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1
Highlights
Burnsxxx(2019)xxx–xxx
Patterns
and
predictors
of
burn
scar
outcome
in
the
first
12
months
post-burn:
The
patient’s
perspective
Z.M.Rashaan*,K.A.A. Kwa,M.B.A.vanderWal,W.E.Tuinebreijer,P.P.M.vanZuijlen, R.S.Breederveld
ThePOSASpatienttotalandindividualitemscoresshowedastatisticallysignificantimprovementofthescarqualityinthefirst 12monthspost-burn,exceptforrelief.
Q6
Sex,age,depthofthewound,percentageofTBSAandflameburnswerepredictorsofvariousPOSASpatientitemsat3,6and 12monthspost-burn.
TheeffectofthepredictorswasnotthesameontheindividualPOSASpatientitems.
burns xxx (2019) xxx–xxx
Available
online
at
www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
1Q3
Patterns
and
predictors
of
burn
scar
outcome
in
the
2
first
12
months
post-burn:
The
patient
’s
perspective
3Q4Q5
Z.M.
Rashaan
a,b,*
,
K.A.A.
Kwa
a,b,
M.B.A.
van
der
Wal
e,
4
W.E.
Tuinebreijer
b,
P.P.M.
van
Zuijlen
c,d,
R.S.
Breederveld
a,b5 aDepartmentofSurgery,LeidenUniversityMedicalCentre,Albinusdreef2,2333ZALeiden,Leiden,TheNetherlands
6 b
BurnCentreandDepartmentofSurgery,RedCrossHospital,Vondellaan13,1942LE,Beverwijk,TheNetherlands
7 cBurnCentreandDepartmentofPlasticandReconstructiveSurgery,RedCrossHospital,Vondellaan13,1942LE,
8 Beverwijk,TheNetherlands
9 dDepartmentofPlasticandReconstructiveSurgeryandMOVEResearchInstitute,VUUniversityofAmsterdam,Van
10 derBoechorststraat7,1081BT,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
11 e
AssociationofDutchBurnCentres,Zeestraat27-29,1941AJ,Beverwijk,TheNetherlands
a
b
s
t
r
a
c
t
Objective:Thisstudyaimedtoprovideinsightintothepatternsandfactorsthatpredictburn scaroutcomesat3,6and12monthspost-burn.
Methods:ThePatientandObserverScarAssessmentScale(POSAS)wasusedtoassessthescar formationofeachpatient.Structuralequationmodellingwasused.Thepredictorvariablesused inthisstudyweresex,threeagecategories,TBSA,depthofthewoundandcauseoftheburn. Results:ThePOSASpatienttotalandindividualitemscoresdemonstrateda statistically significantdecreaseinthefirst12monthspost-burn,exceptforthereliefitem.Malepatients hadalowertotalanditemsscores(betterscarquality)forpainandprurituscomparedwith femalepatients.Fullthicknessburnshadahigherscoresforpruritus,pliability,thickness andreliefcomparedtothepartial-thicknessburns.Agesyoungerthan5years,higherTBSA valuesandflameburnswerepredictorsofvariousPOSASitemsat3and6monthspost-burn. Conclusion:ThePOSASpatienttotalandindividualitemscoresdemonstratedastatistically significantimprovementinthescarqualityinthefirst12monthspost-burn,exceptforthe relief.Sex,age,depthofthewound,thepercentageofTBSAandflameburnswerepredictors ofvariousPOSASpatientitemsat3,6and12monthspost-burn.
©2019ElsevierLtdandISBI.Allrightsreserved.
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
n
f
o
Articlehistory: Accepted26March2019 Availableonlinexxx 12 Keywords: 13 Burnwounds 14 Burnscars 15 POSAS 16 Scarquality17 Predictorsandpatterns
18
1.
Introduction
19 Burnscarshaveextensiveimpactsonburnpatientsintermsof 20 quality of life, functional impairment and physiological
21 problems[1–3].Thus,theoptimalmanagementofburnscars
22 requires more insight into the factors that influence the
23 severityofburnscars.
24 Todate,sex,age,skintype,location,bacterialcolonisation,
25 time to wound healing, type of graft, multiple surgical Abbreviations:CFI,comparativefitindex;POSAS,thePatientandObserverScarAssessmentScale;SEM,structuralequationmodelling; LGM,latentgrowthcurvemodel;RMSEA,therootmeansquareerrorofapproximation.
* Correspondingauthor.
