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Preliminary inventory of key terrestrial nature values of Bonaire

Sarah R. Smith, Narangerel Davaasuren, Adolphe O.

Debrot, Fernando Simal and John A. De Freitas Report number C003/12

IMARES Wageningen UR

Institute for Marine Resources & Ecosystem Studies

Client: The Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation

Drs. H. Haanstra P.O. Box 20401 2500 EK The Hague, The Netherlands

BO-11-011.05-000

Publication date: March 2012

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IMARES is:

• an independent, objective and authoritative institute that provides knowledge necessary for an integrated sustainable protection, exploitation and spatial use of the sea and coastal zones;

• an institute that provides knowledge necessary for an integrated sustainable protection, exploitation and spatial use of the sea and coastal zones;

• a key, proactive player in national and international marine networks (including ICES and EFARO).

This research is part of the BO program Helpdesk BES (BO-11-011.05-000) and has been co-financed by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (EL&I) under project number HD3360.

© photographs title page: left IMARES, middle Diana Slijkerman, right Erik Meesters.

P.O. Box 68 P.O. Box 77 P.O. Box 57 P.O. Box 167

1970 AB IJmuiden 4400 AB Yerseke 1780 AB Den Helder 1790 AD Den Burg Texel Phone: +31 (0)317 48 09 00 Phone: +31 (0)317 48 09 00 Phone: +31 (0)317 48 09 00 Phone: +31 (0)317 48 09 00 Fax: +31 (0)317 48 73 26 Fax: +31 (0)317 48 73 59 Fax: +31 (0)223 63 06 87 Fax: +31 (0)317 48 73 62 E-Mail: imares@wur.nl E-Mail: imares@wur.nl E-Mail: imares@wur.nl E-Mail: imares@wur.nl www.imares.wur.nl www.imares.wur.nl www.imares.wur.nl www.imares.wur.nl

© 2011 IMARES Wageningen UR

IMARES, institute of Stichting DLO is registered in the Dutch trade record nr. 09098104,

BTW nr. NL 806511618

The Management of IMARES is not responsible for resulting damage, as well as for damage resulting from the application of results or research obtained by IMARES, its clients or any claims related to the application of information found within its research.

This report has been made on the request of the client and is wholly the client's property. This report may not be reproduced and/or published partially or in its entirety without the express written consent of the client.

A_4_3_2-V12.3

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Contents

Summary ... 5

1. Introduction ... 9

1.1 Background ... 9

1.2 Bonaire ... 10

1.3 The international conventions ... 11

2. Assignment ... 12

3. Materials and methods ... 13

4. Results ... 16

4.1 Trees ... 16

4.1.1. Trees ... 16

4.1.2. Mangrove species ... 18

4.1.3. Rare tree species ... 18

4.2 Plants ... 19

4.2.1 Orchids ... 20

4.2.2. Ferns ... 20

4.2.3. Other plants ... 20

4.3 Sea turtles ... 21

4.4 Mammals ... 22

4.4.1. Bats ... 22

4.4.2. Caves... 23

4.4.3. Cacti ... 24

4.5 Birds ... 25

4.6 Reptiles ... 26

4.7 Fresh water species ... 27

4.7.1 Fresh water sources ... 28

4.7.2 Cavern waters ... 28

4.8 Other endemic species of bonaire ... 29

5. Connectivity ... 30

6. Discussion ... 31

7. Conclusion ... 38

8. Recommendations... 43

References ... 44

Quality Assurance ... 47

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Justification ... 48

APPENDIX I- Landscape Ecological Vegetation map of Bonaire ... 50

APPENDIX II- Potential occurrence of different nature values ... 51

Appendix III - Land use map ... 64

APPENDIX IV- List endemic taxa of Bonaire ... 65

APPENDIX V- Bird’s habitat maps ... 68

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Summary

Based on a helpdesk question from the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (EL&I) a preliminary inventory is given of key terrestrial nature values of Bonaire in order to determine their occurrence in relation to areas designated as “nature” and “open landscape”, according to the Spatial development plan of Bonaire. This was based on a literature study and supplemented by expert advice.

In 2010 a spatial development plan was written in order to determine the spatial policy and regulation for the future development of Bonaire. The island was partitioned into areas for different uses such as agriculture and recreation. Two specific designations are “nature” and “open landscape”. The occurrence of nature values within these areas remained unclear. This makes implementation of protective measures based on international treaties and island legislation problematic. An inventory of the occurrence of these values should help facilitate more effective implementation of these protective measures. In the present study key nature values are determined, both in terms of protected species and essential habitat (e.g.

caves). Figure 1 shows the location of the different “nature” and “open landscape” within the different regions of Bonaire.

From the literature study it became apparent that data on the occurrence of most of the priority species of flora and fauna, is limited and scattered, especially with respect to “open landscape” and “nature”

outside parks. Therefore, only a preliminary inventory is provided showing the general distribution of nature values across the entire island, as linked to various habitat types. An exact distribution of the different nature values was not possible at this time, but extrapolation from areas of known occurrence into other areas of similar habitat type was used to show the occurrence of overlapping distributions of nature values within the designated areas of “nature” and “open landscape”. The number of overlapping distributions of nature values may contribute to setting conservation priorities.

