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The design of a user-interface for the powertrain of a car in the future, …in order to improve the acceptance of this powertrain

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Abstract

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Table of contents

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Introduction

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1 SNM, http://www.snm.nl.

2 DHV (2005), “Cars of the future”.

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1.1 Fuel cell powertrain

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4 Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane_fuel_cell.

Figure 2: Working principle PEM fuel cell

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Europhysics News, http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/23/article2/article2.html.

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6 GVB, http://www.gvb.nl/overgvb/projecten/brandstofcelbus.html.

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1.2 Acceptance of technology

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7 The rapport of this investigation can be found in supplement 1.

8Autowereld.nl, http://www.autowereld.com/rijimpressies/detail.asp?artikel=2702.

9Autoweek.nl, http://www.autoweek.nl/autotestrapport.php?id=1341&cache=no.

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11 Automotive Design and Production, http://www.autofieldguide.com/columns/0405euro.html.

12 AutoWire.Net:, http://www.autowire.net/2002-38.html.

Figure 4 Comparison manual transmission vs cvt

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16 Kantowitz, B. H. et al, Integration of driver in-vehicle its information.

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2.1.3 GUI design guidelines

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Table 2: The parts of the powertrain user-interface

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Figure 10: Overview design process

(32)

& * - 8 @ 0

' - 6 2 - 6 $

& * - A

' 0 6 6 -

& 6 - A 5 A )

6 - A @ 2 A

@ - 5 ' @

9 5 - 6 0 ' 5 +

5 5-

.;

6 6 ' - 5

6 0 6 6 6

- 6 6 - I

@ 0

56

21 See supplement 3.

Figure 11: Concept development for information functions, resulting in information element concepts (left)

(33)

+ $ : $&$

@- @ 9

2 6 5

9 6 5

8 6 5

8

9

* K 6 5

8 6 5

* 6 5

8 6 5

&

:

6 5

+ ) 6 9

? 9

8 5 9

&

9 0 9

Table 3: Availability of information elements

& ! - 5 56

0 6 - 6 50 5

6 0 2 ' 6

2 6 -5 0

6

Figure 12: Interface concept development through assembly of information elements and abstraction.

(34)

& / 6

& 0 ' 0 5

' 0 - 6 6 - -5 >

' - @

' 0 - A

< =

6 '

' - N) ' 0

- )

3.2.2 Specifications

5 56 - @ 5 ' G 0 -

' - ' )6 ' 6

56 - "3; @;"$ -

6 '

1 ' - 5 0

- - - 6 5

' 0

- ) - ) 5 0 5 6 0

5 0 6 B 3 8 5 @0

0 6 B 3

9 @ 5 5 B

Figure 13: Interface concept development by making the abstracted concepts concrete again.

(35)
(36)

3.2.3 Basic mode

• •

• ! " ! " "

• ! #

• ! !

! $ %

& $ %

' ( )

" *+

!

,

!

" , -

*+ -

' $ %

!

(

( . / 0 1 1

*

. /

/ /

(

"

. / 1" . / /

" /

!

!

! 2 - 3

4

!

. (

5 5

!

! .

. !

26

*

3 !

1 See supplement 5.

Figure 2: Fuel gauge at 5%, 10%, 60% and 100%

level

Figure 1: Speedometer

(37)

-

*

789 '

5

!

!

!

!

" "

" &

5

" " &

"

"

!

!

& 7

( !

6

( !

: 6 (

!

#

!

$ ! (

"

!

!

;

!

& " 2 ! " #3

! " $

! %

! " "

2 Dreyfuss, H. (1972), Symbol Source Book.

Figure 3: Screenshot showing the position of the Textbox (below, right)

Figure 4: Screenshots of the textbox

(38)

$

!

• 2% &' 3!

!

" "

• 2% &' "3

! :

• . • 2% &' 3

!

&

" "

! !

! 2! 3 "

! , ! 2! 3

"

& '

<

! (

= ( !

"

'

3.2.4 Advanced mode

!

