G 0 6 6
-
8 ' 5 N) 6
5 5 ' '-
'
2.1.4 Positions
6 5 6 - 6 > 5
- 8 % 6
5
Figure 8 Position of controls and information systems in car interior
• +
• • -
• )
A - 5 ? 6 ' 0
6 5 * 5
- '
) 6 ) - 5 0 6 5 0
6 5 5
5 0 5 6 - -5
'
• +
6 ' 6 -
' 5 5 E ' 5
2 ' ? >4 5 ?4 1
•
) '
' G - ' 5 B
6 5 9 5 5
-
+ -5 ) '
' > )0 A 5 ) @ 5
• -
)
' 5 ) 5
- 0 6 0 - 0
' - 6
' - 5 ' 5
• 2 6
6 ' *
5 5 -5 - 6 )
6 1 5
• E
0 @ - 0 '
) - ) -
• 8
? 0 6 - ) 6 5 -
6 - 2
)- ) - 1 5
• 9
F G
18 Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head-Up_Display.
- 5 ' -
' 5 B ' 5 5 6 5
- -
6 -
* 0 ) - ) > 5 >6
' 5 ' 5 > 5
- ' 6 6 '
- 5 6 -
%
6 - ) 6 ? 6 ' 0
' 5 ' - 6 6 -
2.1.5 Conclusion
> 6 6 5
' 5 6
) ' 6 - )
A 6 '
A 6 - '
Figure 9 Location of information
)
2.2 Functions
- 6 6 6
6 -5 5 ) 6
6 6
6 6
5 @
;#5- 6
.- 60 2
@ ' ' -
6 < 9 =
* 6
6 < 9 = 2 ,>
2 >
2 1>
*
2 >
6
E 6
* 6
6 - )
E - )
* - )
- )
)
< 9 =
< > = 6
< 9 =
< ,> =
< > =
< 1> = 6
< > = '
' ' -
6 '
' - 6
'
) '
19 See supplement 2.
20 See supplement 3.
*
-5
) ' -5
'
@ > )
@
@
@ 5 6 6
@ >
@ 6 )
6
@ ' - 6
5
6 5
6 5
5 6
@
5 )
Table 1: Functions and sub functions of the interface
6 - ' 5 - >
6 ) - 5 - '
- 6 6 2 ' -> - 5
@
-> - - 5
' - @
2.3 Requirements
6 > ' -
- 5 ' - 8
@ 0 * 8
' - - 0 -
' ) ' 5
-
• > - ' 6
• > - 5
• > 6
• ' 5 ' 5 -
. .
• - - > 6 @
• - 5
5 - '
0
• - A 6 6 5
• ) 5 - '
6
• -
• - 6 > 5
• - - 6
• 5 5 5
• - - 6 5 6
• > - - ' >
I ' 6 '
• >
• * -
• - 5
• - ' - I
6 5 -
• > 6
& (
• > 5 ' 5 ' )
% • > - ' ;% % 5
• > - 0 ' '
" (
• >
• > ' - 6
- 6 0
• - - 6 >' 5
(
3. Design
+ # # # ! # $ $& # ! #
# # # ! - $
3.1 Introduction
> 6 6 ' 0 - 5
6 - @ 0 -
6 5 0 6 ' -
? 6 ' 0 - A 5
( ( 0 6 ! -
! 5 A -
6
( ( - $ ! ' # $
! 5 5 5
-
- 6 0 - !
5 -
#
, 5 5 2 5
2 5 5 @ 5
2 K -
*
)
Table 2: The parts of the powertrain user-interface
% (
4 5 ' ' 5 0 - 5
8 0 5 - ' 0 6
' ' ) 2 50 5 6 -
0 6 ' @ 5
.0 6 5 5 6 ' ' ' 5
. . 8 @ 0 6 - - 5 @- 6
'
0 - @- - -
6 5 '
• 5 6 5 ' )
' - A 50 ' -
' ) 0 5 -
' G - 0 ) 5
-
• 9 >' 5 50
- ' - ,
5 6 5
1
• 9 >' 5 - -5
5 5 -
5
• 9 >' 5 6 - 2 5
- 5 0 6 5 - 6
6 6 5
8 > 6
• '
• N 5
• 2 • * -
3.2 Primary display
8 0 6 6 5 0
@ ) 6
@
3.2.1 Design process
6 - .