From the results it can be concluded that the areas of “open landscape” and “nature” (outside the national parks) seem to harbour unique and critical nature values. These areas are not actively managed or protected as national parks. The “open landscape” of Bolivia possibly harbours a few rare plant species (unique), an important population of critical key columnar cacti and at least two columnar cactus- pollinating bat species. The “open landscape” of Washikemba/Bakuna harbours key mangrove species that only have another main location at Lac Bay (national park). The “nature” area of Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire seems to harbour a concentration of unique (e.g. Tillandsia balbisiana) and rare plant species (e.g. Krugiodendron ferreum etc.) and four bat species. The same is the case for Lima (e.g.

Sabal palm, Maytenus versluysii and three bat species) while in Southern Bonaire key mangrove species also still occur.

Table 1 shows which nature values are found or expected to occur within each “open landscape” and

“nature” (outside national parks) area.

It can be concluded that outside the current parks, the main regions that harbour a concentration of key nature values are Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire/Sta. Barbara, Bolivia, Washikemba/Bakuna and Lima. Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire is designated as “nature” area, while Washikemba/Bakuna and Bolivia are in part designated as “open landscape”. Lima has both “nature” and “open landscape”

designations. Sta. Barbara is designated for other uses, but the present review shows that the occurrence of several significant nature values is likely within this area.

Additionally, based on the preliminary inventory, the combination of apparent concentrations of rare plants, occurrence of critical bat species and the high probability of corridor values show that the areas of

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Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire/Sta. Barbara and Lima are important areas concerning conservation and further research. The areas of Bolivia and Washikemba/Bakuna follow closely.

To be able to implement the necessary protective measures within these areas, it is recommended that more extensive research through fieldwork is done, in order to obtain a complete inventory of the different nature values found on Bonaire, not only in the areas of “nature” and “open landscape” but also in areas with other designations. Additionally, it is recommended to assess the list of vulnerable and endangered species (‘Informatieblad beschermde dier- en plantensoorten Bonaire’) as certain species that may be of importance to Bonaire are not included.

When executing a complete and extensive inventory of Bonaire it would be of value to also determine the ecological conditions needed for the different species to survive. Based on the ecological conditions necessary for their life functions, it may be possible to pinpoint those areas of main ecological importance per species. A complete inventory of the nature values on the island can contribute to better management of nature values (e.g. determining the distribution of caves and the distribution, health status and diversity of keystone cacti species for better management of bat populations). It is also recommended to determine areas with high potential for the occurrence of rare or relict species and which areas harbour high corridor values.

This research is part of the BO program Helpdesk BES (BO-11-011.05-000) and has been co-financed by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation (EL&I) under project number HD3360.

Figure 1 – A sketch map of the location of “nature” and “open landscape” within the regions of Bonaire.

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Table 1. The nature values observed and expected within the different areas of a) “open landscape” and b)“nature” (outside of parks). Abbreviations: R – Rincon, TLMB – Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire, B – Bolivia, Wa+Ba – Washikemba/Bakuna, StB – Sta. Barbara, SG – Seru Grandi, SB – Southern Bonaire.

a)

R - Open TLMB - Open B - Open Wa+Ba Open Lima Open StB

Caretta caretta* Caves* (6) Conocarpus erecta* Rhizophora mangle (2) Mormoops megalophylla (2) Machaonia ottonis (1)

Chelonia mydas* Subpilocereus repandus* Crateva tapia * (1) Laguncularia racemosa (2) Leptonycteris curasoae (3) Guaiacum sanctum (2) Eretmochelys imbricata* Stenocereus griseus * Bromelia humilis (2) Avicennia germinans (2) Glossophaga longirostris (4) Manihot carthaginensis (2) Dermochelys coriacea* Pilosocereus lanuginosus* Leptonycteris curasoae (3) Conocarpus erecta* Subpilocereus repandus* Zanthoxylum flavum (3)

Caves* (6) Melocactus macracanthus* Glossophaga longirostris (4) Caretta caretta* Stenocereus griseus* Subpilocereus repandus*

Subpilocereus repandus* Opuntia wentiana* Caves (6) Chelonia mydas* Pilosocereus lanuginosus* Stenocereus griseus *

Stenocereus griseus* Tyto alba spp. (3) Subpilocereus repandus* Eretmochelys imbricata* Melocactus macracanthus* Pilosocereus lanuginosus*

Pilosocereus lanuginosus* Buteo albicaudatus (3) Stenocereus griseus* Dermochelys coriacea* Buteo albicaudatus* (3) Melocactus macracanthus*

Melocactus macracanthus* Sterna antillarum (7) Pilosocereus lanuginosus* Caves (6) Polyborus plancus (8) Buteo albicaudatus (3) Opuntia wentiana* Polyborus plancus (8) Melocactus macracanthus* Subpilocereus repandus* Amazona barbadensis (9) Polyborus plancus (8) Tyto alba spp.* (3) Amazona barbadensis (9) Opuntia wentiana* Stenocereus griseus* Margarops fuscatus (9) Amazona barbadensis (9) Buteo albicaudatus (3) Margarops fuscatus (9) Tyto alba spp. (3) Pilosocereus lanuginosus* Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Margarops fuscatus (9)