E-mailaddresses:z.rashaan@vumc.nl(Z.M. Rashaan),kkwa@rkz.nl(K.A.A. Kwa),mbavdwal@hotmail.com(M.B.A. vanderWal),
wetuineb@knmg.nl(W.E. Tuinebreijer),pvanzuijlen@rkz.nl(P.P.M. vanZuijlen),rbreederveld@rkz.nl(R.S. Breederveld).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2019.03.025
0305-4179/©2019ElsevierLtdandISBI.Allrightsreserved.
burns xxx (2019) xxx–xxx
JBUR58071–8
Pleasecitethisarticleinpressas:Z.M.Rashaan,K.A.A.Kwa,M.B.A.vanderWaletal.Patternsandpredictorsofburnscaroutcomein thefirst12monthspost-burn:Thepatient’sperspective.Burns(2019),https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2019.03.025
Available
online
at
www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
26 procedures, burn severity and the skin being subjected to 27 stretchinghavebeenfoundtoberiskfactorsforhypertrophic 28 scarring[4–8].Theimpactsofburnscarsnotonlyentailthe 29 appearanceofthescarbutalsoinvolveofitsaccompanying 30 symptoms. Up to 47% of patients experience pain that is 31 associatedwiththeirburnscars[9].Inaddition,prurituswas 32 foundtostillbepresentin67%oftheburnpatientsattwoyears 33 post-burn [10]. It should be noted that different burnscar 34 assessmentstrategieswereusedinthesestudies,andthese 35 studieswereoftenlimitedbythelackofanappropriatetoolfor 36 evaluatingscaroutcomes.
37 Currently,thePatientandObserverScarAssessmentScale 38 (POSAS)iswidelyusedtoassessscarquality[11].ThePOSAS 39 consistsofobserverandpatientcomponentsandhasbeen 40 foundtobeareliableandvalidinstrumentfortheassessment 41 ofburnscars[12,13].ThePOSASpatientscalebyDraaijersetal. 42 (version1.0)incorporatesscoresforthefollowingsixitemsby 43 using a 10-point rating scale: pain, itch, color, pliability, 44 thicknessandrelief[12,14].Ahighscoreindicatesaworsescar 45 quality. There is a paucity of research investigating the 46 changesinthePOSAS scoresafterburns[15].Van derWal 47 et al. described that full thickness wounds and a higher 48 percentageofTBSA were significantpredictorsofahigher 49 POSASscore,whereastheaetiologyandageofthepatienthad 50 no influence on the scar quality [16]. In addition, POSAS 51 assessmentathreemonthspost-burnfoundtobepredictiveof 52 finalscarqualityattwelvemonthspost-burn[17].
53 The purpose of the present study was to describe the 54 influenceofpredictorsonchangesinPOSASpatientscoresat 55 3,6and12monthspost-burn.
56
2.
Materials
and
m
ethods
57 2.1. Recruitmentandstudypopulation
58 Thisretrospectivestudywas performedattheburncentre 59 outpatientclinicattheRedCrossHospital,Beverwijkinthe 60 Netherlands between June 2004 and December 2009. This 61 studywasconductedinaccordancewiththeethicalstandards 62 oftheinstitutionaland/ornationalresearchcommitteeand 63 withthe1964Helsinkideclarationanditslateramendmentsor 64 comparableethicalstandards.ThePOSASquestionnaireisa 65 standardpartofeachroutinefollow-upvisitofeachoftheburn 66 patientsintheoutpatientclinicat3,6and12monthsatour 67 specializedburncentre.Thedataofthe patientswho were 68 admittedtotheburncentreandwhoweresubsequentlyseen 69 attheoutpatientclinicat3,6and12monthspost-burnwere 70 included in the analysis. In this consecutive sample, the 71 patientswhoparticipatedinclinicaltrialsforwoundorscar 72 treatments were excluded from the study. The parentsor 73 caregiverswereaskedtofillinthePOSASpatientcomponent 74 for patients who were under the age of5 years. Baseline 75 characteristics such as sex, age at the time of burn, the 76 percentage of total body surface area (TBSA), burn depth 77 (partialorfullthickness)andthe causeoftheburnwound 78 (flameorscald)werecollected.Atourinstitution,patientswith 79 full-thickness burns were operated (skin grafting). Mixed 80 burns(partialandfull-thickness)wereconservativelytreated 81 forapproximately10–14 days.Burn woundsof>3cm2that
82 were not yet healed, were considered for skin grafting
83 procedures.Partial-thicknessburnsweretreatedwithtopical
84 antisepticsorhydrofibredressings.Thistreatmentalgorithm
85 waschosenbecausewoundhealingthattakesmorethanthree
86 weeks to complete, is considered to be a risk factor for
87 hypertrophic scarformation[18].Patients werecategorized
88 intothefollowingthreeage-groups:<5years,5–18yearsand
89 >18years.Thecut-offvalueof5yearswaschosenbecauseof
90 tworeasons.First,theepidemiologyofburnwoundstendsto
91 bedifferentbetweenchildren<5yearsandolderchildren.In
92 general,scaldburnsweremorecommoninchildrenwhowere
93 youngerthan 5yearscomparedwitholderchildren[19,20].
94 Second,thePOSASpatientscoresofthisagecategorywere
95 completed by the caregivers, which may influence the
96 outcomescomparedwitholderchildrenwhocompletedthe
97 POSASpatientscoresontheirown.Thestudylocationatthree
98 monthspost-burnwasdefinedasthemostapparentpartof
99 the scar according to the patient. Standard treatment
100 consisted ofsilicones or pressure garments depending on
101 the location and scar activity. If there was a significant
102 functional impairment during ADL, then there was an
103 indicationofreconstructionsurgeryduringthefirst12months
104 post-burn. After 12 months post-burn, an operation was
105 indicated for both functional impairment and esthetical
106 reasons.
