Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 42 / Eyserheide : a Magdalenian open-air site in the loess area of the Netherlands and its archaeological context
Rensink, Eelco; Bakels, Corrie; Kamermans, Hans
Citation
Rensink, E. (2010). Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 42 / Eyserheide : a Magdalenian open-air site in the loess area of the Netherlands and its archaeological context, 276. Retrieved from
https://hdl.handle.net/1887/32956
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ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA LEIDENSIA 42
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PUBLICATION OF THE FACULTY OF ARCHAEOLOGY LEIDEN UNIVERSITY
EELCO RENSINK
EYSERHEIDE
A MAGDALENIAN OPEN-AIR SITE IN THE LOESS AREA OF THE NETHERLANDS AND ITS ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT
LEIDEN UNIVERSITY 2010
ANALECTA PRAEHISTORICA
LEIDENSIA
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Series editors: Corrie Bakels / Hans Kamermans Editor of illustrations: Joanne Porck
Translation: Kelly Fennema
Copyright 2011 by the Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden ISSN 0169-7447
ISBN 978-90-818109-0-6
Subscriptions to the series Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia and single volumes can be ordered exclusively at:
P.J.R. Modderman Stichting Faculty of Archaeology P.O. Box 9515 NL-2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
This publication was made possible with a grant from Cultural Heritage Agency, Amersfoort
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Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Topography, soil and geology 5 2.1 Location 5
2.2 Geology and soil 5 2.3 Local geological situation 7
3 Research methods 11 3.1 Introduction 11
3.2 Measuring system and borings 11 3.3 Research of April 1990 12
3.4 Excavation of July-September 1990 13 3.5 Research of April 1991 15
3.6 Processing of fi nds 15
4 The fi nds 17 4.1 Introduction 17 4.2 Raw materials 17 4.2.1 Introduction 17
4.2.2 Description of the types of fl int 17 4.2.3 Provenance of the fl int 20 4.2.4 Division of types into RMUs 22 4.3 Refi tting 23
4.4 Description of the fi nds 26 4.4.1 Introduction 26
4.4.2 Cores 31
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4.4.3 Core fragments 36 4.4.4 Flakes 36
4.4.5 Crested blades 37 4.4.6 Blades 38 4.5 Tools 42 4.5.1 Introduction 42 4.5.2 Scrapers 42 4.5.3 Composite tools 46 4.5.4 Borers and becs 46 4.5.5 Burins 46 4.5.6 Other tools 51
4.6 Description of RMUs 52 4.6.1 Introduction 52 4.6.2 Simpelveld fl int 52 4.6.3 Valkenburg fl int 68 4.6.4 South-Limburg fl int 69 4.6.5 Orsbach fl int 93 4.7 Unworked stone 98 4.8 Conclusions technology 99 4.8.1 Introduction 99
4.8.2 Selection and characteristics of lithic raw materials 100 4.8.3 Variations in fl int working 101
4.8.4 Intentions of the fl int knappers and productivity of cores 105 4.8.5 Selection of blades for use as tool 109
4.8.6 Discard of cores 110
5 Lithic functional analysis (Katsuhiro Sano) 113 5.1 Samples and methods 113
5.2 Results 114 5.2.1 Blades 114 5.2.2 Flakes 116 5.2.3 Burins 119 5.2.4 End scrapers 123
5.3 Discussion and conclusion 123
6 Spatial distribution of fi nds 127 6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Horizontal distribution 129 6.2.1 Introduction 129
6.2.2 Artefacts from the plough zone 129 6.2.3 Artefacts plotted in three dimensions 131
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6.2.4 Unworked stone from the plough zone 133 6.2.5 Unworked stone plotted in three dimensions 133 6.2.6 Ochre? (Bertil van Os) 135
6.3 Vertical distribution 136 6.4 Post-depositional processes 139 6.4.1 Introduction 139
6.4.2 Slope processes 140 6.4.3 Chemical weathering 145 6.4.4 Frost and drought processes 145 6.4.5 Biotic processes 146
6.4.6 Anthropogenic processes 151 6.4.7 Discussion 154
6.5 Characteristics of clusters 154 6.5.1 Introduction 154
6.5.2 Cluster A and its periphery 154 6.5.3 Cluster B 156
6.5.4 Cluster C 156 6.5.5 Cluster D 158
6.6 Distribution of RMUs 159 6.6.1 Introduction 159
6.6.2 Simpelveld fl int 159 6.6.3 Valkenburg fl int 167 6.6.4 South-Limburg fl int 167 6.6.5 Orsbach fl int 185
6.6.6 Conclusions distribution RMUs 186 6.7 Tools 188
6.8 Clusters A and B: interpretation 195 6.8.1 Introduction 195
6.8.2 A central hearth or not? 195 6.8.3 Binford’s hearth seating model 197 6.8.4 Stapert’s ring and sector method 198 6.8.5 Evaluation 201
6.9 Discussion 203
7 Regional context: Magdalenian sites in the Meuse-Rhine loess area 207 7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Geology and landscape 207 7.3 Presentation of the sites 208
7.4 Position in the landscape (site location) 212
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7.5 Conservation and erosion 213 7.6 Raw materials and technology 215 7.6.1 Introduction 215
7.6.2 Sites in the area with Cretaceous fl int sources 217 7.6.3 Sites outside the area with Cretaceous fl int sources 221 7.7 Characteristics and composition of tools 222
7.8 Site size and settlement features 225 7.9 Discussion 228
8 Northwest European context 233 8.1 Introduction 233
8.2 Meuse-Rhine loess area: non-local raw materials 234 8.3 Central Rhineland 239
8.4 Interpretation of raw material data 244
8.5 Relationship with cave sites in the Ardennes Massif? 246 8.6 Discussion 249
8.7 Conclusion 251
9 General conclusion 253
References 257 Summary 267 Samenvatting 271 Acknowledgements 275 Picture credits 277
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