6 5 5 56 ' G
- 5 5 - '
' 0 6 6 -
6 - @ - 6
Figure 10: Overview design process
& * - 8 @ 0
' - 6 2 - 6 $
& * - A
' 0 6 6 -
& 6 - A 5 A )
6 - A @ 2 A
@ - 5 ' @
9 5 - 6 0 ' 5 +
5 5-
.;6 6 ' - 5
6 0 6 6 6
- 6 6 - I
@ 0
56
21 See supplement 3.
Figure 11: Concept development for information functions, resulting in information element concepts (left)
+ $ : $&$
@- @ 9
2 6 5
9 6 5
8 6 5
8
9
* K 6 5
8 6 5
* 6 5
8 6 5
&
:
6 5
+ ) 6 9
? 9
8 5 9
&
9 0 9
Table 3: Availability of information elements
& ! - 5 56
0 6 - 6 50 5
6 0 2 ' 6
2 6 -5 0
6
Figure 12: Interface concept development through assembly of information elements and abstraction.
& / 6
& 0 ' 0 5
' 0 - 6 6 - -5 >
' - @
' 0 - A
< =
6 '
' - N) ' 0
- )
3.2.2 Specifications
5 56 - @ 5 ' G 0 -
' - ' )6 ' 6
56 - "3; @;"$ -
6 '
1 ' - 5 0
- - - 6 5
' 0
- ) - ) 5 0 5 6 0
5 0 6 B 3 8 5 @0
0 6 B 3
9 @ 5 5 B
Figure 13: Interface concept development by making the abstracted concepts concrete again.
3.2.3 Basic mode
• •
• ! " ! " "
• ! #
• ! !
! $ %
& $ %
' ( )
" *+
!
,
!
" , -
*+ -
' $ %
!
(
( . / 0 1 1
*. /
/ /
(
"
. / 1" . / /
" /
!
!
! 2 - 3
4
!
. (
5 5
!
! .
. !
26
*3 !
1 See supplement 5.
Figure 2: Fuel gauge at 5%, 10%, 60% and 100%
level
Figure 1: Speedometer
-
*789 '
5
!
!
!
!
" "
" &
5
" " &
"
"
!
!
& 7
( !
6
( !
: 6 (
!
#
!
$ ! (
"
!
!
;
!
& " 2 ! " #3
! " $
! %
! " "
2 Dreyfuss, H. (1972), Symbol Source Book.
Figure 3: Screenshot showing the position of the Textbox (below, right)
Figure 4: Screenshots of the textbox
$
!
• 2% &' 3!
!
" "
• 2% &' "3
! :
• . • 2% &' 3
!
&
" "
! !
! 2! 3 "
! , ! 2! 3
"
& '
<
! (
= ( !
"
'
3.2.4 Advanced mode
!
! >
! $ %
# " ?
Figure 5:
Odometer and trip meter
Figure 6: Screenshot primary display in advanced mode (scale 1:2)
!
• " # $ % &
• ' # &
• (
)# &
• * #* &
$
%
+
$
"
, -
!
./0 1
./0
2 1// / 13/4, %
Figure 1: Charge/Assist meter
Figure 2: Screenshots of Capacitor gauge at empty, 75% and 100%
level
Figure 3: Consumption meter
"
Figure 4: Range
#
3.3 Secondary display 3.3.1 Design process
5
3.3.2 Specifications
))6 167 #3!8 &
% 5
5 !
•
•
!
• -
• • (
$
3.3.3 The screens
-
+
+
Figure 5: Screenshot secondary display (scale 1:2)
+ +
!
• 9
• % # &
• "
• # &
• # &
• :
Figure 6: Fuel economy of electrical systems
%
;
+
Figure 7: Historical fuel consumption&
Figure 8 Start/Stop button (scale 1:1)
Figure 10: Gear selector (scale 1:1)
3.4 Controls
3.4.1 Design process
3.4.2 The controls
< %
+
- 5
" 5
( = <
"
< 8/
+ 5
5 $
$
" #
&
+
% :
! " # $
>
; -
:
9
# 8 $ &
Figure 9 Powertrain states
'
? * 9
@
%
= <
"
= <
4
- -
+ > -
= <
= <
%
%
" = <
"
(
3.5 Conclusion
!
) * + *,*
" $ %
(
> %
> %
!
