Some people buy cars because they fall in love with the style. Others buy vehicles for the same reason they buy a dishwasher: they need a machine to do the job.

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Tekst 1

Auto makers grapple with longer-lasting cars

Some people buy cars because they fall in love with the style. Others buy vehicles for the same reason they buy a dishwasher: they need a machine to do the job.

There’s good news for the latter group: cars are lasting longer. Because of that, car makers have to create cars that don’t break down and 1 develop models so compelling that customers will buy them even though their existing rides may have four or five years left.

The Wall Street Journal

Tekst 2

Population spread

Sir: Your article “Overpopulation is ‘principal threat to planet’” (7 January) is misleading. If the entire population of the world were transported to the USA and spread evenly, population density there would be not much greater than it is now in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the quantity of the earth’s natural

resources consumed by the average English child in terms of, say, energy usage, is eight times that of an average child in India or China. The most fundamental problem is not overpopulation, but the unsustainable lifestyles of the affluent West.

DAVID L. GOSLING

CLARE HALL UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

http://comment.independent.co.uk

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▬ www.havovwo.nl www.examen-cd.nl ▬

Letters

Downloading trouble

It is not just multi-millionaire rock stars who are affected by illegal downloads from the internet (Letters, June 22), but a multitude of lesser-known artists whose record sales mean they barely scrape an income. Avant-garde and cult artists are further impoverished by this mean-spirited form of theft. It also makes it increasingly difficult for them to continue to create and continue with their music. Such illegal downloading helps to further marginalise the non-mainstream arts, thus constricting creativity and promoting cultural conformity with mass tastes.

While it may be that record companies are greedy, brutal and ugly, it is also true that some of their arguments against illegal

downloading are both legally, morally and aesthetically correct.

Eric Longley

Media division, Assets Ltd

z Sylvia Price is paying an unfair and heavy price for her daughter’s music file-sharing and downloading habit (Mother faces music, June 21) – £4,000 and the criminalisation of her daughter is a “bully boy”

response from a music industry caught napping by advancing technology. Every wave in that advance – from CDs to downloading – has been resisted by an industry more interested in its own

preservation than in serving the needs of consumers. Greater willingness to embrace new technology and run with its

implications for the future of music distribution could have avoided expensive and pointless actions against consumers.

Ed Mayo

National Consumer Council

The Guardian

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Tekst 4

Risk-taking boys do not get the girls

WHETHER it’s driving too fast, bungee-jumping or reckless

skateboarding, young men will try almost anything to be noticed by the opposite sex. But a study of attitudes to risk suggests that the only people impressed by their stunts are other men.

Futile risk-taking might seem to have little going for it in

5

evolutionary terms. So why were our rash ancestors not replaced by more cautious contemporaries?

One idea is that risk-takers are advertising their fitness to potential mates by showing off their strength and bravery. This fits with the fact that men in their prime reproductive years take more risks. To

10

test this idea, William Farthing of the University of Maine in Orono surveyed 48 young men and 52 young women on their attitudes to risky scenarios. Men thought women would be impressed by pointless gambles, 6 women in fact preferred cautious men.

Reckless thrill-seekers might be trying a more subtle route to

15

women’s affections. Men say they prefer their same-sex friends to be risk-takers, and women prefer high-status males … . “So if he has higher status among other men, women might like him for his status, even though they don’t like the risk-taking in itself,”

Farthing says.

20

www.newscientist.com

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Trials on TV? Don’t hold your breath

Marcel Berlins

here was a brief flurry of media activity last week - not joined by The Guardian - suggesting that the Lord Chancellor, Lord Falconer, has

5

decided to allow the filming of trials in the courts of England and Wales.

The impression given by some reports was that viewers would be able to follow substantial parts of

10

high-profile trials on their television screens.

That is not going to happen. The Lord Chancellor has not yet made up his mind, but when he does reveal his

15

decision in a month or two it will considerably restrict the filming that will be permitted.

Of course, even the limited

presence of cameras in court is better

20

than none at all, which is the present position. But no one should think that coverage here will in any way come close to resembling what Americans can regularly see on their

25

screens.

