Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Therm al analysis Calorim etry
D ifferential Scanning Calorim etry M odulated D SC
M icrocalorim etry
D ifferential Therm al A nalysis Therm al G ravim etric A nalysis
Bom b Calorim etry/Com bustion Calorim etry Colligative A nalysis
M em brane O sm om etry Vapor Pressure O sm om etry M elting point/Boiling point D ensity
A rchim edes M ethod Pynchom etry
D ensity G radient Colum n D ilatom etry
Sound Velocity Shock Com pression
Surfaces
G as A dsorption Contact A ngle Zeta Potential Phase Structure
Light, X -ray, N eutron Scattering O sm otic Com pressibility O M , SEM , TEM , A FM
X RD Chem ical M ethods
Calorimetry
Therm al analysis Calorim etry
D ifferential Scanning Calorim etry M odulated D SC
M icrocalorim etry
D ifferential Therm al A nalysis Therm al G ravim etric A nalysis
Bom b Calorim etry/Com bustion Calorim etry
Calorimetry
H ow to build a scanning calorim eter
W hat is needed?
O ne or Tw o A diabatic/Isolated Cells Therm ocouples, T
H eating rate, dQ /dt M ass, m
Sim plest approach and useful for very low or very high tem peratures is differential therm al analysis D TA
D TA is a sim ple design for difficult environm ents
Tw o cells heated at sam e rate and the difference in tem perature is recorded
D ifferences in heat capacity and latent heats create differences in tem peratures through transitions.
dT/dQ is m easured in the D TA dQ /dT is m easured in the D SC
Measure the Temperature
Seebeck Effect: Thermocouple
Electrons (or holes) flow from the hot side w here they have high kinetic energy to the cold side w here they have less kinetic energy. They w ill spend m ore tim e in the cold side, som ething like condensing in the cold side. This effect is different in m agnitude for different m etals or sem iconductors. The difference in potential at the cold side betw een tw o m etals is proportional to the tem perature. (Sim ilar to therm ophoretic sam pling.)
Therm oelectric generator
Therm ally insulating Electrically conducting
Therm ocouple
Calorimetry
Cryostat
U se liquid H e or a H e refrigerator 4.2K boiling point
Calorimetry
dQ /dt = Cp dT/dt + DHtransitions
DQ = Cp (Tf-Ti)+ DHtransitions
Tf = Ti + (DQ – DHtransitions)/Cp
DQ = (dQ/dt) t
dT/dQ is m easured in the D TA dQ /dT is m easured in the D SC
Calorimetry
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
Experimental Thermodynamics (30 common techniques)