%
%
$ %
" (
:
:
" %
: %
% -
; :
$ %
%
%
%
&
+
* + %
- :
( :
: '
: # & :
Figure 11: Availability of information and controls
.
4. Evaluation & conclusion
/ / 0 / * * / 1 2 / *
/ 3 2 * / 2 * * *
4.1 Functions
@ (
A : B " $ A : B " $
" 95 >
" ?5 >
" 5 >
" *5 >
+ >
4 >
? >
+ 4
?
(
+ A : B
+ A 5 B
+
+ A : B
+ A 95 B >
+ A ?5 B >
+ A 5 B >
+
+ A *5 B >
+ "
+ $ $ % 1
+ $
$ % )
+ $ % 1
+ $
%
+ :
+ :
+ +
; 5 -
; -
; -
; -
; 5
;
; $
+
+ $
+
+ $
+ (
+
+
+ *
+ +
Figure 12: Functions and sub functions of the interface
A + B
5 % 5
4.2 Recommendations
)*
• 5
2
•
5
• 5
"
• "
5
%"
$ # &
• 5 5 5
• A + B
• C ?
:
5
4.3 Conclusion
5
5
<
<
5
5 5
<
Figure 13: Demonstration of the user-interface at the AutoRai 2007.
%#
Word list and abbreviations
9
* ; -
?
? D
- 5 5
5 5
? 5 %
' '
' "
>@+ > 5
" 4 " 4 ; ! ? "
;
8 @ ? @
@ @
9;4 9 ; 4
%$
References
%
? ( #17E)& 3 , *3 - 4 F ! 4 > ( ( ;
" 4 4 >2 #)//6&
> $ ( ! - 5 #6 &
G 9 ? ( #)//.& 5 0 6 4 @ ! '
#8 177.&
!
4 4 % 4 G 4 H? ,> #)//)& 7 * 3
1 * 8 ; ! @ +"" 1.6I536.)
?(G #)//.& 9 / 1 @ ! " ;
1/
(
!
4 + 4 0
!$ $ $ J K% 0)/ H K C 0)/'9>0)
/ 0)/ 1., )//6
% + : 0 !$ $ $ JL+?K87
814 )//6
? 2 * 4
!$ $ 2 $ 2L $ $ J+ K)/)8.I/ 814 )//6
!
% * % 0 ; * 4 /
!$ $ $ J K1H 4 K)H +?KE8)1
1., )//E
4 ( G " ? > 9
!$ $ $ $ L $ )//6$ 11)L 8.$ 1.
, )//6
!
( ) * 2 / / * <
!$ $ $ 877 )74 )//6
; = 0 / / 0 , *
!$ $ $ $ $ 1/6 )74 )//6
%
; = * / !$ $ $ 3.)/5118/8LE568113885
3 J K )74 )//6
; 3 / - >
!$ $ $ @ $ ( 0)/ 0)/ 0)/ 0)/
0)/2 0)/)//6#1& 17, )//6
!$ $ $ J KEH K ;*H K.1EI 814
)//6
+5 //E ) * * / ? 8 / = 0
!$ $ //E $ $ $ J K1/61/HC K6/H K
)7" )//6
( ? 8 / ? 1 !$ $ $ $ /E/3>- $
)7" )//6
- * * * / * !$ $ $ $ ' L L L L
17, )//6
- @ / , * * *
!$ $ $ $ 9 L L L L 17, )//6
% 3A 0 " '2
!$ $ $ 2 $ J K)E/) 3, )//6
% 3 , - , B # C
!$ $ $ J K1831H K 6, )//6
% ? 9 D + +, ?0 2
!$ $ $ $ /3/. )3, )//6
% - ! # $+ !$ $ $ )//)58I )3, )//6
/, E ; = / ,* / ) - = / ? * ? F +
!$ $ 2$ $ $ )//.L/8$ )7/1 1) , )//6
; 3 0 0 , / * * * 2
!$ $ $ $ )8$ )$ ) 1) , )//6
>G %
!$ $ $ $ 2 $ 1I:
- 5 0 0* !$ $ $ $ ( 5@ L? 17,
)//6
@"? ( ? >
!$ $ $ ?: "$ $ 1., )//6
58 @5" 4 !$ $ ) $ 1//I.7.$
1. )//E
' , #)//6& 1 * 4 G# & %$ H 8=+1 I00 !$ $ ) $ 1//I.7.$
I )//E
%%
M C ( #)///& ) / * 2 / 0J J 5
$ $ 518$ 5 $ 9? $ )I9? 17, )//6
" !