Criminal trials are what most people would be most interested to watch; those are precisely the trials which the cameras would be least

30

allowed to film. The Lord Chancellor has often made clear his firm - and justifiable - opposition to the filming of witnesses, defendants or jurors. It

is highly unlikely that he will accept

35

the suggestion that a defendant’s or witness’s face could be hidden by a moveable blob covering it. I

remember watching a televised trial from Florida where the blob was

40

unable to keep up with the witness’s movements; every now and again we saw the face that was supposed to be hidden from us. So what will be left to televise, if the actual evidence is

45

forbidden? Certainly the judge’s sentencing of an accused found guilty; perhaps the judge’s summing up to the jury and the final speeches of the prosecution and defence

50

lawyers. Libel cases, which usually involve celebrities, whom the public would want to see in the witness box, would be subject to the same

restrictions. There will be no

55

sensational bits.

The Guardian

T

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Tekst 6

Flirting

F YOU have ever sat alone in a bar, depressed by how good-looking everybody else seems to be, take comfort—it may be evolution playing a trick on you. A study just published in Evolution and Human Behavior by Sarah Hill, a psychologist at the University of Texas, Austin, shows that people of both sexes reckon the sexual competition they face is stronger than it really is. She thinks that this is 10 : it makes people try harder to attract or keep a mate.

Dr Hill showed heterosexual men and women photographs of people. She asked them all both to rate how attractive those of their own sex would be to the opposite sex and how attractive the members of the opposite sex were. She then compared the scores for the former with the scores for the latter, seen from the other side.

Men thought that the men they were shown were more attractive to women than they really were, and women thought the same of the women.

Dr Hill had predicted this outcome thanks to error-management theory—the idea that when people make errors of judgment, they, understandably, tend to make the error that 11 in terms of damage. The notion was first proposed by Martie Haselton and David Buss, two of Dr Hill’s colleagues, to explain a puzzling quirk in male psychology.

As studies show, and many women will attest, men tend to misinterpret innocent friendliness as a sign that women are sexually interested in them.

Dr Haselton and Dr Buss reasoned that men who are trying to decide if a woman is interested sexually can err in one of two ways. They can either 12 she is

not interested, in which case they will not bother trying to have sex with her; or they can erroneously conclude she is interested, try, and be rejected. From an evolutionary standpoint, trying and being rejected comes at little expense, except for hurt feelings. Not trying at all, by contrast, may mean the loss of an opportunity to, among other things, 13 .

There is an opposite bias in women’s errors. They tend to 14 signs that a man is interested in a committed relationship. That, the idea goes, is because a woman who guesses wrongly that a man intends to stick around could end up raising a child alone.

On looks, 15 , men and women make the same error. So go on, pluck up your courage: you may think the

competition is frighteningly hot, but then so does she.

The Economist

I

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The bottom line

Book Reviews

The Wal-Mart Effect Charles Fishman

Allen Lane, the Penguin Press, 294pp, £12.99 Reviewed by Martin Vander Weyer

Salmon used to be a luxury for the average American family, but nowadays it is a weekly staple – because Wal-Mart sells fillets of it for as little as $4.84 (£2.66) a pound. The fish are farmed by the millions in the fjords of southern Chile, processed in low-wage factories there, and freighted unfrozen to arrive pink and gleaming, within 48 hours of being killed, on the counters of thousands of Wal-

5

Mart superstores across the US. The price per pound, Charles Fishman points out in this well-researched book, is less than the postage it would cost you to mail the fish back to Chile.

The impact of that price on American grocery bills and eating habits, on the economy of Chile and on the ecology of a distant corner of the Pacific polluted

10

by industrial quantities of fish food and faeces, is what Fishman calls the “Wal- Mart effect”. It is, in his view, neither wholly bad nor wholly good – but it is very, very big. The Arkansas-based chain, founded by Sam Walton in 1962, is not simply the biggest private-sector employer and the biggest retailer in the US. Its low-price strategy, so influential that other stores follow suit even when they are

15

not direct competitors, plays a principal role in holding down US inflation; its relentless demand for low prices from suppliers has been a major driver in the disappearance of US manufacturing jobs to China and elsewhere.