107
2.2. ThePOSAS
108 Tothebestofourknowledge,thereisconflictingdatainthe
109 literatureconcerningtheanalysisofthePOSASpatientscores.
110 VanderWaletal.foundthatthePOSASpatientquestionnaire
111 wasunidimensional.Therefore,theindividualandsumofthe
112 itemsofthePOSASpatientscorescouldbeusedforstatistical
113 analysis[21].Conversely,deJongetal.foundthatthePOSAS
114 patientquestionnairewasmultidimensional.Therefore,the
115 only individual POSAS patients scores could be used for
116 statistical analysis [13]. In this study, we used both the
117 individualandsumofthePOSASpatientscoresforstatistical
118 analysis. Ifthepatientwasunabletoanswerthe
question-119 naire,e.g.inthecaseofchildren<5yearsorinthecaseof
120 mentallyimpairedpatients,thenthecaretakerwasaskedto
121 scoretheitems.
122
2.3. Studymodelandstatisticalanalyses
123 Structuralequationmodelling(SEM)wasperformedusingthe
124 IBMSPSS statisticalpackage AMOSTL24 [22].We applieda
125 latent growth curve model (LGM), which was a special
126 applicationoftheSEMwithseveraladvantages.Latentgrowth
127 curvemodellinginAMOSwasabletoaccommodateirregularly
128 spaced measurements at the three time points (3, 6 and
129 12monthspost-burn)inourdata[23].Inaddition,theuseof
130 LGMmadeitpossibletoassessthefitofthemodeltothedata
131 andtoeffectivelycomputethemaximumlikelihoodestimates
132 inourdataset,whichwasnotcompletedatallthreeofthetime
133 points(AppendixB).TheInter-individualdifferencesinthe
134 changesovertimewereassessed,andgroup-levelstatistics
135 such asthe mean change rates and mean interceptswere
136 provided. TheLGM accountsfortheofchange(slopecurve
137 analysis)attheindividuallevel(patient)andatthegrouplevel
138 (forinstance,thedepthoftheburnwound,sex,etc.).Thefitof 139 theLGMwastested.Theabsoluteandcomparativefitindices 140 werecalculated.
141 The following predictor variables were entered into the 142 models:sex,age<5years,age5–18yearsandage>18years,the 143 percentageofTBSA,depthofthewoundandcauseoftheburn. 144 OurmodelwasbasedonourearlierstudythatusedthePOSAS 145 patientscaletostudytheinfluenceoftime-invariantpredictors 146 (suchassex,thepercentageofTBSA,wounddepthandage 147 categories)onthePOSASscaleinthesamegroupofpatients 148 [16].Thethreedifferentinterceptestimatesrepresentedthe 149 patients’totalscoresat3,6or12months.Thetimemomentof 150 theintercept wasdependenton how thetime values were coded 151 (0,1,3; 1,0,2or 3, 2,0).Theslopeestimatesrepresentedthe 152 patients’ratesofchangebetween3,6and12monthspost-burn. 153 PositiveinterceptsindicatedhigherPOSASscoresat3,6and 154 12monthspost-burn,whichthusindicatedaworsescarquality 155 comparedtothatofthereferencegroup.Significantnegative 156 slopesinthePOSASscoresindicatedaslowerrateofchangein 157 the presented predictor category compared to that in the 158 referencecategory(forexample,flameburnscomparedtothe 159 referencecategoryscaldburns).
160 Thecorrelationsbetweentheinterceptsandslopeswere 161 calculated.Apositivevalueindicatedahighinitialscoreat 162 3monthspost-burnwithagreaterrateofchange,whereasa 163 negativecorrelationindicatedahighinitialscoreat3months 164 post-burnwithalowerrateofchange.
165 TheLGMwasinvestigatedinamodelforthetotalscoreand 166 wasindividuallyinvestigatedinamodelforthesixitemsthat 167 wereincorporatedin thePOSASpatientscale,bothwithand 168 withoutpredictors.Theinterceptestimatecanbeinterpretedas 169 theinfluenceofthepredictorsonthePOSASpatientscoresat3, 170 6and 12 months post-burn. The positiveintercepts implied 171 higherPOSASscorescomparedtothereferencecategory.The 172 slope estimate can be interpreted as the influence of the 173 predictorsonthechangesinthePOSASscoresovertime.Positive 174 slopesindicatehigherdegreeofchangeovertimecomparedto 175 thereference category. An detaileddescription of the study 176 modelandstatisticalanalysescanbefoundinAppendixD.
177
3.