,? 9 % ) 5 , / * 5 /2 0 * * +
!$ $ 2 $ $ $ $ J+?K)//)/16H K1
1) , )//6
% 4 ; ? 0 6
!$ $ $ 78/E///$$ 88 )/, )//6
4 / - / /
!$ $ $ )//6$ /)$ 1E$ $ $ L L $
18, )//6
G , D !$ $ 2 ))11 18, )//E
% > * 4 0 "# 8)$ !$ $ $ J K8.1
17, )//6
> * 4 0 0 0 6 E
!$ $ $ $ .11..7$ 6/$ G L L L C L N
17, )//6
% + 0 / J
!$ $ $ $ )//1$ 3 $ )74 )//6
+ + ,*2 * * )
!$ $ $ $ $ 814 )//6
! " #$ %
& '
' ( )
1. Acceptance of alternative automobile technologies 1.1 Introduction
$ * + ,
,- - , ,
# $ - , # # ,
,
( , - , - - #
-
$ . - , ,
,
$ - - , , $ ,
, ,
, , -
/ 0 , ,
, ,
$ , - ,
$ , , # ,
$ , 1 - $
( - ,
/ 0 * + * # +
, 2 - ,
$ * " .+
$ % % # ,
% %
$ , % 3 , , - ,
$ - !
- 4 -
- 3 ,
Figure 1 Efficiency diagram of energy (Bosch, Sicherheits- und Komfortsysteme, 2004)
$ # , 5 / 0 -
, - - , #
* + $
, , ,
6 , , $
, , 7 - - " -
- !
1.2 Classical automobiles
$ , , , ,
0 $ 8 1 , ,
, - ,
Table 1 ‘Classical’ car
0
/ % , 9 # ,
: 7 0 $ - - 0 -
0
;
# ,
30
2 , ,
#
* #+
, 7
4 , 8 , 1
#
/ # ,
$ # ,
#
# $
0
4
#
$
4
7 ,
0 ,
,
<
,
- ,
- ,
$ *+
- *+
*+
$
, ,
$ -
$ 4 % 0
- # - - -
-
&
, , , / 0 -
1 -
$ , -
- # , 7 -
- $ ,
- 1
/ , , ,
,
$
, ! -
$ 8 1 # , ,
= , - 7 $
,
'
1.3 Transmission alternatives
! !
#! $ % #
! ! &
1.3.1 Manual transmission using gearwheels
!
, - # ,
, * + * + $ 1 ,
,
- , $ 0
$ ,
, * , + <
<
$ - 8 1
, - , # $
- # $
,
$ # 0 6 ,
- 2 %'
- 1 - # $
# $ , . #
# , $ ,
0 $ # ,
* Figure 2 +
< , 8 1 - ,
, $
1 , , 1
Figure 2 Velocity development with a manual transmission (Bosch GmbH, Sicherheits- und Komfortsysteme), 2004
>
- , # $
, 0
= , - ,
1.3.2 Automatic robotic transmission
0 $ #
, $
#
- . #
, -
$ 0 , ,
$ #
$ 0
, %
? !
= , - @
, $ 0 # , $
, , ,
$ , ,
1 ,
$ , #, - #
$ #
$ . # -
4 8 1 $ , 1
# , , 0 7 #-
# , , 4 1
0 1 , 0
/ 0 7 0
" # , 4 -
1.3.3 Manual robotic transmission
$ 0 0
, , $
0 # = , - , #
0, , ,
1 Autowereld: http://www.autowereld.com/rijimpressies/detail.asp?artikel=2702, accessed 4 july 2006.
2 Autoweek: http://www.autoweek.nl/autotestrapport.php?id=1341&cache=no, accessed 6 july 2006.
$
# 4 # ,
A# -
$ 1
! 0 -
,-
1.3.4 Continuous variable transmission
* 9$+ , #, 0 $
, , ,
$ -
# $
%' 4 ,
- 0 ,
$ 0
? - 0 ,
7 - ,
.