But it is a relief to find that Fishman is not just another journalist on a mission to expose Wal-Mart as a monstrous conspiracy against the little guy. Fishman is

20

clearly troubled by Wal-Mart, but he exercises an open mind. He recites the long list of cases against Wal-Mart for using and abusing illegal immigrant labour, and for buying goods from cruel third-world factories, but he acknowledges that the company now has a clear code of conduct for suppliers and a – relatively small – team of inspectors trying to make it stick. He repeats accusations that

25

Wal-Mart is excessively secretive and that its employees and suppliers speak to the press at their own risk, but he accepts that there would be no profit for the company in giving away valuable commercial data.

He reminds us that other supermarkets and vast numbers of downtown grocery stores have gone bankrupt because of the arrival of Wal-Mart’s soulless giant

30

sheds. But he observes that Wal-Mart is not simply a predator. It does not just lower its prices until the competition has been destroyed, then raise them again:

it keeps them low, as its slogan says, “always”. And that is why even customers

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who declare themselves in surveys to be “conflicted” – actively disliking Wal- Mart for its impact on communities and jobs – still shop there more than once a

35

week, spending almost as much as those who declare themselves to be Wal- Mart’s “champions”.

In effect, Fishman concludes, Wal-Mart does nothing more sinister than sell a $3 item of merchandise for $2.97. The frugality and determination that have

enabled Wal-Mart to do this consistently for 44 years are largely to be admired,

40

even if they include forcing suppliers to install toll-free phone lines so that Wal- Mart does not have to bear the cost of calling for deliveries. Sam Walton himself, an authentic American hero of capitalism, drove a dog-chewed pick-up long after he became a billionaire.

Yet Wal-Mart today is no longer the company that Walton left behind when he

45

died in 1992. It has multiplied in scale and reach at home and abroad, acquiring unprecedented market power – and this angers unions, environmentalists and journalists. 22 , its managers do not have a secret plan to rule the world; they just sell as much cheap stuff as they can. If there is anything sinister in that, it is the hypnotic effect it has on American shoppers. They happily bought Wal-Mart’s

50

$2.79 gallon jars of pickled cucumbers even though they could not possibly eat them all. When the price of underpants was slashed, they bought astonishing quantities and stockpiled them.

In an era of excessive over-consumption, don’t blame Wal-Mart for the “Wal- Mart effect”: blame its customers, especially the “conflicted” ones.

55

Martin Vander Weyer, a former investment banker, is a British journalist and business editor, regularly contributing to national newspapers and magazines.

http://www.newstatesman.com

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So, Should You Buy a Diamond?

By TOM ZOELLNER

1 Jewellers know the look, the shy mixture of hesitation and happiness that crosses a man’s face when he buys an engagement ring. He wants this piece of clear carbon to embody all the love he feels for his intended and to represent the new life they’re embarking on. I felt it five years ago when I became one of the 1.7 million American men who buy a diamond ring each year. Later, my engagement unravelled and I began to think again about that ring and

about the diamond trade that produced it. I realized there were questions I should have been asking about that diamond beyond the carat size and the price.

Primarily, should you even buy a diamond?

2 The answer depends on whom you ask. The diamond trade would say yes. Watchdog groups like Global Witness would say no. Eight years ago, Global Witness produced damning evidence of jewel-related slaughter in several African nations.

It caused an international scandal and gave rise to a policing

mechanism called the Kimberley Process, which requires diamond-

exporting nations to seal their stones in a tamperproof container, with a document stating they were not mined in a war zone.

3 Has this worked? To research my book, The Heartless Stone, I

travelled to Africa, where diamonds are mined in conditions that range from the orderly to the horrific, and found virtually no oversight of the violence-prone alluvial-mining sites.

Many stones have made their way out of the jungle and into suburban malls via

somebody’s lower intestinal tract. 28 the diamonds are not smuggled or traded for guns, the wages for the miners can be outrageously unfair. I met a team of diggers in the Central African Republic who were routinely paid

$200 for large-carat diamonds that would easily retail for $40,000 in the U.S.