! >

! $ %

# " ?

Figure 5:

Odometer and trip meter

Figure 6: Screenshot primary display in advanced mode (scale 1:2)

(39)
(40)

!

• " # $ % &

• ' # &

• (

)

# &

• * #* &

$

%

+

$

"

, -

!

./0 1

./0

2 1// / 13/4, %

Figure 1: Charge/Assist meter

Figure 2: Screenshots of Capacitor gauge at empty, 75% and 100%

level

Figure 3: Consumption meter

(41)

"

Figure 4: Range

(42)

#

3.3 Secondary display 3.3.1 Design process

5

3.3.2 Specifications

))6 167 #3!8 &

% 5

5 !

!

• -

• • (

(43)

$

3.3.3 The screens

-

+

+

Figure 5: Screenshot secondary display (scale 1:2)

(44)

+ +

!

• 9

• % # &

• "

• # &

• # &

• :

Figure 6: Fuel economy of electrical systems

(45)

%

;

+

Figure 7: Historical fuel consumption

(46)

&

Figure 8 Start/Stop button (scale 1:1)

Figure 10: Gear selector (scale 1:1)

3.4 Controls

3.4.1 Design process

3.4.2 The controls

< %

+

- 5

" 5

( = <

"

< 8/

+ 5

5 $

$

" #

&

+

% :

! " # $

>

; -

:

9

# 8 $ &

Figure 9 Powertrain states

(47)

'

? * 9

@

%

= <

"

= <

4

- -

+ > -

= <

= <

%

%

" = <

"

(48)

(

3.5 Conclusion

!

) * + *,*

" $ %

(

> %

> %

!

%

%

$ %

" (

:

:

" %

: %

% -

; :

$ %

%

%

%

&

+

* + %

- :

( :

: '

: # & :

Figure 11: Availability of information and controls

(49)

.

4. Evaluation & conclusion

/ / 0 / * * / 1 2 / *

/ 3 2 * / 2 * * *

4.1 Functions

@ (

A : B " $ A : B " $

" 95 >

" ?5 >

" 5 >

" *5 >

+ >

4 >

? >

+ 4

?

(

+ A : B

+ A 5 B

+

+ A : B

+ A 95 B >

+ A ?5 B >

+ A 5 B >

+

+ A *5 B >

+ "

+ $ $ % 1

+ $

$ % )

+ $ % 1

+ $

(50)

%

+ :

+ :

+ +

; 5 -

; -

; -

; -

; 5

;

; $

+

+ $

+

+ $

+ (

+

+

+ *

+ +

Figure 12: Functions and sub functions of the interface

A + B

5 % 5

4.2 Recommendations

)*

• 5

2

5

• 5

"

• "

5

(51)

%"

$ # &

• 5 5 5

• A + B

• C ?

:

5

4.3 Conclusion

5

5

<

<

5

5 5

<

Figure 13: Demonstration of the user-interface at the AutoRai 2007.

(52)

%#

Word list and abbreviations

9

* ; -

?

? D

- 5 5

5 5

? 5 %

' '

' "

>@+ > 5

" 4 " 4 ; ! ? "

;

8 @ ? @

@ @

9;4 9 ; 4

(53)

%$

References

%

? ( #17E)& 3 , *3 - 4 F ! 4 > ( ( ;

" 4 4 >2 #)//6&

> $ ( ! - 5 #6 &

G 9 ? ( #)//.& 5 0 6 4 @ ! '

#8 177.&

!

4 4 % 4 G 4 H? ,> #)//)& 7 * 3

1 * 8 ; ! @ +"" 1.6I536.)

?(G #)//.& 9 / 1 @ ! " ;

1/

(

!

4 + 4 0

!$ $ $ J K% 0)/ H K C 0)/'9>0)

/ 0)/ 1., )//6

% + : 0 !$ $ $ JL+?K87

814 )//6

? 2 * 4

!$ $ 2 $ 2L $ $ J+ K)/)8.I/ 814 )//6

!

