The Grid

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The Grid

Currently alm ost no storage (JIT system )

Delivery in m uch less than 0.1 s from production

Not m uch control; source and sinks and resistance govern (distance doesn’t m atter m uch)

Loss in transm ission is only about 7%

1/5 of US power plants were build in the 1950’s All will need to be replaced in 30 years (2050)

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Visualizing the Grid

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44,0000 Ethiopia Renaissance Dam

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Western Doughnut

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Tanzania Grid Electricity Source

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Com parison of Grid/PV/Diesel in Africa

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DC grid with different lines for different voltages M axim um 1 m ile

AC buried lines transm itted from northern Canada

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By 2050 (30 years) every pow er plant in the U S w ill need to be replaced by new plants.

2008 to 2015 w ind increased by 300%

solar increased by 2,000%

The grid is rapidly changing

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Variable generation:

US 7% (but this is localized)

Texas W ind is 9%

Oregon W ind is 13%

Iowa W ind is 30% of the grid

Septem ber 2015 Price per m egawatt in north Texas was $-0.64 (negative!!) The grid had too m uch power input due to wind

US M ilitary has m icrogrids for all US bases Sam e for m ost Universities

Google, M icrosoft, Citibank etc.

The ”utility” is becom ing just an operator of the grid and a handful of plants.

W ith renewables storage becom es a m ain issue.

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DOE 2015 Quadrennial Technology Review

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Your car is an under used resource

D rive to w ork, 1 hour, drive hom e 1 hour 22 hours not used

Could draw from the grid at night

(in the suburb w here there is excess energy) A dd to the grid during day

(in the city w here it is m ost needed)

U se the car as a portable energy source/sink 22 hours per day

If you get free fuel and som e m oney this becom es interesting

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Curves are scaled To m atch at 3 am or so

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Load Balancing

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Currently used on grids Water Storage

Gas Storage (Com pressed Air CAES) Battery Storage

Fly W heel

Used in sm all scale Electric water heaters Electric Cars

Ice based air conditioners Therm al Energy, M olten Salts Hydrogen

Superconducting M agnet Capacitors

Syn-Gas

Proposed Liquid Air Gravitational

Grid Energy Storage

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Gas Storage Battery Storage Fly W heel

Syn-Gas

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Gas Storage Battery Storage Fly W heel

Syn-Gas

In the US 2018

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Grid Energy Storage

Num ber of Deployed Storage Technologies

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Ice Bear

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Sm artGridCity Boulder CO 2008-2010 XCEL

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Software to sim ulate m icro grids (Hom er)

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M odeling and control of the grid

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M odeling and control of the grid

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The grid will play a larger role in our lives

Getting off the grid and having grid independence seem s to be a growing issue after Sandy and other storm s

There are jobs in this sector but it is difficult to define where they are, nobody is an expert right now (that is a good thing for a job seeker)

In the developing world there m ay be potential to build it right or to skip the gird altogether and leap frog to a new m icrogrid future based on alternative energy

It is im portant to consider who is benefiting from technical advances, m onitoring and control

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Nano-grid M icro-grid Peak Load Load Shifting

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