Falco peregrinus (7) Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Buteo albicaudatus* (3) Melocactus macracanthus* Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Sterna antillarum (7) Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Falco peregrinus (7) Opuntia wentiana* Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Polyborus plancus (8) Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Sterna antillarum (7) Fulica caribaea (2) Water caves* Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10)

Amazona barbadensis (9) Water caves* Polyborus plancus (8) Tyto alba spp.* (3) Iguana iguana* Water caves*

Margarops fuscatus (9) Iguana iguana* Amazona barbadensis (9) Buteo albicaudatus* (3) Fresh water sources* Iguana iguana*

Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Fresh water sources* Margarops fuscatus (9) Tryngites subruficollis (5) Fresh water species* Fresh water sources*

Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Fresh water species* Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Phoenicopterus ruber* (5) Other endemic species* Fresh water species*

Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Other endemic species* Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Falco peregrinus (7) Other endemic species*

Water caves* Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Pandion haliaetus (7)

Iguana iguana* Water caves* Sterna antillarum (7)

Fresh water species* Iguana iguana* Polyborus plancus (8)

Other endemic species* Fresh water sources* Amazona barbadensis (9)

Fresh water species* Margarops fuscatus (9)

Other endemic species* Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Water caves*

Iguana iguana*

Fresh water sources*

Fresh water species*

Other endemic species*

*

Expected within this regions due to the occurence of a specific landscape (e.g. Roois, landscapesubtype or water) Seaturtles

Trees Mangroves Plants Bats Caves Cacti Birds Water caves Reptiles

Fresh water sources Fresh water species Other endemic species

(..)

The numbers in brackets shows in how many regions this species has been observed (actual and documented observations).

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b)

Brasil - Nature R - Nature TLMB - Nature SG- Nature Lima Nature SB - Nature

Conocarpus erecta* Fulica caribaea (2) Krugiodendron ferreum (1) Subpilocereus repandus* Sabal palm (1) Salicornia perennis (3)

Caves Buteo albicaudatus (3) Guaiacum sanctum (2) Stenocereus griseus* Maytenus versluysii (2) Rhizophora mangle*

Subpilocereus repandus* Tyto alba spp.* (3) Schoepfia shreberi (2) Pilosocereus lanuginosus* Mormoops megalophylla (2) Laguncularia racemosa*

Stenocereus griseus* Phoenicopterus ruber (5) Croton niveus (2) Melocactus macracanthus* Leptonycteris curasoae (3) Avicennia germinans*

Pilosocereus lanuginosus* Tryngites subruficollis (5) Zanthoxylum flavum (3) Buteo albicaudatus* (3) Glossophaga longirostris (4) Conocarpus erecta*

Melocactus macracanthus* Polyborus plancus (8) Crateva tapia* Polyborus plancus (8) Caves (6) Caretta caretta*

Opuntia wentiana* Amazona barbadensis (9) Conocarpus erecta* Amazona barbadensis (9) Subpilocereus repandus* Chelonia mydas*

Sterna hirundo (2) Margarops fuscatus (9) Tillandsia balbisiana (1) Margarops fuscatus (9) Stenocereus griseus* Eretmochelys imbricata*

Sterna maxima (2) Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Bromelia humilis (2) Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Buteo albicaudatus* (3) Dermochelys coriacea*

Thalasseus eurygnathus (2) Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Tillandsia flexuosa (2) Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Polyborus plancus (8) Subpilocereus repandus*

Tyto alba spp. (3) Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Myrmecophila humboldtii (2) Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Amazona barbadensis (9) Stenocereus griseus*

Phoenicopterus ruber (5) Iguana iguana* Caretta caretta* Water caves* Margarops fuscatus (9) Pilosocereus lanuginosus*

Pelecanus occidentalis Fresh water sources Chelonia mydas* Iguana iguana* Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Opuntia wentiana*

Tryngites subruficollis* (5) Fresh water species* Eretmochelys imbricata* Fresh water sources* Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Sterna hirundo (2) Falco peregrinus (7) Other endemic species* Dermochelys coriacea* Fresh water species* Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Sterna maxima (2)

Pandion haliaetus (7) Mormoops megalophylla (2) Other endemic species* Water caves* Thalasseus eurygnathus (2)

Amazona barbadensis (9) Natalus tumidirotris (2) Iguana iguana* Phoenicopterus ruber* (5)

Margarops fuscatus (9) Leptonycteris curasoae (3) Fresh water sources* Tryngites subruficollis (5)

Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Glossophaga longirostris (4) Fresh water species* Pelecanus occidentalis (6)

Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Caves (6) Other endemic species* Falco peregrinus (7)

Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Subpilocereus repandus* Pandion haliaetus (7)

Caretta caretta* Stenocereus griseus* Sterna antillarum (7)

Chelonia mydas* Pilosocereus lanuginosus* Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10)

Eretmochelys imbricata* Melocactus macracanthus* Water caves*

Dermochelys coriacea* Opuntia wentiana* Iguana iguana*

Water caves* Tyto alba spp. (3) Fresh water sources*

Fresh water sources* Buteo albicaudatus (3) Fresh water species*

Iguana iguana* Pelecanus occidentalis (6) Other endemic species*

Fresh water species* Pandion haliaetus (7)

Other endemic species* Polyborus plancus (8)

Amazona barbadensis (9) Margarops fuscatus (9)

Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius (9) Chrysolampis mosquitus (9) Coereba flaveola bonairensis (10) Water caves*

Fresh water sources*

Iguana iguana*

Fresh water species*

Other endemic species*

*

Expected within this regions due to the occurence of a specific landscape (e.g. Roois, landscapesubtype or water) Seaturtles

Trees Mangroves Plants Bats Caves Cacti Birds Water caves Reptiles

Fresh water sources Fresh water species Other endemic species

(..)