% * % 0 ; * 4 /

!$ $ $ J K1H 4 K)H +?KE8)1

1., )//E

4 ( G " ? > 9

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, )//6

!

( ) * 2 / / * <

!$ $ $ 877 )74 )//6

; = 0 / / 0 , *

!$ $ $ $ $ 1/6 )74 )//6

(54)

%

; = * / !$ $ $ 3.)/5118/8LE568113885

3 J K )74 )//6

; 3 / - >

!$ $ $ @ $ ( 0)/ 0)/ 0)/ 0)/

0)/2 0)/)//6#1& 17, )//6

!$ $ $ J KEH K ;*H K.1EI 814

)//6

+5 //E ) * * / ? 8 / = 0

!$ $ //E $ $ $ J K1/61/HC K6/H K

)7" )//6

( ? 8 / ? 1 !$ $ $ $ /E/3>- $

)7" )//6

- * * * / * !$ $ $ $ ' L L L L

17, )//6

- @ / , * * *

!$ $ $ $ 9 L L L L 17, )//6

% 3A 0 " '2

!$ $ $ 2 $ J K)E/) 3, )//6

% 3 , - , B # C

!$ $ $ J K1831H K 6, )//6

% ? 9 D + +, ?0 2

!$ $ $ $ /3/. )3, )//6

% - ! # $+ !$ $ $ )//)58I )3, )//6

/, E ; = / ,* / ) - = / ? * ? F +

!$ $ 2$ $ $ )//.L/8$ )7/1 1) , )//6

; 3 0 0 , / * * * 2

!$ $ $ $ )8$ )$ ) 1) , )//6

>G %

!$ $ $ $ 2 $ 1I:

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)//6

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!$ $ $ ?: "$ $ 1., )//6

58 @5" 4 !$ $ ) $ 1//I.7.$

1. )//E

' , #)//6& 1 * 4 G# & %$ H 8=+1 I00 !$ $ ) $ 1//I.7.$

I )//E

(55)

%%

M C ( #)///& ) / * 2 / 0J J 5

$ $ 518$ 5 $ 9? $ )I9? 17, )//6

" !

,? 9 % ) 5 , / * 5 /2 0 * * +

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1) , )//6

% 4 ; ? 0 6

!$ $ $ 78/E///$$ 88 )/, )//6

4 / - / /

!$ $ $ )//6$ /)$ 1E$ $ $ L L $

18, )//6

G , D !$ $ 2 ))11 18, )//E

% > * 4 0 "# 8)$ !$ $ $ J K8.1

17, )//6

> * 4 0 0 0 6 E

!$ $ $ $ .11..7$ 6/$ G L L L C L N

17, )//6

% + 0 / J

!$ $ $ $ )//1$ 3 $ )74 )//6

+ + ,*2 * * )

!$ $ $ $ $ 814 )//6

(56)
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! " #$ %

& '

' ( )

(58)

1. Acceptance of alternative automobile technologies 1.1 Introduction

$ * + ,

,- - , ,

# $ - , # # ,

,

( , - , - - #

-

$ . - , ,

,

$ - - , , $ ,

, ,

, , -

/ 0 , ,

, ,

$ , - ,

$ , , # ,

$ , 1 - $

( - ,

/ 0 * + * # +

, 2 - ,

$ * " .+

$ % % # ,

% %

$ , % 3 , , - ,

$ - !

- 4 -

- 3 ,

Figure 1 Efficiency diagram of energy (Bosch, Sicherheits- und Komfortsysteme, 2004)

(59)

$ # , 5 / 0 -

, - - , #

* + $

, , ,

6 , , $

, , 7 - - " -

- !