4 There is persuasive evidence that the supply chain is easily infiltrated.

A September U.S. report

¹⁾

said flatly,

“U.S. control systems cannot help deter illicit rough diamonds from entering the legitimate trade.”

Another disturbing finding: the U.S.

reported exporting more diamonds

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than it received in 2003; 29 trade imbalance for a nation without a single working mine. The GAO said, with bureaucratic dryness, that such figures were “not plausible”.

5 The Kimberley Process has two loopholes that can’t be easily plugged. The first, as the U.S.

report’s findings indicate, is that it would be difficult to design a better tool for money laundering, arms dealing and cross-border smuggling than a diamond - all that liquidity in such a tiny space. Diamonds can be bought with dirty money, moved across African borders with relative ease, given false paperwork and then sent onward to the trading centres of Europe.

6 The second is that Kimberley concerns itself only with nations that are in a state of war as defined by the United Nations. This essentially 31 all kinds of miserable deeds in places like Angola, which is still recovering from a grinding 30-year war and where murder and robbery are facets of daily life in the diamond fields. I was told that miners have been gutted if they were suspected of having swallowed a stone.

7 The diamond industry deserves credit, however, for taking the first steps toward ending the diamond- related slaughter. And, yes, the gems can be used to build up a nation’s

infrastructure rather than tear it apart. While the nascent democracy of Botswana does not have a

diversified economy (65% of export income comes from diamonds), its calm political climate proves that these stones are not always corrosive to the places they come from.

Namibia is taking steps toward creating a home-grown polishing industry, adding a long-overdue value-added layer to the extraction process. A sudden collapse of the diamond trade would spell disaster for these countries and cause starvation and chaos in other diamond zones in Africa.

8 It will not be a movie such as Blood Diamond or even the

Kimberley Process that determines whether America’s favourite

gemstone can be purchased ethically.

That’s up to the consumers, who should insist that jewellers show them proof that their suppliers have a System of Warranties statement on their invoices, demonstrating

compliance with the Kimberley Process. Even if this doesn’t prove that a diamond is clean, it proves that customers care about the source of their icons of love.

Tom Zoellner is the author of The Heartless Stone

Time

noot 1 from the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO)

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Taking our leaders at face value

A new study suggests that how we respond to a candidate’s face could determine who we vote for

KURT KLEINER

SPECIAL TO THE STAR

1 The qualities that voters think they can discern in a candidate’s face have a surprisingly strong influence on how they vote. In fact, if you take the new research at face value, how much voters like a candidate’s face is the only thing that will decide who wins or loses. What matters to voters isn’t so much whether a candidate is attractive or not. Instead, voters look for facial cues for

personality traits like aggressiveness, intelligence, honesty, friendliness and competence.

2 The surprising thing is not that people look for these cues – it’s that

judgments about a candidate’s face all by themselves seem to predict whether he or she will win or lose the election. It seems to be the very features of the face that attract or repel voters. It’s hard to untangle how actual voters, faced with a live candidate, are affected by the face, partly because their feelings about a candidate’s policies and personality might affect their perceptions. So Anthony C. Little, a psychologist at the University of Stirling in Scotland, decided to use computerized “morphing” techniques to examine the phenomenon. In research he used the faces of candidates from eight real elections, including candidates George W. Bush and John Kerry from the 2004 U.S. presidential election. Then he used a computer-imaging technique to combine each face with a nondescript male face that had been created by averaging the faces of 10 university students. The result was a pair of faces that was not recognizable as either candidate, but nevertheless bore a sort of family resemblance to the originals – young, unblemished; they could have been the candidates’ college- age nephews. So, the altered Bush still has narrow-set eyes and a slightly heavy brow, the altered Kerry wide-set eyes and a long face.

3 Then Little asked people to look at the faces and say who they would vote for. In all eight rounds, the votes based on composite faces gave the same results as the actual elections. That bears emphasizing. Sitting at a computer screen, with nothing to go on but a face, a majority of the hundred or so

volunteers consistently chose the same candidates as did the millions of voters

who had been exposed to newspaper articles, television reports, and intense

campaigning. Although the percentages weren’t exactly the same for each

round, the volunteers always chose the same candidate who ended up winning

the popular vote in the actual election.