0 - , 8 . # 1
$ / -
0
4 , 7 0 $
,
@
3 Afbeeldingen vervangen?
Figure 3 Comparison manual transmission vs cvt
)
1.3.5 Continuous variable transmission including emulated gears
- , , , 0 0 -
! # 8 . # 1
, -&
$ 9$ 8 . # 1
,
- 8 . # 1
,
1.3.6 Conclusion
-
, # , ,
# - -
= , - , , -
. 0
$ 1
0
4 Automotive Design and Production: http://www.autofieldguide.com/columns/0405euro.html, accessed 24 July 2006.
5 Autowire.net: http://www.autowire.net/2002-38.html, accessed 24 July 2006.
B
1.4 Liquid fuel alternatives
A7 $ 7 ,
1.4.1 Diesel
!
$ #
$ , -
6 , * + $ ,
2 - ,
, $ , , $
0 B $ 7
* + 0 -
/ -
; , 0
, ,
? - . - , -
? , # -
8 1 $ , , ,
- $
$, $
, $ ,
-
; $
6 , - , 0
Table 2 Diesel fuel
( , * +
4 7 0
,
$ - - 0 -
C '
! & -
% ,
, , 8 1 -
4 0
% $ # ,
, #
$ ,-
- - ,
$ $
5 - ? ,
? - , -
1.5 Gaseous fuel alternatives 1.5.1 LPG
!
A(: , )>B A(: ,
, - #
BD # A(:
,
A(: E
? A(: BBBB# - A(:
# 4 BBBB#
,
, - A(: - , $ 0
, 0 , = , -
-
A(:% 0
- A(:%
$ , A(: # # , #
$ # BD 0 A(:
#
A(: $ BD
$ A(:% , F
, A(: ,
$ , , A(:
F # , , A(:%
%
A(: , $ # #
BBBB#
30 # BBBB# 4
#
? , # A(: <
, - -
, ! , - # "
,
Table 3 LPG fuel( , * A(:+
A(: " $ - - 0 -
0
;
# - , B#
/ #
# ,
* +
,
4 , 8 , 1
#
A(: , - A(: , 0 -
$ A(: #
$ A(:% , BBBB#
A(:%
A(:%
1.6 Bio fuel
!
! $
; , - # -
#
! , $
, 0 ;
$ 3
: / $
, 0
" #
/ % ,
- ,
9 # ,
7 0
* +
,
$
$ 0
$
$ , #
2
$ $
, 1, , ,
$
$ ,
1.7 Electric propulsion
!
$ ,
3 ,
$
$
<
$
1 - ,
-
F ,
, # -
; , ,
$
? 0 : ; 39 , BG B#
B# 5 $ , -
, $
$ ,
1 2 :; -
, 0
Table 5 Electrical propulsion
( , 3
/
% , ,
9 # ,
3 6 - -
: , #
,
, ,
4
* +
4 , 8 , 1
#
4 ,
# -
$ 7
6
$ $ % 0
4 % 0
- # -
- - -
Figure 4 GM’s EV1
$
/ 0
$ , 0
$ - 7 ! ,
# /
0
6 , , ,
$ -
# , # $ #
#
&
1.8 Hybrid propulsion
!
/ 0
( # 4 2/3 , $ #
! ( - $ , # , %
7 $ $
, ,
, #
? , , #
- # $ 1
$ , ' ,
$ $ ,
, $
( , - # 8 1 - , 8 1
8 1 , ( , ,
. # , ,
))> $ (
H # ,
0
$ ( 2 BBB $
0 ,
# ,
, 0
, ,
( $
,
- , 3 ,
( , &>D , -
, , - D
BB & &&' , B ) BB < ( ,
BB - ( = ,
( , ; ,
( , BB , ,
$ ,
$ , - & ))
BB B> )> BB& H >- BB' &BBBBB( > , , 6
BB'- &BBBB 6
6 Verschil tussen one and the other
7 Plural of Prius.
8 Bron?
Figure 6 Toyota Prius
Figure 5 Daihatsu UFE2
'
$
Table 6 Hybrid propulsion driver interactions
( , = * % +
/ % , 9 # ,
$ -
- 0 0
;
#
4 #
/ * #+
, 7
3
* +
/ 4 , 8 ,
1 #
3 <
/ % %#
#
$ #
, *
+
I % % $
,
* # +
-
3 % %#
#
/ % %# $
0
$ 4
0
I % % $
#
$ 7
3 % %# 4
, #
$ 7
JJ
4 % -
$ $
, , #
# ,
$ ,
)