1.2 Classical automobiles

$ , , , ,

0 $ 8 1 , ,

, - ,

Table 1 ‘Classical’ car

0

/ % , 9 # ,

: 7 0 $ - - 0 -

0

;

# ,

30

2 , ,

#

* #+

, 7

4 , 8 , 1

#

/ # ,

$ # ,

#

# $

0

4

#

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4

7 ,

0 ,

,

<

,

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- ,

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*+

$

, ,

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$ 4 % 0

- # - - -

-

(60)

&

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1 -

$ , -

- # , 7 -

- $ ,

- 1

/ , , ,

,

$

, ! -

$ 8 1 # , ,

= , - 7 $

,

(61)

'

1.3 Transmission alternatives

! !

#! $ % #

! ! &

1.3.1 Manual transmission using gearwheels

!

, - # ,

, * + * + $ 1 ,

,

- , $ 0

$ ,

, * , + <

<

$ - 8 1

, - , # $

- # $

,

$ # 0 6 ,

- 2 %'

- 1 - # $

# $ , . #

# , $ ,

0 $ # ,

* Figure 2 +

< , 8 1 - ,

, $

1 , , 1

Figure 2 Velocity development with a manual transmission (Bosch GmbH, Sicherheits- und Komfortsysteme), 2004

(62)

>

- , # $

, 0

= , - ,

1.3.2 Automatic robotic transmission

0 $ #

, $

#

- . #

, -

$ 0 , ,

$ #

$ 0

, %

? !

= , - @

, $ 0 # , $

, , ,

$ , ,

1 ,

$ , #, - #

$ #

$ . # -

4 8 1 $ , 1

# , , 0 7 #-

# , , 4 1

0 1 , 0

/ 0 7 0

" # , 4 -

1.3.3 Manual robotic transmission

$ 0 0

, , $

0 # = , - , #

0, , ,

1 Autowereld: http://www.autowereld.com/rijimpressies/detail.asp?artikel=2702, accessed 4 july 2006.

2 Autoweek: http://www.autoweek.nl/autotestrapport.php?id=1341&cache=no, accessed 6 july 2006.

(63)

$

# 4 # ,

A# -

$ 1

! 0 -

,-

1.3.4 Continuous variable transmission

* 9$+ , #, 0 $

, , ,

$ -

# $

%' 4 ,

- 0 ,

$ 0

? - 0 ,

7 - ,

.

0 - , 8 . # 1

$ / -

0

4 , 7 0 $

,

@

3 Afbeeldingen vervangen?

Figure 3 Comparison manual transmission vs cvt

(64)

)

1.3.5 Continuous variable transmission including emulated gears

- , , , 0 0 -

! # 8 . # 1

, -&

$ 9$ 8 . # 1

,

- 8 . # 1

,

1.3.6 Conclusion

-

, # , ,

# - -

= , - , , -

. 0

$ 1

0

4 Automotive Design and Production: http://www.autofieldguide.com/columns/0405euro.html, accessed 24 July 2006.

5 Autowire.net: http://www.autowire.net/2002-38.html, accessed 24 July 2006.

(65)

B

1.4 Liquid fuel alternatives

A7 $ 7 ,

1.4.1 Diesel

!

$ #

$ , -

6 , * + $ ,

2 - ,

, $ , , $

0 B $ 7

* + 0 -

/ -

; , 0

, ,

? - . - , -

? , # -

8 1 $ , , ,

- $

$, $

, $ ,

-

; $

6 , - , 0

Table 2 Diesel fuel

( , * +

4 7 0

,

$ - - 0 -

C '

! & -

% ,

, , 8 1 -

4 0

% $ # ,

, #

$ ,-

(66)

- - ,

$ $

5 - ? ,

? - , -

1.5 Gaseous fuel alternatives 1.5.1 LPG

!

A(: , )>B A(: ,

, - #

BD # A(:

,

A(: E

? A(: BBBB# - A(:

# 4 BBBB#

,

, - A(: - , $ 0

, 0 , = , -

-

A(:% 0

- A(:%

$ , A(: # # , #

$ # BD 0 A(:

#

A(: $ BD

$ A(:% , F

, A(: ,

$ , , A(:

F # , , A(:%

%

A(: , $ # #

BBBB#

30 # BBBB# 4

#

? , # A(: <

, - -

, ! , - # "

,

Table 3 LPG fuel

( , * A(:+

A(: " $ - - 0 -

0

;

# - , B#

/ #

(67)

# ,

* +

,

4 , 8 , 1

#

A(: , - A(: , 0 -

$ A(: #

$ A(:% , BBBB#

A(:%

A(:%

1.6 Bio fuel

!