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4 In a second experiment, Little’s researchers looked in detail at what people saw in the faces, and whether circumstances would change their choices. First people were surveyed about what they thought they saw in the altered Bush and Kerry faces. The Bush face was judged as more masculine and dominant. The Kerry face was rated as more attractive, forgiving, likeable and intelligent. Then researchers asked people to choose which face would be a better leader in a time of war, and which in a time of peace. Bush won 74 per cent of the war-time vote, while Kerry won 61 per cent of the peace-time vote. 37 , people will choose a candidate they perceive as dominant if they think he’ll have to handle a war, but prefer intelligence and likeability as long as there's no shooting going on.

5 But how likely is it that people are really making their decisions based solely on faces? Even Little doesn’t really believe it. After all, large chunks of the electorate still vote for a strong party line, and are going to vote for their party’s candidate no matter what he or she looks like. On the other hand, undecided voters are more likely to base decisions on their judgment of individual candidates. Those are the ones who could be heavily influenced by a candidate’s face, whether they realize it or not.

6 The problem is, despite our specialized cognitive machinery for dealing with faces, it turns out that faces aren’t a very good guide for judging other people.

Studies show that people think they can read all sorts of things about people based on their faces, including intelligence, basic character and personality traits. Unfortunately, the same studies show that we’re not as accurate as we think we are.

7 Like everyone else, I know that I shouldn’t judge a book by its cover. And like everyone else, I do it all the time. I’m usually pretty confident I’m right, but I’m also probably wrong. Misjudging someone at a party based on his face is one thing. Misjudging the leader of a country for the same reason is another, much more serious thing. Faces and gut feelings are no way to choose a leader.

Kurt Kleiner is a freelance science writer based in Toronto

www.thestar.com

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Tekst 10

Too many mistakes: black list for medication errors?

A tragedy

A decade ago in a Denver hospital, a physician’s illegible handwriting led a pharmacist to prepare an antibiotic prescription that was 10 times too strong. The dosage killed an infant.

The tragedy exemplified how easy it is for such devastating blunders to occur.

The Facts

A report released last week by the Institute of Medicine, which advizes the government on health issues, revealed that such medication errors still occur far too often — particularly considering that technology can reduce them substantially.

Medication errors kill an estimated 7,000 people a year and injure at least 1.5 million, nearly one-third in hospitals. On average, a hospital patient is subject to one medication mistake per day, the Institute said. The extra costs of treating such injuries occurring in hospitals alone amount to $3.5 billion a year.

At the root of many mistakes: poor communication among health professionals and patients, plus faulty systems for distributing and dispensing medication.

The Fix: Electronic Prescribing systems

What can be done? Perhaps the most encouraging development is technology. Electronic prescribing systems can overcome problems of bad handwriting and can warn against drug allergies, adverse reactions and excessive doses. The Institute recommends that all health providers and pharmacies install the systems by 2010.

Tech-savvy hospitals that have already done so report dramatic improvements. LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City has reduced adverse drug events by nearly two-thirds since 1996.

Patients who received computer-recommended medications had shorter stays. At Boston’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital, a computerized system reduced medication errors by more than 55%.

Only one in seven of the nation’s hospitals, however, has such systems fully operational.

The initial cost is high — about $5 million for community hospitals and up to $20 million for large urban medical centres. Hospitals mainly get paid by volume of services, rather than outcomes, so there’s little immediate financial return for improving patient care. In the long run, however, investing in technology will pay for itself in more efficient care, better

reputations, fewer patient injuries and deaths and fewer malpractice suits.

Technology alone won’t eliminate medication errors. Doctors and nurses need to

communicate better with patients. Patients who are capable of doing so must become active participants in their own care. If you usually get a blue capsule and a nurse hands you a red one, ask questions and demand answers.

Being in a hospital is stressful enough without having to worry that your pills are going to kill you.