The numbers in brackets shows in how many regions this species has been observed (actual and documented observations).

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1. Introduction

1.1 Background

On July the 8th 2010, a spatial development plan for Bonaire was ratified by the Public Entity of Bonaire (OLB) in order to set the spatial policy and regulation for the future. The spatial development plan partitioned and designated the land surface of Bonaire to various important purposes such as agrarian, residential, recreation, conservation and industrial purposes (ROB, 2010).

Bonaire has a wealth of aquatic nature, a characteristic landscape and a unique biodiversity. The purpose of the spatial development plan was to recognise the qualities and identity of Bonaire and to ensure that these are not compromised due to spatial developments. The different areas of Bonaire were assigned specific designations which range from agriculture to recreation, based on the present use of the area.

Since 10 October 2010 the Caribbean islands Bonaire, St. Eustatius and Saba have become Public Entities. The Dutch government has therefore become responsible for the implementation and adherence to the international conventions concerned. The following international conventions apply to Bonaire:

• The Ramsar convention

• The Biodiversity convention

• The CITES convention

• The SPAW-Protocol

• The Sea Turtle convention

• Bonn-convention

• IUCN

The Island Ordinance Nature Management Bonaire states that all species of flora and fauna that are listed in the Appendix I of the CITES convention, Appendix 1 of the Bonn convention, Appendices I and II of the SPAW Protocol and Appendix I of the Sea Turtle convention are designated as protected species.

Additionally other native species of flora and fauna can also be designated as protected species. Based on the Island Ordinance Nature Management Bonaire, a list of protected flora and fauna of Bonaire was made. This is presented by the ‘Dienst Ruimtelijke Ontwikkeling en Beleid’ (DROB) as the ‘Information supplement on protected flora and fauna of Bonaire’ (2010). In addition to the species that are listed in the different international conventions, the Executive Council of Bonaire may choose to add other species to the list, based on additional criteria such endemism or rarity, listing on the IUCN Red list, key-stone species etc. However, the full implementation of all applicable international conventions and local nature legislation is still difficult, due of lack of information on the distribution of protected and endangered species of Bonaire.

Several areas of Bonaire have been designated as “nature” and others have been designated as “open landscape”. The sketch map (figure 10) shows the location of these areas within the different regions of Bonaire (Washington Slagbaai National Park, Rincon, Lima etc.). Note: the boundaries of the different regions of Bonaire are sketched. There is concern of the Ministry of EL&I, the Netherlands, and the Public Entity of Bonaire that the nature values found on Bonaire, in particular those found within the areas of “nature” (outside parks) and “open landscape” may be insufficiently protected due to lack of knowledge on their distribution throughout Bonaire. Key questions are whether or not the “open-land”

and “nature” outside park areas possess or are likely to possess nature values, and whether or not these may also concern critical or unique conservation values. Based on that concern, the Ministry of EL&I, the Netherlands, asked IMARES to execute a preliminary inventory (Helpdesk question HD3360 Nature

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such an inventory, better implementation of the international treaties and protection of the rare species will be easier. As Helpdesk questions only regard very limited studies, this preliminary inventory is only based on a desk study, and supplemented by expert knowledge.

Here a preliminary inventory is provided of the species that are legally protected on Bonaire and their distribution throughout the island. This inventory is then used to analyse the occurrence of nature values within the two specific designations of “nature” and “open landscape”. From the outset it was expected that these areas harbour a combination of nature values. In order to be able to implement the necessary protective measures correctly it is important to obtain detailed information on the distribution of protected species within the “nature” (outside parks) and “open landscape” areas.

The collection of information and analysis of the data in this report would not be possible without valuable contributions from different persons and organisations. In this respect we would like to thank the following people: Frank van Slobbe from Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DROB- MNB). Fernando Simal of the Washington Slagbaai National Park. Marlene Robinson from Sea Turtle Conservation Bonaire (STCB). Personal comments from Andre van Proosdij, Sam Williams, Jerry Ligon, Peter Montanus and Eric Newton. Personal comments from Paul C. Hoetjes from Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture & Innovation (EL&I). Jur van der Velde and Fokke Plantinga from Buro Vijn. Materials from Gerard van Buurt, Erik Meesters and Diana Slijkerman. Special thanks to Liesbeth van der Vlies.