Results
178 3.1. Baselinecharacteristics
179 Atotalof284childrenand190adultpatientswereincludedinthis 180 study.Thepatients’characteristicsareshowninTable1.There 181 wereno statisticallysignificantdifferences in the totalTBSA 182 (p=0.99,independentt-test),full-thicknessburns(p=0.30, inde-183 pendentt-test),orsurgeriesontheevaluatedscars(p=0.53, chi-184 squaretest)thatwereobservedbetweenthegroupsofpatients 185 whocompletedallthreeevaluations(n=157)andthepatients 186 whocompletedoneortwooftheevaluationsmoments(n=317).
187 3.2. Thefitindicesforthedifferentmodels
188 The fit indices for the different models are presented in 189 AppendixB.Thefitindicesforthemodelwiththetotalscore 190 and the sixpredictors (Appendix A)revealed the following 191 results: The minimum discrepancy (CMIN) was 6.751 with
192 7degrees of freedom (df)and ap-valueof 0.455. Thecomparative
193 fit index (CFI) was 1.00. The root mean square error of
194 approximation(RMSEA)was0.0001withaconfidenceinterval
195 of0.0001–0.055.Thesevaluesofthefitindicesagreewitha
good-196 to-perfect fitwiththetotal scoreandthe sixpredictors.Allofthe
197 modelsthatevaluatedthesixindividualitemshadaperfectfit.
198 Themodelwiththetotalscorewithoutthesixpredictorshada
199 moderatefit,andthemodelswiththeitemsofthicknessor
200 reliefandwithoutthesixpredictorshadapoorfit.
201
3.3. PatternsofchangeinthePOSASpatientscores
202 Theparameterestimatesfortheinterceptandslopesofthe
203 modelthatevaluatedtheseparatetotalPOSASpatientscale
204 scoresandtheseparate6itemswithoutthe6predictorsare
205 showninTable2.TheparameterestimatesforthetotalPOSAS
206 scoresobtainedfromthepredictormodelsarepresentedin
207
Table2andAppendixA.Painhadthelowestseparateintercept 208 score,whichimpliedthatpainhadthelowestitemscoreoutof
209 thesixitemsinthePOSASat3monthspost-burn.Thetotal
210 score and all of the items (except relief) had significant
211 negativeslopes,whichimpliedthattheratesofchangeinthe
212 scoresshowedadecreasingtrend.Thecovariancesbetween
213 thepredictorvariablesofthetotalPOSASpatientscalescors
214 areshowninAppendixC.
215
3.4. Sex
216 MalepatientshadlowertotalPOSASpatientscoresat3,6and
217 12monthspost-burn,withnosignificantdifferenceintherate
Table1–Patientcharacteristics. Q1 Characteristic <18years 18years
Numberofpatients(%) 284(60) 190(40)
Sex,n(%)
-Male 186(64.5) 103(54.2)
-Female 98(34.5) 87(45.8)
Ageatburn,medianinyears(range) 2.5(0.7–17.8) 43.2(18.6–85.6)
TBSA,median(range)
-Total 7(0.5–76) 7.3(0.5–85) -Fullthickness 1(0.5–75) 3(0.5–60) Causeoftheburn(%)
-Scald 172(60.6) 26(13.7) -(Flash)flame 70(24.6) 115(60.5) -Contact 19(6.7) 15(7.9) -Oil/ fat 20(7.0) 27(14.2) -Chemical 0(0) 6(3.2) -Electricity 3(1.1) 0(0) -Other 0(0) 1(0.5)
Treatmentofevaluatedscar
-Conservativetreatment,n(%) 86(30.3) 31(16.3)
-Surgery(skingrafting),n(%) 198(69.7) 159(83.7)
Evaluated,n(%)
-At3monthspostburn 224(78.9) 135(71.1)
-At6monthspostburn 205(72.2) 122(64.2)
-At12monthspostburn 156(55.3) 76(40.0)
Totalevaluations,n(%)
-Oneevaluationcompleted 76(26.8) 81(42.6)
-Twoevaluationscompleted 101(35.6) 71(37.4)
-Threeevaluationscompleted 97(34.2) 38(20.0)
TBSA:totalbodysurfacearea.
burns xxx (2019) xxx–xxx
3
JBUR58071–8
218 ofchange whencomparedtofemale patients.(Table3)The 219 malepatientshadlowerpainscoresat3and6months post-220 burn,withanequalrateofchangecomparedtofemales.Men 221 tendedtohaveloweritchscoresat3and6monthspost-burn. 222 Nevertheless, the changes in the scores over time were 223 comparable.(Table4A)MalepatientshadhigherPOSASscores 224 forreliefat3and6monthspost-burn,withlowerpliability 225 scoresat6and12monthspost-burn.However,thechangesin 226 the scores were comparable to those observed in female 227 patients(Table4B).