USA Today

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Tekst 11

What happens to…

most old wedding dresses?

By Laura Barton

This week, it was announced that Diana’s spare wedding dress (in case of some mishap on the day apparently) is up for sale. Designed by Elizabeth and David Emanuel, it is expected to fetch around £50,000 at auction.

It is not an altogether surprising outcome; many women sell their wedding dresses - indeed there are currently 3,011 available for purchase on eBay alone, and dress-selling has become a competitive market. One internet messageboard provides the following sales tip: “Have your husband or a tattooed male do the photo shoot wearing your dress and give a sob story about divorce and women will go bonkers bidding on it.”

For some, flogging their frock is a

rite-of-passage after a divorce, for others it is a matter of financial prudence. After all, realistically, are you ever going to wear your wedding dress again? Although some brides do dye them a different colour and wear them out on the razzle, this is not really an option if yours was a great big frou-frou taffeta meringue with a 6,000ft train, like Diana’s.

For her wedding, my friend Lizzie chose a full-skirted dress with a separate corset top. “The woman at the bridal shop told me that I could wear my corset with a black trouser suit for a dinner dance. It seemed to me a bit weird, because surely

everyone would be wondering ‘Why is that woman wearing half a wedding dress?’ Strangely, she didn't come up with anything to do with the skirt.”

Some women like to keep their wedding dresses to pass down to their own daughters. If you wish to do this, it is perhaps best to make sure it is properly stored rather than folded up in a drawer where it can be eaten by mice. Like my own mother’s. The vast majority of wedding dresses, however, remain in their owners’ wardrobes, occupying an offensive amount of space. They are the SUVs of the closet. It is a little-known fact that all the remaining wedding dresses are sent to the knacker’s yard where they are melted down to make glue.

The Guardian

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anders is aangegeven. Als je in het Engels antwoordt, levert dat 0 punten op.

Tekst 1 Auto makers grapple with longer-lasting cars

1p 1

Which of the following fits the gap in the text?

A

at the same time

B

even

C

for instance

D

instead

Tekst 2 Population spread

“If the … the Netherlands.” (second sentence)

1p 2

What does David L. Gosling want to make clear with this remark?

A

Americans should learn to make better use of their space.

B

The Netherlands are too small to accommodate all the Dutch.

C

The number of people on earth is not the main cause of concern.

D

The whole world may become as crowded as the Netherlands are now.

E

Western countries are rich enough to admit lots of immigrants.

Tekst 3 Downloading trouble

1p 3

What is the main point made by Eric Longley (first letter)?

The record industry’s attitude towards illegal downloading

A

is based on at least some good reasons.

B

is fair considering its recent losses.

C

is merely aimed at protecting its own interests.

D

is particularly harmful to experimental pop musicians.

1p 4

What is the main point with regard to illegal downloading of music files made by Ed Mayo (second letter)?

A

Hackers will always be one step ahead of those trying to protect music files.

B

Punishing offenders will not stop others from trying their luck.

C

The record companies themselves are largely to blame for it.

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Tekst 4 Risk-taking boys do not get the girls

2p 5

Geef voor elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet overeenstemt met de inhoud van de tekst.

1 Stuntende mannen maken doorgaans meer indruk op mannen dan op vrouwen.

2 Vergeleken bij vroeger zijn mannen toch wat voorzichtiger geworden.

3 Oudere mannen nemen net zoveel risico’s als jongere mannen.

4 Vrouwen kiezen misschien voor ‘aanzien’ ongeacht het risicovolle gedrag van een man.

Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.

1p 6

Which of the following fits the gap in line 14?

A

because

B

so

C

whereas

Tekst 5 Trials on TV? Don’t hold your breath

1p 7

What conclusion do lines 1-26 lead up to?

A

The broadcasting of British trials on TV will be very different from the American practice.

B

The commotion about new legislation will only lead to stricter regulations concerning cameras in British courts.

C

The current media excitement about TV rights may persuade the Lord Chancellor to permit more extensive filming during trials.

“the blob … movements” (lines 40-42)

1p 8

Why does Marcel Berlins add this example?