1.2 Bonaire

Bonaire is one of the islands of the Leeward Antilles that lie in the Southern Caribbean Sea (between 68º11’ and 68º25‘ W and 12º2‘ and 12º19‘ N) in front of the Venezuelan coast (De Freitas, 2005). The length of the island is 40 km, its width varies between 5 and 12 km and the total surface area is 288 km2 (De Palm (1985) as mentioned in De Freitas et al., 2005). Bonaire lies in a slanted position, the north western part of the island lies higher above sea level than the south eastern part of the island. The Brandaris, situated in the Washington Slagbaai National Park, is the highest elevation on Bonaire and lies 238 m above sea level. However, the southern part of Bonaire lies less than 2 m above sea level (STINAPA). In front of the leeward coast of Bonaire, approximately 6 km2 and opposite of the main town Kralendijk, lies the small island of Klein Bonaire (De Freitas, 2005).

Figure 2 - Location of Bonaire island, Credits: IMARES, RapidEye satellite image of Bonaire , date of acquisition 09-Mar-2011

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1.3 The international conventions

The CITES Convention

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival (CITES). On Bonaire, this law applies to a total of nine native species including Amazona barbadensis, Caracara plancus and the five sea turtles found in the waters and on the beaches surrounding Bonaire.

The Bonn Convention

The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (also known as CMS or Bonn Convention) aims to conserve terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their range. It is an intergovernmental treaty, concerned with the conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global scale (CMS). The sea turtles of Bonaire, the Osprey and the Buff breasted sandpiper are examples of a few of Bonaire’s species that are listed in the appendices of the Bonn convention.

The SPAW-Protocol

The Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region (the Cartagena Convention) is a legally binding environmental treaty for the Wider Caribbean Region. The Convention and its Protocols (SPAW-Protocol) constitute a legal commitment by the participating governments to protect, develop and manage their coastal and marine resources individually or jointly (UNEP). The sea turtles of Bonaire, the Yellow shouldered Amazon and the Brown Pelican are examples of a few of Bonaire’s species that are listed in the annexes of the SPAW-Protocol.

The Sea Turtle Convention

The Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles (“IAC”) is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the legal framework for countries in the American Continent to take actions in benefit of these species (IAC). This law applies to all five species of sea turtle known from Bonaire.

IUCN

In addition to the above treaties it needs to be said that Bonaire is also home to a several species that are internationally recognized as threatened species. These are listed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ which provides taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on plants and animals that have been globally evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This system is designed to determine the relative risk of extinction (IUCN). Examples are: Guaiacum sanctum, Typhlatya monae and Fulica caribaea.

The present study focuses on flora and fauna species that are vulnerable or endangered based on the international treaties that apply to Bonaire and/or because the Executive council of Bonaire has appointed these species as protected based on other reasons. The latter may include criteria such as being endemic to the island or of special importance to the ecology of the island. The official Information supplement on Protected flora and fauna species of Bonaire presents a list of those species protected.

The supplement is based on the Islands regulation of natural resources on Bonaire (‘Informatieblad beschermde dier- en plantensoorten Bonaire’).

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2. Assignment

The assignment has two main objectives:

- To identify which protected nature values are found within the areas designated as “open landscape” and “nature” (outside of national parks) as mentioned in the spatial development plan of Bonaire and whether they may also concern critical or unique conservation values.

- To provide of short description on each nature value, their distribution throughout the island, their conservation status and when applicable also their feeding and breeding habits.

In order to identify which nature values are found within these areas a preliminary inventory was made of the distribution of the different nature values throughout Bonaire, based on literature study. The final analysis specifically focused on two areas of “nature” and “open landscape”.

The relevant scientific literature was collected for these nature values in order to determine their distribution on the island. For the fauna species, when possible, information was collected on two life functions, breeding and feeding habits in order to determine the species primary requirements.

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3. Materials and methods

The spatial environmental assessment (RBOI, 2010) mentions the following nature values of Bonaire:

• Areas with well-developed (climax) vegetation types

• Areas with occurrence of rare plant species

• Legally designated RAMSAR sites

• Important birds area (IUCN)

• Caves with threatened bat species

• Areas with endemic invertebrate species

• Breeding and feeding areas for the international sea turtles.

In the present study, our focus is given to the same nature values. However, a few boundaries are added. In the present study, the focus is given to the species of flora and fauna that are vulnerable or endangered according to the Island Ordinance Nature Management Bonaire (2008). The Information Supplement on protected flora and fauna of Bonaire (2010) presents a list of those species. In the present study, these species are defined as the nature values of interest. Additionally, habitats that are of importance to the survival of these species are included (e.g. caves, fresh water sources). A few species that were not on the list, but which were thought of to be of importance as nature values, were included, based on expert opinion. As the present study focusses on the occurrence of nature values within “nature” and “open landscape” areas, only terrestrial species are included or marine species that make use of the beaches of Bonaire (e.g. sea turtles).

To obtain a clear picture of the distribution of the different nature values on Bonaire a preliminary inventory was made, based on a desk study. Literature information was collected on the distribution of these nature values throughout Bonaire. For fauna, where possible, information was collected on the two life functions; breeding and feeding, in order to determine the species primary requirements with regards to habitat needs. For the fauna a table was constructed showing which species occur in the different landscape types as defined based on their vegetation (Appendix II- Potential occurrence of different nature values). This means that the vegetation map of Bonaire (Freitas et al., 2005) was used as the main source for habitat characterization.