228 3.5. Wounddepth
229 PatientswithfullthicknessburnshadhigherPOSASpatient 230 totalscoresat3monthspost-burnandalowerrateofchange 231 duringthefirst12monthspost-burncomparedtopatientswith 232 partial thickness burns. The total POSAS scores for full 233 thicknessand partialthicknessburnsshowednodifference 234 at12monthspost-burn(Table3).Pruritusscoresat3months 235 weresignificantlyhigherinpatientswithfullthicknessburns 236 thanthoseinpatientswithpartialthicknessburns.Therateof 237 changeinthepruritusscoreswassignificantlylowerinpatients 238 withfullthicknessburns(Table4A).Finally,patientswithfull 239 thickness burns had significantly higher POSAS scores for 240 pliability,thicknessand reliefat3and 6monthspost-burn 241 comparedwithpatientswithpartialthicknessburns(Table4B).
242 3.6. Age
243 TherewasnosignificantdifferenceinthetotalPOSASscores 244 betweenyoungerpatients orpatients who wereolderthan
245 5years.However,patientswhowereyoungerthan5yearshad
246 significantlylowerpruritusscoresat12monthspost-burnand
247 lowerratesofchangecomparedtoolderpatients.(Table4A)
248 Patientsagedbelow5yearshadhigherscarcolor,pliabilityand
249 thicknessscoresat3and6monthspost-burn,whilepatients
250 olderthan18yearshadahigherscarcolorscoresat12months
251 post-burn anda greaterchangeinscoresthanthe younger
252 patients(Table4B).Patientsolderthan18yearshadhigherpain
253 scoresat3,6and12monthspost-burnthanyoungerpatients,
254 butgroupsofpatientshadequalratesofchange.(Table4A)
255
3.7. AetiologyandpercentageofTBSA
256 The covariancesbetweenthe predictor variablesof thetotal Q7
257 POSASpatientscoreareshowninAppendixAandAppendixC.
258 NoeffectsofthepercentageofTBSAorcauseofburnwerefound
259 onthetotalPOSASpatientscale.(Table3)Patientswithflame
260 burnsgenerallyhadsignificantlyhighercolorscoresat3and
261 6monthspost-burn.(Table4A)Patientswithahigherpercentage
262 ofTBSAhadhigherPOSASscoreforreliefat3and6months
post-263 burn.(Table 4B) Pruritus scores at 6 and 12 months post-burn were
264 higherinpatientswithahigherpercentageofTBSAvalues.
265
4.
Discussion
266 Thechange inthe POSASpatient scalescores wasstudied
267 between 3 and 6 months post-burn and between 6 and
268 12monthspost-burn.ThePOSASpatienttotalscoreandallof
269 the itemscoresshowedastatisticallysignificantdeclinein
270 thesetwotimeperiods,exceptforthereliefitem.Thegreatest Table2–Estimatesoftheintercepts,slopesandcovariancesbetweeninterceptsandslopesofthetotalscoresanditemspain, pruritus,color,pliability,thicknessandreliefwithoutpredictors.
POSASpatientscale Intercept Slope Covariances
Estimate SE CR P Estimate SE CR p Estimate SE CR p
Totalscore 3months 29.18 0.55 53.25 <0.001 2.02 0.25 8.25 <0.001 2.86 4.56 0.63 0.531
6months 27.16 0.47 57.75 <0.001 1.13 2.94 0.38 0.701 12months 23.12 0.65 35.60 <0.001 2.34 8.83 0.26 0.791 Items: Pain 3months 2.38 0.10 22.45 <0.001 0.17 0.04 4.26 <0.001 0.07 0.14 0.47 0.637 6months 2.21 0.09 25.01 <0.001 0.01 0.09 0.07 0.942 12months 1.87 0.11 16.75 <0.001 0.15 0.27 0.55 0.581 Pruritus 3months 4.54 0.13 33.81 <0.001 0.49 0.06 8.09 <0.001 0.67 0.26 2.55 0.011 6months 4.05 0.11 36.05 <0.001 0.10 0.18 0.54 0.592 12months 3.07 0.15 19.92 <0.001 1.05 0.51 2.06 0.039 Color 3months 6.94 0.11 64.43 <0.001 0.54 0.06 9.56 <0.001 0.52 0.21 2.52 0.012 6months 6.40 0.09 74.02 <0.001 0.17 0.14 1.27 0.204 12months 5.32 0.14 39.26 <0.001 0.52 0.39 1.32 0.187 Pliability 3months 5.79 0.13 44.66 <0.001 0.47 0.07 7.07 <0.001 0.40 0.30 1.37 0.172 6months 5.33 0.11 50.73 <0.001 0.10 0.19 0.52 0.600 12months 4.40 0.16 27.59 <0.001 0.50 0.58 0.87 0.383 Thickness 3months 5.26 0.13 39.84 <0.001 0.31 0.06 5.06 <0.001 0.08 0.28 0.29 0.770 6months 4.96 0.11 43.61 <0.001 0.10 0.18 0.52 0.601 12months 4.34 0.16 26.80 <0.001 0.12 0.57 0.21 0.832 Relief 3months 5.08 0.13 39.10 <0.001 0.09 0.06 1.34 0.179 0.35 0.29 1.19 0.236 6months 5.00 0.11 47.33 <0.001 0.07 0.19 0.37 0.715 12months 4.82 0.16 30.83 <0.001 0.48 0.57 0.85 0.397
SE,standarderror;CR,criticalratio.