A

To emphasise the Lord Chancellor’s wisdom if he were to restrict filming to the performances of the judges and the lawyers.

B

To indicate that in the early days of TV technical capabilities left much to be desired.

C

To show that American audiences expect to be able to view dramatic court scenes live.

D

To underline his view that without the exciting bits TV trials are too boring to watch.

“There will be no sensational bits.” (lines 55-56)

1p 9

Which of the following expresses more or less the same?

A

“Don’t … breath” (title)

B

“viewers … screens” (lines 9-12)

C

“the suggestion … covering it” (lines 36-38)

D

“So … forbidden?” (lines 44-46)

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Kies bij iedere open plek in de tekst het juiste antwoord uit de gegeven mogelijkheden.

1p 10

A

curious

B

humorous

C

pointless

D

sad

E

useful

1p 11

A

can be very risky

B

has the least impact

C

is hardly acceptable

D

is highly noticeable

1p 12

A

directly ask her if

B

feel annoyed because

C

mistakenly believe that

D

quietly wonder whether

1p 13

A

boast one’s successes

B

express one’s feelings

C

spread one’s genes

D

test one’s emotions

1p 14

A

imagine

B

overestimate

C

undervalue

1p 15

A

however

B

moreover

C

of course

D

therefore

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Tekst 7 The bottom line

1p 16

Wat is de belangrijkste functie van alinea 1 van de tekst The bottom line?

A

De aanleiding noemen voor het schrijven van deze tekst.

B

De hoofdgedachte van de tekst kort samenvatten.

C

Het belangrijkste onderzoeksresultaat van het in de tekst besproken boek uiteenzetten.

D

Het tekstonderwerp inleiden met behulp van een voorbeeld.

1p 17

What are lines 13-18 (“The Arkansas-based chain … elsewhere.”) meant to illustrate?

A

How Wal-Mart has managed to become the leader in its field.

B

That Fishman’s book is about Wal-Mart’s position in the US only.

C

That Wal-Mart plays a key role in the American economy.

D

Why Fishman is mainly positive about Wal-Mart.

2p 18

Geef voor elk van de onderstaande beweringen aan of deze wel of niet in overeenstemming is met de inhoud van alinea 3 (regels 19-28).

1 Fishman used only one source to collect information about Wal-Mart.

2 Fishman passes a balanced judgment on Wal-Mart.

3 Wal-Mart has often been accused of exploiting its employees.

4 Working conditions at Wal-Mart’s supply companies have deteriorated.

Noteer het nummer van elke bewering, gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.

“Wal-Mart is not simply a predator” (regel 31).

1p 19

Welk argument geeft de schrijver voor deze bewering?

1p 20

What kind of customers are “‘conflicted’ customers” according to paragraph 4 (lines 29-37)?

Customers who

A

buy a great deal at Wal-Mart but have moral objections to some of its company policies.

B

come to Wal-Mart for the best bargains but shop at other grocery stores as well.

C

often shop at Wal-Mart but suspect the company of not giving them enough value for money.

“Sam Walton … a billionaire.” (lines 42-44)

1p 21

What is the function of this sentence?

A

To criticise Wal-Mart’s extreme meanness.

B

To illustrate the mentality underlying Wal-Mart’s financial policy.

C

To point out that Wal-Mart’s founder remained a conservative man all his life.

D

To show how difficult Wal-Mart’s first beginnings were.

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A

Besides

B

Consequently

C

In short

D

Still

“the hypnotic effect it has on American shoppers” (regel 50)

1p 23

Vat kort samen wat dit effect was volgens de voorbeelden in regels 50-53 (“They … them.”).

1p 24

Which of the following agrees with Martin’s review of Charles Fishman’s book The Wal-Mart Effect?

A

It is full of facts and anecdotes but does not take a stand.

B

It is highly informative and refreshingly objective.

C

It is rightly critical but overlooks the shoppers’ responsibility.

D

It is well written and justly praises the company.

Tekst 8 So, should you buy a diamond?

1p 25

How does the writer introduce the subject of this article in paragraph 1?