Furthermore, for the different bird species, where possible, data was obtained on the different habitat types potential, actual and documented distribution.

“Potential” distribution is defined as those areas a certain species may use for different life functions if there was no disturbance present. In other words, those areas that provide a suitable habitat for this certain species. This is based on the historical known distribution of the species or based on the species known occurrence in comparable habitat elsewhere (e.g. Curaçao).

“Actual” distribution is defined as those areas where the specific species is currently observed, based on expert knowledge. “Actual” distribution is the result of such factors as habitat distribution (“potential”

distribution) and competition. The “potential” distribution area is typically larger than the area of actual distribution due to competition and other limiting factors (e.g. other species or disturbance by humans).

“Documented” distribution are those areas a certain species occurs based on documented observations (scientific articles). Figure 3 shows a conceptual diagram of the logical relationship between these three different habitat classifications. The information regarding the different bird species was individually mapped (Appendix V- Bird’s habitat maps).

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Figure 3 Conceptual diagram showing the logical relationships between potential, actual and documented habitat/distribution.

The occurrence of the different nature values within certain regions of Bonaire were linked to the landscape types found within these regions, in order to get an idea of the nature values found within the different landscape types of Bonaire (for this the landscape types (based on vegetation, De Freitas et al., 2005) were used. Freitas et al., (2005) divided Bonaire into seven main landscape types with a number of subtypes: Beaches (B, with 3 subtypes), the Salinas (S, 2 subtypes), the Lower Terraces (TL, 9 subtypes), the Middle Terraces (TM, 9 subtypes), the Higher Terraces (TH, 2 subtypes), the Escarpments (E, 2 subtypes) and the Undulating Landscapes (D, 5 subtypes) (Appendix I).

For an overview of the nature values that occur within certain regions of Bonaire tables (Tables 2, 4 to 12) were constructed which show the occurrence of the different nature values within the different regions. The regions of focus are Washington Slagbaai National Park (WSNP) + Brasil, Rincon, Terrace Landscape of Middle Bonaire + Sta. Barbara, Bolivia, Seru Grandi, Washikemba + Bakuna, Lima, Lac Bay, Southern Bonaire and Klein Bonaire. The inventory that results from the present study may contribute to eventually identifying priority areas for conservation by the government of Bonaire. An often used method in assigning priority areas to specific species is based on the range-wide priority- setting method by Sanderson et al., (2002) (Thorbjarnarson et al., 2006; Wolf et al., 2006; Ferrier et al., 2010; Bryan et al., 2011; Capotorti et al., 2011). This approach consists of a sequence of logical steps to determine conservation priority areas for a certain species: (1) systematic consideration of the entire historic range of the species; (2) identification of key regional habitat associations that represent important variations in species ecology; (3) identification of areas where the species status is known (known areas) and where the species is presently found (current range); and (4) delineation of the area’s most important for the species’ conservation (Thorbjarnarson et al., 2006). The landscape classification was used as baseline information on the distribution of species. According to Capotorti et al., (2012) and Ferrier & Drielsma, (2010) the landscape classification should form the basis for nature evaluation and setting the conservation priorities, as it can significantly affect where and what conservation or other investments are made.

The goal of the present study is not to assign priority areas but to make an inventory. However, the inventory is made to eventually be useful in assigning biodiversity priority areas. Therefore, this framework was used in the present study. The present study follows step 3 of this framework. An overview of the distribution of the nature values throughout the entire island was necessary in order to get a clearer picture of the overall distribution of the nature values on the island and to eventually be able to useful in determining key biodiversity areas.

The final analysis concerns two specific destinations: “nature” and “open landscape”. The designated

“nature” areas are those areas that were defined as areas of which the nature, ecological and landscape

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values should be protected. The present study focusses on the distribution of the natural values within the areas designated as “open landscape” and “nature”, but specifically nature that is found outside of parks and are not yet protected under National park or Ramsar regulations. Figure 10 shows that Washington Slagbaai National park, Klein Bonaire and Lac bay are protected by these regulations. The

“nature” areas not actively protected are found in Brasil Labra, Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire, Lima, Southern Bonaire and a small portion in the region of Seru Grandi and in Rincon.

The Strategic Environmental Assessment of Bonaire (RBOI, 2010) stated that within these areas a multitude of values are found (e.g. important ecological habitats of important species (caves, salina’s) and landscape values (Rooi systems, limestone terraces). The “open landscape” areas are those areas that were defined as undeveloped areas without a specific function (Appendix III). (Note: the designation of the different areas was based on limited data during the ROB assessment). The designation of “open landscape” was intended to prevent the uncontrolled development of these areas and deterioration of Bonaire’s values (ROB, 2010). “Open landscape” areas are found in the regions Rincon, Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire, Bolivia, Washikemba/Bakuna and Lima (Figure 10).

Our analysis identified the protected nature values within the “nature” and “open landscape” and specifically mentions the protected species within each of the ten focus regions Washington Slagbaai, Brasil Labra, Rincon, Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire, Klein Bonaire, Bolivia, Seru Grandi, Washikemba/Bakuna, Lima, Lac Bay and Southern Bonaire.