271 declinewasobservedduringthelongertimeperiodbetween 272 6and12monthspost-burn.Thepainitemscalepresentedthe 273 lowestdeclinescore,andthecoloritemexhibitedthehighest 274 declinescore. Therefore,the painand color itemshad the 275 lowest and highest influences on the total POSAS score, 276 respectively. The low pain scores could be the result of 277 effectivemedicationforpainand/ortheresultofreallowpain 278 valuesinpatientsafter3monthspost-burn.Thehighcolor 279 values represent the importance of color for the patient 280 assessmentofhisorherscars.Patientswiththehighesttotal 281 anditemscorespresentedthelowestchangesduringthe3and 282 6monthspost-burn,thusleadingtothelowestdeclineinthe 283 totalscore.
284 Inourstudy,astrongeffectofsexwasobservedonthetotal 285 POSASpatientscore.Malepatientshadabetterscarquality, 286 whichwascausedbylowerscoreofpruritusandpain,aswell 287 asabetterscoreforpliabilityandreliefcomparedtothescar 288 qualityinfemalepatients.Variousstudieshavedemonstrated 289 higherpain-relatedsymptomsinwomencomparedwithmen 290 [26–28].Sexrolebeliefs,paincopingstrategies,pain-related 291 expectationsandevenhormonalfactorsmaypossiblyexplain 292 thedifferenceinpainexperiencebetweenmalesandfemales 293 [29].Inlinewithourstudy,twostudiesobservedhigheritch 294 intensityscoresinwomencomparedtomen,althoughthis 295 phenomenonisnotwellunderstood[10,30].Higherpliability
296 and relief scores in the female group in our study could
297 possibly be explained by the differences in body images
298 betweenmalesandfemales.Ingeneral,womenhaveamore
299 negative body imagecompared to men[31–33].Dyer et al.
300 observedthatwomenwithscarsthatresultedfromaccidents
301 orsurgeriesreportedamorenegativebodyimage[33].
302 PatientswithfullthicknessburnshadhighertotalPOSAS
303 scores,whichwerecausedbyhigherscoresforthepruritus,
304 pliability,thicknessandreliefitems.Otherstudieshavealso
305 described higheritchingscoresforfullthicknessburnsand
306 graftedwounds[10,30,34].Anincreaseinbothmediatorsand
307 neuronal damage are thought to contribute to pruritus
308 symptomsinfullthicknessburns[35].Inourstudy,pruritus
309 diminishedafter3monthspost-burn;afindingthathasbeen
310 previously describedinother studies[10,16]. HigherPOSAS
311 scoresforpliability,thicknessandreliefareexplainedbythe
312 lossofepidermalanddermalstructures.
313 Previousstudieshavefoundthattheageofthepatientdoes
314 notinfluencescarbehavior[6,16,36].Ourresultsareconsistent
315 withthesereportswhenconsideringthetotalPOSASscore.
316 However, thisisnotthecasewhenlookingattheseparate
317 items.Patientswhowereagedbelow5yearshadsignificantly
318 higher scores for color, pliability and thickness at 3 and
319 6monthspost-burn,andthesepatientsalsohadsignificantly
320 lesspruritusat12monthspost-burn.Thefactthatcaretakers Table3–Regressionweightsandp-valuesofthePOSASpatientscoresandthepredictorsTBSA,burndepth,agecategory, Q2 sexandcauseofburn.
POSASpatientscaletotalscore Estimate SE CR p
Predictors
Sex:male Interceptat3months 3.327 1.138 2.922 0.003
Interceptat6months 3.204 0.973 3.292 <0.001
Interceptat12months 2.959 1.332 2.222 0.026
Slope 0.122 0.504 0.243 0.808
Depth:fullthickness Interceptat3months 3.543 1.283 2.762 0.006
Interceptat6months 1.997 1.097 1.820 0.069
Interceptat12months 1.095 1.501 0.730 0.466
Slope 1.546 0.568 2.722 0.006
Age<5years Interceptat3months 3.130 1.664 1.881 0.060
Interceptat6months 1.673 1.423 1.176 0.240
Interceptat12months 1.242 1.942 0.640 0.522
Slope 1.458 0.735 1.984 0.047
Age>18years Interceptat3months 0.649 1.443 0.450 0.653
Interceptat6months 1.229 1.234 0.996 0.319
Interceptat12months 2.388 1.689 1.414 0.157
Slope 0.580 0.639 0.907 0.364
Cause:flameburns Interceptat3months 1.006 1.490 0.675 0.499
Interceptat6months 0.840 1.272 0.661 0.509
Interceptat12months 0.509 1.719 0.296 0.767
Slope 0.166 0.651 0.255 0.799
TBSA Interceptat3months 0.024 0.044 0.552 0.581
Interceptat6months 0.041 0.037 1.107 0.268
Interceptat12months 0.076 0.051 1.486 0.137
Slope 0.017 0.019 0.893 0.372
SE,standarderror;CR,criticalratio.Referencecategorieswerefemalesex,partialthicknessburns,age5–18years,scaldburns.TBSAwasa
continuousvariableinthemodel.