A

By commenting on the popular attitude towards the subject.

B

By complaining about a man’s task in relation to the subject.

C

By explaining what led him to writing about the subject.

D

By highlighting one particular aspect of the subject.

“Primarily, should you even buy a diamond?” (alinea 1)

1p 26

Citeer een gedeelte van een zin uit alinea 2 waaruit blijkt dat je dit eigenlijk niet zou moeten doen.

In verband met “The Kimberley Process” (alinea 2) worden twee voorschriften genoemd waar de diamanthandel zich aan dient te houden.

2p 27

Welke twee voorschriften zijn dat?

1p 28

Which of the following fits the gap in paragraph 3?

A

Although

B

Because

C

Even when

D

Now that

1p 29

Which of the following fits the gap in paragraph 4?

A

a devastating

B

a logical

C

a predictable

D

a remarkable

(19)

1p 30

Welke eigenschap maakt diamanten zo buitengewoon geschikt als betaalmiddel voor illegale praktijken volgens alinea 5?

Citeer het gedeelte van de zin dat een kernachtig antwoord op deze vraag geeft.

1p 31

Which of the following fits the gap in paragraph 6?

A

causes

B

highlights

C

justifies

D

overlooks

1p 32

What is the function of paragraph 7 in relation to paragraphs 5 and 6?

The information given in paragraphs 5 and 6 is

A

emphasised by paragraph 7.

B

falsified by paragraph 7.

C

illustrated by paragraph 7.

D

modified by paragraph 7.

Tekst 9 Taking our leaders at face value

2p 33

Geef van elk van de volgende beweringen aan of deze wel of niet overeenkomt met de inhoud van alinea 1.

People seem to vote for a particular candidate because they like 1 handsome candidates with attractive faces best.

2 the characteristics they seem to detect in the candidate’s face.

3 the political ideas and changes they think a candidate stands for.

Noteer het nummer van elke bewering gevolgd door “wel” of “niet”.

1p 34

What is the main function of paragraph 2?

A

To analyse the research into the subject matter.

B

To describe the research into the subject matter.

C

To question the methods to research the subject matter.

D

To stress the importance of the research into the subject matter.

1p 35

Which of the following is made clear by the last sentence of paragraph 2?

A

In the computer images great care was taken to make Bush and Kerry look very unlike each other.

B

Some facial characteristics of Bush and Kerry were maintained in the computer images.

C

The Bush and Kerry computer images were given facial characteristics that

made recognition more difficult.

(20)

36

What does the author want to make clear with this remark?

He thinks that the outcome of the research mentioned in the text

A

is highly remarkable.

B

may not be trustworthy.

C

should be ignored.

D

was common knowledge all along.

1p 37

Which of the following fits the gap in paragraph 4?

A

Apparently

B

Instead

C

Nevertheless

D

Unexpectedly

1p 38

Wie gaan, volgens alinea 5, het sterkst af op uiterlijke kenmerken bij het kiezen van een politicus?

1p 39

What does paragraph 6 make clear?

A

Attractive people are not necessarily the best politicians.

B

How people determine whether or not they trust anyone.

C

The opinions people form about others may not always be correct.

D

Why studies into face recognition come up with conflicting results.

“Misjudging someone … a leader.” (paragraph 7)

1p 40

How can the tone of this part of the text be characterised?

A

As arrogant.

B

As cynical.

C

As disapproving.

D

As objective.

E

As resigned.

Lees bij de volgende opgaven steeds eerst de vraag voordat je de bijbehorende tekst raadpleegt.

Tekst 10 Too many mistakes: black list for medication errors?

1p 41

Je vraagt je af: waarom worden er vaak fouten gemaakt bij het voorschrijven van medicijnen?

Citeer de eerste twee woorden van de zin die samenvat wat er mis gaat.

Nog niet alle ziekenhuizen hebben een goed functionerend elektronisch systeem voor het medicijngebruik.

1p 42

Waarom niet?

Citeer de eerste twee woorden van de zin die begint met de verklaring hiervoor.

(21)

Tekst 11 What happens to most old wedding dresses?

1p 43