Figure 4 - Dry evergreen woodland Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire (left) and terrace landscape Sta.

Barbara (right). Credits: A.O. Debrot, 2011.

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4. Results

4.1 Trees

In addition to the species mentioned on the Islands regulation of natural resources on Bonaire (‘Informatieblad beschermde dier- en plantensoorten Bonaire’), the shrubby tree Croton niveus was incorporated as it is a rare species for Bonaire.

De Freitas et al., (2005) present a semi-detailed landscape-based vegetation map for Bonaire. Within that study they identified 18 vegetation types and 32 (sub) landscape types. The occurrence of different vegetation is mapped and the vegetation types are described. The present study will focus on a few plant species that are regarded as conservation priorities. A short description of the different nature values is given below.

4.1.1. Trees 1. Sabal palm.

The Sabal palm (Sabal cf causarium) is a rare species on Bonaire. At present the only known natural location of the Sabal palm is on the Middle Terraces (subtypes TM3 and TM4) in Lima, all along the road from Punt Vierkant to Lac Bay (pers.ob. A.O. Debrot and John De Freitas). The palm is protected by Island Legislation (Eilandsbesluit natuurbeheer Bonaire). Young plants originating from Curaçao were planted in protected enclosures in the WSNP. Early historical account speak of palms on Klein Bonaire, where today none are found. These accounts may regard Sabal, a species harvested intensively in the past for basket weaving.

2. Zanthoxylum flavum.

The West Indian Satin wood (Zanthoxylum flavum) is a medium-sized tree predominately found on Klein Bonaire. Recent observations have shown that this species may occur on the Middle Terraces of Karpata (subtype TM6) and Sta. Barbara (subtypes TM4, TM5, TM6 and TM8) (pers.ob. John de Freitas). In Sta.

Barbara it may also occur on the Lower Terraces (subtypes TL6, TL7 and TL8). De Freitas et al., (2008) located it in the Washington Slagbaai National Park. This species is vulnerable according to IUCN’s Red list. It was extensively cut in the past for its valuable wood and is also locally known as “geelhout”.

Table 2- Distribution of different tree species in the different regions of Bonaire.

Trees W+B R TLMB+SB B SG Wa+Ba Lima LB SB KB

Sabal palm

Zanthoxylum flavum Maytenus versluysii Krugiodendron ferreum Guaiacum sanctum Euphorbia

Salicornia perennis Strumpfia maritima Schoepfia shreberi Croton niveus

Manihot carthaginensis

Rhizophora mangle E

Laguncularia racemosa E

Avicennia germinans E

Conocarpus erecta . E E E E E E E E E

Crateva tapia E E E

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Abbreviations:

W+B- WSNP + Brasil; R- Rincon; TLMB+SB- Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire + Sta. Barbara; B- Bolivia;

SG- Seru Grandi; Wa+Ba- Washikemba + Bakuna; LB- Lac Bay; SB- S. Bonaire; KB- K. Bonaire.

3. Maytenus versluysii.

Maytenus versluysii is endemic to Bonaire and Curaçao (De Freitas et al, 2005, Debrot, 2006). This species has been observed on the Middle Terraces (subtypes TM3 and TM4) of Lima (Pers.ob., A.O.

Debrot). De Freitas et al., (2008) located it in the Washington Slagbaai National Park on Seru Hobao, Seru Yuwana, Brandaris and Matado di Packu (approx. subtypes D1 and D3; pers.ob. John de Freitas).

This species is protected by Island Legislation.

4. Krugiodendron ferreum.

Kaubati, Krugiodendron ferreum will be expected to be found on the Higher Terraces (subtype TH1) along the road from Subi Rincon to Barkadera (pers.ob. A.O. Debrot) and is protected according to Island Legislation.

5. Guaiacum sanctum.

Wayaka shimaron, Holywood Lignumvitae (Guaiacum sanctum) is expected to be found on the Higher Terraces (subtype TH1) Subi Rincon terraces to Barkadera and the Middle Terraces (approx. subtypes TM4, TM5, TM6 and TM8) of Sta. Barbara (pers.ob. A.O. Debrot and John de Freitas). It is listed in Appendix II of CITES and is Endangered according to the IUCN Red list. It was also located in the Washington Slagbaai National Park by De Freitas et al., (2008).

6. Salicornia perennis.

Glasswort (Salicornia perennis), an aquatic plant found in salt marshes, is abundantly found along the muddy shores of Lac Bay. It is expected to be in areas in or near the Washington Slagbaai National Park and Lagun (pers.ob. John de Freitas). This species is protected by the decision of Island Legislation.

7. Strumpfia maritima

Bai no bolbe (Strumpfia maritima) is a low, cushion-like shrub and is predominately found on rocky shores. The specific distribution of this species on Bonaire is unclear. This species is protected by Island Legislation.

8. Schoepfia schreberi.

Gulf Graytwig (Schoepfia schreberi) is found on WSNP hills and on the Highest Terraces of Sta. Barbara (pers.ob. John de Freitas). This rare hardwood tree species is protected by Island Legislation.