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321 completedthequestionnairesforthepatientsunder5years 322 oldmayhavecontributedtothedifferencesintheoutcomes 323 between theage groups. We did notfindany studiesthat 324 reportedtheinfluenceofageoncolorchangeinburnscars. 325 Furthermore,itshouldbenotedthatdifferentstudieshave 326 describedanegativeassociationbetweenageand hypertro-327 phic scar formation [37]. This finding is supported by the 328 decreased proliferation, reepithelization and inflammatory 329 responsesthatareobservedduringwoundhealing,aswellas 330 theslowerepidermalturnoverandthedifferentremodeling 331 phasethatareobservedinagedindividuals[7,37,38].However, 332 the present study did not investigate hypertrophic scar 333 formation. Finally, patients who were above 18 years had 334 higherpainscoresat3,6and12monthspost-burncompared 335 topatientswhowerebelow18years.
336 ThepercentageofTBSAwasapredictorforthepruritus, 337 thicknessandreliefitemscores.Theeffectofthepercentage 338 of TBSA on pruritus has been well described in various 339 studies.However,thereareconflictingdataontheeffectof 340 thepercentageofTBSAonthedurationofpruritus.VanLoey 341 etal.describedahigherTBSAtobeariskfactorforpruritusat 342 3 months post-burn[10]. The scar tissue modulation and 343 nerve densitywhicharethought tobehighestin thefirst 344 6monthspost-burncould explainthiseffect.However, in 345 linewithotherstudies,wefoundtheeffectofthepercentage
346 ofTBSAtobesignificantevenat12monthspost-burn[30,39].
347 Furthermore, the effect of full thickness burns and the
348 percentageofTBSAonitchingisdifferentthantheeffectof
349 fullthicknessburnsonpain.Painscoreswereobservedtobe
350 thelowestofallthescoreditemsonthePOSASpatientscale.
351 Thiscouldbecausedbyadifferentmechanismorbyabetter
352 treatmentforpain.
353 Scaldinjuriesaremoreoftenobservedinpatientswhoare
354 under5years,whereasfire/flameburnsareobservedmore
355 ofteninolderpatients.Additionally,moremalesthanfemales
356 areadmittedtoburncentres.Fullthicknessburnsandburns
357 withahigherpercentageofTBSAtendtooccurmoreoftenin
358 patientswhoareolderthan18years.Flameburnsaremore
359 oftendeepdermalorfull-thicknessburns.Overall,ourdataare
360 corroborated by the findings of various epidemiological
361 studies[19,40].
362 Our studyhad several limitations.First, the age-related
363 findings ofthepatients whowereunder5yearsshouldbe
364 interpretedwithcaution,giventhatthecaregiverscompleted
365 the questionnaires.Second,nosamplesizecalculationwas
366 performed,giventhelargenumberofincludedpatientsand
367 giventhatthedatawereretrospectivelycollected.However,a
368 samplesizecalculationcouldstillberelevant,basedonthe
369 amountofmissingdata.Third,theextentoftheinfluenceof
370 theexcludedpatientsontheresultsofthecurrentstudyis Table4A–Regressionweightsandp-valuesoftheitemspain,pruritusandcolorofthePOSASpatientscalefromthe predictorsTBSA,burndepth,agecategory,sexandcauseofburn.
ItemsPOSASpatientscale Pain Pruritus Color
Predictors Estimate p Estimate p Estimate p
Sex:male Intercept3months 0.730 <0.001 0.676 0.015 0.181 0.419
Intercept6months 0.598 <0.001 0.614 0.009 0.039 0.830
Intercept12months 0.335 0.124 0.489 0.118 0.246 0.375
Slope 0.132 0.117 0.062 0.611 0.143 0.217
Depth:fullthickness Intercept3months 0.125 0.572 0.756 0.016 0.249 0.324
Intercept6months 0.090 0.631 0.374 0.156 0.100 0.624
Intercept12months 0.019 0.939 0.392 0.266 0.200 0.524
Slope 0.035 0.708 0.383 0.005 0.150 0.250
Age<5years Intercept3months 0.070 0.807 0.069 0.866 1.031 0.002
Intercept6months 0.071 0.771 0.316 0.355 0.660 0.012
Intercept12months 0.072 0.822 1.084 0.017 0.082 0.839
Slope 0.000 0.997 0.384 0.031 0.371 0.027
Age>18years Intercept3months 1.282 <0.001 0.480 0.175 0.008 0.978
Intercept6months 1.330 <0.001 0.311 0.294 0.360 0.115
Intercept12months 1.427 <0.001 0.009 0.983 1.065 0.003
Slope 0.049 0.648 0.169 0.275 0.352 0.016
Cause:flameburns Intercept3months 0.303 0.240 0.065 0.858 0.951 0.001
Intercept6months 0.313 0.150 0.027 0.929 0.527 0.025
Intercept12months 0.333 0.236 0.049 0.903 0.320 0.371
Slope 0.010 0.926 0.038 0.810 0.424 0.004
TBSA Intercept3months 0.001 0.854 0.020 0.067 0.001 0.900
Intercept6months 0.002 0.801 0.023 0.011 0.005 0.491
Intercept12months 0.002 0.808 0.029 0.016 0.012 0.254
Slope 0.000 0.948 0.003 0.506 0.004 0.405
Referencecategorieswerefemalesex,partialthicknessburns,age5–18years,scaldburns.TBSAwasacontinuousvariableinthemodel.