! $

; , - # -

#

! , $

, 0 ;

$ 3

: / $

, 0

" #

/ % ,

- ,

9 # ,

7 0

* +

,

$

$ 0

$

$ , #

2

$ $

, 1, , ,

$

$ ,

(68)

1.7 Electric propulsion

!

$ ,

3 ,

$

$

<

$

1 - ,

-

F ,

, # -

; , ,

$

? 0 : ; 39 , BG B#

B# 5 $ , -

, $

$ ,

1 2 :; -

, 0

Table 5 Electrical propulsion

( , 3

/

% , ,

9 # ,

3 6 - -

: , #

,

, ,

4

* +

4 , 8 , 1

#

4 ,

# -

$ 7

6

$ $ % 0

4 % 0

- # -

- - -

Figure 4 GM’s EV1

(69)

$

/ 0

$ , 0

$ - 7 ! ,

# /

0

6 , , ,

$ -

# , # $ #

#

(70)

&

1.8 Hybrid propulsion

!

/ 0

( # 4 2/3 , $ #

! ( - $ , # , %

7 $ $

, ,

, #

? , , #

- # $ 1

$ , ' ,

$ $ ,

, $

( , - # 8 1 - , 8 1

8 1 , ( , ,

. # , ,

))> $ (

H # ,

0

$ ( 2 BBB $

0 ,

# ,

, 0

, ,

( $

,

- , 3 ,

( , &>D , -

, , - D

BB & &&' , B ) BB < ( ,

BB - ( = ,

( , ; ,

( , BB , ,

$ ,

$ , - & ))

BB B> )> BB& H >- BB' &BBBBB( > , , 6

BB'- &BBBB 6

6 Verschil tussen one and the other

7 Plural of Prius.

8 Bron?

Figure 6 Toyota Prius

Figure 5 Daihatsu UFE2

(71)

'

$

Table 6 Hybrid propulsion driver interactions

( , = * % +

/ % , 9 # ,

$ -

- 0 0

;

#

4 #

/ * #+

, 7

3

* +

/ 4 , 8 ,

1 #

3 <

/ % %#

#

$ #

, *

+

I % % $

,

* # +

-

3 % %#

#

/ % %# $

0

$ 4

0

I % % $

#

$ 7

3 % %# 4

, #

$ 7

JJ

4 % -

$ $

, , #

# ,

$ ,

)

9 See supplement (Bezoek Toyota-dealer) en gesprek prius rijder?

(72)

>

2 # - ( , ,

# - #

$ /

7 $ - -

#

1.9 Conclusion

$

0 , ,

,

( - 0 , $ 0

# -

4 0 , -

,

• • (

• • 2

• • 3

< - , - ,

, $

0

- ,

, , -

,- - , ! -

- . 2

1, # $ , ,

6 - / 0 -

, 0 ,

,

! - $

# , , , # , -

, - , # 0

# , / 0 -

. , - ,

- -

(73)

2. Interface system

(

)

* *

!

2.1 Powertrain-user interactions

- , , $

, ,

2.1.1 Driving-task

$ # 0 , , -

, A - ,

, , ,

$ ,

• $ ,

• $ ,

• $ ,

o $ , 8 1 8 1

o , ,

o , , #,

, , $

, # $ ,

, # , #

# , , $

$ #

- ,

,

$ $ , -

# / 0 , @

, ,

,

, , % , , # #

2.1.2 User-powertrain

$ , - ?