9 See supplement (Bezoek Toyota-dealer) en gesprek prius rijder?
>
2 # - ( , ,
# - #
$ /
7 $ - -
#
1.9 Conclusion
$
0 , ,
,
( - 0 , $ 0
# -
4 0 , -
,
• • (
• • 2
• • 3
< - , - ,
, $
0
- ,
, , -
,- - , ! -
- . 2
1, # $ , ,
6 - / 0 -
, 0 ,
,
! - $
# , , , # , -
, - , # 0
# , / 0 -
. , - ,
- -
2. Interface system
(
)
* *
!
2.1 Powertrain-user interactions
- , , $
, ,
2.1.1 Driving-task
$ # 0 , , -
, A - ,
, , ,
$ ,
• $ ,
• $ ,
• $ ,
o $ , 8 1 8 1
o , ,
o , , #,
, , $
, # $ ,
, # , #
# , , $
$ #
- ,
,
$ $ , -
# / 0 , @
, ,
,
, , % , , # #
2.1.2 User-powertrain
$ , - ?
8 1 - $ , 1 ? , 1
Figure 7 User driving a car
)
0 - -
, 1 2 - - 0 -
,
- $ , # ,
, # - -
$ , , -
$ , $
/ 0 - , - $
%
$ , "
A # , ,
! ,- , , ,
B , " ,
,
2.2 Control
$ , -
* +
Table 7 Controls
$ % &
, ( , ?65 ?//
, ( , (5 45 65 F
( , , 5 5
! # 5 5
$
$ , %
$ !
#- ,
! , B B- , ,
$ - $
,
#
#
10 See supplement
Figure 8 Powertrain-user interactions diagram
B
2.3 Information
$ , , $
$ - , !
, ,
$ 0 # $
# ,
, ,
Table 8 Information flows
( , ( , ?6- % ?//
( , ( , (5 45 6 F
$
, ( ,
/ /
3 3 * +
, ,
$ # $ #
$ # $ #
/ $
/ $
30 $ , # ,
$ , , $ 0
# # , -
, (3; , $ 7
2.3.2 Future powertrain
, 7 ,
$
7 / ,
, , =
, ,
$ 0 , , , -
7 / 7
- 7 ,
- , - JJ- K +
7 $
0 - , , ,
Table 9 h2 PEM FC powertrain specific information
, ( , * J+
% %
F * ,+
A # % %
A # % %
5 % %
% %
3 % %
* ,+
6 BBD , , * J+
$ , # , * J+
F * ,+
A # # * ,+
4 * ,+
6 8 1 0 % %
2 % %
$ , - $ ,
% $ - , ,
,
2.4 Functions
$ , , , $ ,
$ # , ,
,
$ , $
,- 0
Table 10 Functions and sub functions of the interface
$ , K ? L
,
$ , K ? L
(%
4%
6%
F%
,
; ,
,
4 ,
#
; #
#
4 #
!
,
K ? L
K % L
K ? L
K (% L
K 4% L
K 6% L
,
K F% L
,
,
#
#
30 % #
30 30
30 , ,
30 %
30 , #
,
30 ,
, ,
, 0
#
4 , * + %
2.5 Conclusion
, # ,
, % 0
* %+ !
$ 0
3. Storyboard
4. Bezoek Toyota-dealer
3 # , # ,
$ ( ? " " # $ %
3 = # , #
# '
4 ( . 4 " . #
, 1 " ! #
# , # =
-
# . #" # " . . - .
. , # 4 " . .
" ## , .
( ))
4 # # " # 4 , # , #
1 4 # # ,
, . . # " -
, . , # # , 1 - . #
. # *
4 ( - , . " =
4 # . ## 8 ## 1 ". .
# - . #, ## 4 " #
. # - . ##
4 , . M , # 4
- # ,
. # ,
< # . - . #
, = . # #, 8 1"
< ( # # # .
< . " " .- ,
. . . # - . . #
< " . , ? # , 6 ,
, , , 4 ,
" N . #
" # # 4 . # " - ,
# O , , , &B# 5
. # " # ,
: . # . # , ,
. # # , . . # ".- , .
.
< , " , . #
# " # - , " # " #
. " # " " "
#
= , # ,
# 3 - . -
. , , ".
&