371 unknown, because no data ofthe excluded patients were 372 recorded.Fourth,thereareconflictingdataonwhetherthe 373 POSASscoreisaunidimensionalinstrument.Therefore,the 374 scoresoftheindividualitemscouldbesummedintoatotal 375 score[13,21]. Intheory,the POSASpatientquestionnaireis 376 basedonaformativemodelinwhichtheindividualitemsof 377 the POSAS patient score are causal indicators of the scar 378 quality.Aformativequestionnairecouldconsistofmorethan 379 onedimension.Thustheindividualitemscouldbesummedto 380 afinalscore,forexampleasisdonefortheApgarscore.Finally, 381 theincludedstudypredictorswereobtainedfromtheavailable 382 literature,whereasnosystematicsearchwasperformed.Asa 383 result,theremaybepredictorsthatarenotincludedinthe 384 currentstudy,whichmayberelevantinthecontextofchanges 385 inthePOSASscoresat3,6and12monthspost-burn.
386
5.
Conclusion
387 This retrospective study, the POSAS patient total and 388 individualitemscoresdemonstratedastatisticallysignificant 389 improvementinthefirst12monthspost-burn,exceptforthe 390 relief item. Furthermore, sex, age, depth of the wound, 391 percentage of TBSA and flame burns were predictors of
392 variousPOSASpatientitemsat3,6and12monthspost-burn.
393 However,theeffectofthesepredictorswasnotthesamefor
394 theindividualPOSASpatientitems.
395
Source
of
funding
396 Thisworkwasconductedwithoutexternalfinancialsupport.
397
Conflict
of
interest
398 Noneoftheauthorshaveanypotentialconflictsofinterestto
399 disclose. 400
Uncited
re
ferences
401 [24,25]. 402Acknowledgements
403 None.Table4B–Regressionweightsandp-valuesoftheitemspliability,thicknessandreliefofthePOSASpatientscalefromthe predictorsTBSA,burndepth,agecategory,sexandcauseofburn.
ItemsPOSASpatientscale Pliability Thickness Relief
Predictors Estimate p Estimate p Estimate p
Sex:male Intercept3months 0.393 0.138 0.136 0.617 0.520 0.051
Intercept6months 0.545 0.012 0.269 0.252 0.435 0.045
Intercept12months 0.847 0.011 0.537 0.114 0.264 0.421
Slope 0.151 0.262 0.134 0.294 0.085 0.528
Depth:fullthickness Intercept3months 1.151 <0.001 0.797 0.009 1.076 <0.001
Intercept6months 0.682 0.005 0.463 0.080 0.863 <0.001
Intercept12months 0.254 0.497 0.204 0.595 0.438 0.238
Slope 0.468 0.002 0.334 0.020 0.213 0.162
Age<5years Intercept3months 1.333 <0.001 0.953 0.016 0.574 0.141
Intercept6months 0.799 0.012 0.787 0.022 0.453 0.153
Intercept12months 0.267 0.580 0.453 0.360 0.209 0.662
Slope 0.533 0.007 0.167 0.369 0.122 0.536
Age>18years Intercept3months 0.492 0.143 0.026 0.940 0.031 0.928
Intercept6months 0.307 0.264 0.018 0.951 0.147 0.592
Intercept12months 0.062 0.882 0.004 0.993 0.503 0.228
Slope 0.185 0.280 0.007 0.964 0.178 0.299
Cause:flameburns Intercept3months 0.277 0.425 0.514 0.147 0.025 0.942
Intercept6months 0.318 0.262 0.302 0.325 0.153 0.589
Intercept12months 0.400 0.349 0.123 0.780 0.408 0.336
Slope 0.041 0.813 0.212 0.196 0.127 0.465
TBSA Intercept3months 0.004 0.667 0.021 0.042 0.026 0.010
Intercept6months 0.006 0.508 0.015 0.094 0.023 0.006
Intercept12months 0.008 0.541 0.003 0.821 0.016 0.200
Slope 0.001 0.827 0.006 0.212 0.003 0.517
Referencecategorieswerefemalesex,partialthicknessburns,age5–18years,scaldburns.TBSAwasacontinuousvariableinthemodel.
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404
Appendix
A.
Supplementary
data
405 Supplementary material related to this article can be 406 found,intheonlineversion,atdoi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 407 burns.2019.03.025.
408
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