8 1 - $ , 1 ? , 1

Figure 7 User driving a car

(74)

)

0 - -

, 1 2 - - 0 -

,

- $ , # ,

, # - -

$ , , -

$ , $

/ 0 - , - $

%

$ , "

A # , ,

! ,- , , ,

B , " ,

,

2.2 Control

$ , -

* +

Table 7 Controls

$ % &

, ( , ?65 ?//

, ( , (5 45 65 F

( , , 5 5

! # 5 5

$

$ , %

$ !

#- ,

! , B B- , ,

$ - $

,

#

#

10 See supplement

Figure 8 Powertrain-user interactions diagram

(75)

B

2.3 Information

$ , , $

$ - , !

, ,

$ 0 # $

# ,

, ,

Table 8 Information flows

( , ( , ?6- % ?//

( , ( , (5 45 6 F

$

, ( ,

/ /

3 3 * +

, ,

$ # $ #

$ # $ #

/ $

/ $

30 $ , # ,

$ , , $ 0

# # , -

, (3; , $ 7

2.3.2 Future powertrain

, 7 ,

$

7 / ,

, , =

, ,

$ 0 , , , -

7 / 7

- 7 ,

- , - JJ- K +

7 $

0 - , , ,

(76)

Table 9 h2 PEM FC powertrain specific information

, ( , * J+

% %

F * ,+

A # % %

A # % %

5 % %

% %

3 % %

* ,+

6 BBD , , * J+

$ , # , * J+

F * ,+

A # # * ,+

4 * ,+

6 8 1 0 % %

2 % %

$ , - $ ,

% $ - , ,

,

2.4 Functions

$ , , , $ ,

$ # , ,

,

$ , $

,- 0

Table 10 Functions and sub functions of the interface

$ , K ? L

,

$ , K ? L

(%

4%

6%

F%

,

; ,

,

4 ,

#

; #

#

4 #

!

,

(77)

K ? L

K % L

K ? L

K (% L

K 4% L

K 6% L

,

K F% L

,

,

#

#

30 % #

30 30

30 , ,

30 %

30 , #

,

30 ,

, ,

, 0

#

4 , * + %

2.5 Conclusion

, # ,

, % 0

* %+ !

$ 0

(78)

3. Storyboard

(79)

4. Bezoek Toyota-dealer

3 # , # ,

$ ( ? " " # $ %

3 = # , #

# '

4 ( . 4 " . #

, 1 " ! #

# , # =

-

# . #" # " . . - .

. , # 4 " . .

" ## , .

( ))

4 # # " # 4 , # , #

1 4 # # ,

, . . # " -

, . , # # , 1 - . #

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4 ( - , . " =

4 # . ## 8 ## 1 ". .

# - . #, ## 4 " #

. # - . ##

4 , . M , # 4

- # ,

. # ,

< # . - . #

, = . # #, 8 1"

< ( # # # .

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< " . , ? # , 6 ,

, , , 4 ,

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" # # 4 . # " - ,

# O , , , &B# 5

. # " # ,

: . # . # , ,

. # # , . . # ".- , .

.

< , " , . #

# " # - , " # " #

. " # " " "

#

= , # ,

# 3 - . -

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(80)

&

" " - # - 1 , ; . ,

? , #,

= , # O "

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3 , " , " .

. #. # H " " # , . . . #

6 #. # , , #, . 4 ,

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4 ( # , # - ( #

4 # , # # # #

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= " =

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" , # =

# " # #

B 6

? # # # 4 , # # ,

"

< # # #

# = , # , - " ,.

.

% 4 # ". #

% 4 9$ - # #

% = , # . " . # #

% = A # ,,,

,,, %

P ,#

,,,

(81)
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(83)

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Research question number 3: staff working conditions and experiences 7 Research question number 4: Incidents and the experiences of prisoners 8 Research question number 5: the cost

Through extensive brand analysis, as well as market and user research, supported by a technological assessment of (future) possibilities, a promising direction of

Subsequently, another group difference test was conducted to compare the effect of the mirror setup type on lane change time and headway distance.. To prepare the eye-tracking