9. Croton niveus.

Kiviti (Croton niveus) has been observed at several location between Barkadera and Karpata on the Middle Terrace (subtype TM6; pers.ob. A.O. Debrot). It has also been seen at several locations in the Washington Slagbaai National Park at Juwa (approx. subtypes D2 and D3). It has a strong preference for limestone areas (pers.ob. John de Freitas). This rare species is protected by Island Legislation.

uncertain

Present based on observations.

E Expected due to the occurrence of a specific Landscape (e.g. Roois, landscape subtype or water)

P Potential habitat

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10. Manihot carthaginensis.

Kasabi di mondi, (Manihot carthaginensis) has been observed on the Middle Terraces of Sta. Barbara (approx. subtypes TM4, TM5, TM6 and TM8; pers.ob. John de Freitas) and in the Washington Slagbaai National Park. This rare species is protected by Island Legislation.

11. Crateva tapia.

Surun di mondi, (Crateva tapia) has been observed in Roois in various locations of the Washington Slagbaai National Park. It is expected that this species will be found in Roois with high amount of water.

Examples of where this species has been observed are entrada Slagbaai (above Goto Lake and Bronswinkel (subtype D3). It has also been observed on Seru Yuwana (subtype D1) and Matado di Pasku (subtype D3) (pers.ob. John de Freitas). This rare species is protected by Island Legislation.

4.1.2. Mangrove species

On Bonaire four mangrove species occur, the Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), the White mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), the Black mangrove (Avicennia germinans) and the Buttonwood (Conocarpus erecta). They are listed as protected because of their limited distribution and their keystone role in ecology (particularly nursery function for reef fishes). The first three mangrove species are found within a certain vegetation type that is only found in the one of the subtypes of the landscape Salina (S1) (see Appendix I for the location of S1) such as Lac Bay and Lagun. Strictly speaking, Conocarpus erecta is not a mangrove but is associated with brackish to hyper saline waters and mangrove vegetation. It is especially found within different vegetation types that may occur in Salinas (subtypes S1 and S2), Beaches (subtypes B1, B2 and B3), Lower Terraces (subtypes TL1, TL2, TL3, TL5) and Middle Terraces (subtype TM8). Areas where this species is found are Lima and the rest of southern Bonaire. All four mangrove species are protected species according to Island Legislation.

Figure 5 - Red (left) and Black (right) mangroves, Credits: Erik Meesters, 2011

4.1.3. Rare tree species

There are several tree species on Bonaire for which only limited data (on distribution) is available, and that are rare or very rare. De Freitas et al., (2008) did a survey of rare vegetation species found in the Washington Slagbaai National Park on the west side of Bonaire. The Washington Slagbaai National Park is dominated by landscape types D3 and D2. But subtypes D1, D4, D5 and the limestone (coastal) areas TL1 and TL7 are also found (Appendix I). The rare tree species that were found in this study are listed in Table 3. Complementary to Table 3, Guaiacum sanctum is very rare, as is Guapira fragrans (pers. ob.

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A.O. Debrot). The distribution of these rare species outside the Washington Slagbaai National Park needs further investigation.

Insufficient information was found regarding the three tree species Amyris ignea, Euphorbia cotinifolia and Phorandendron trinervium and they are not discussed in this study. All three however, are found on Bonaire (E. continifolia is also found on Curacao) as rare species. On Bonaire Amyris ignea has been found on the higher terraces of Colombia (per. ob. A. van Proosdij).

Table 3- Distribution of rare tree species in WSNP

4.2 Plants

In the present study a short description is given of the plant species that are seen as key nature values of Bonaire, their distribution on the island and their conservation status.

Plant species added to the inventory were the plant Tillandsia balbisiana because it was not known to occur on Bonaire and is a rare and new plant record for the Leeward Dutch islands. It has recently been collected by Marlene Robinson and determined by Andre van Proosdij. The plant Machaonia ottonis (palu di heru) was also included because of its uncommon occurrence on Bonaire.

TREES Rare in WSNP Bonaire CITES IUCN Bonn SPAW

Capparis linearis Very rare - - - n.a. -

Capparis tenuisiliqua Very rare x - - n.a. -

Celtis iguanaea Rare x - - n.a. -

Clusia sp. Very rare x - * n.a. -

Crateva tapia Rare x - - n.a. -

Croton niveus Rare - - - n.a. -

Eugenia procera Rare - - - n.a. -

Ficus brittonii Very rare x - - n.a. -

Geoffroea spinosa Rare x - - n.a. -

Guaiacum officinale - x II E n.a. -

Guaiacum sanctum Rare? x II E n.a. -

Guapira fragrans - x - - n.a. -

Guapira pacurero - x - - n.a. -

Jacquinia armillaris Very rare - - - n.a. -

Manihot carthaginensis (Very?) rare x - - n.a. -

Maytenus tetragona Rare x - - n.a. -

Maytenus versluysii Rare x - - n.a. -

Melicocca bijuga Rare - - - n.a. -

Myrcia curassavica Rare - - - n.a. -

Psidium sartorianum Rare - - - n.a. -

Schoepfia schreberi Rare x - - n.a. -

Spondias mombin Rare x - - n.a. -

Ximenia americana Rare x - - n.a. -

Zanthoxylum monophyllum (Very) rare x - - n.a. -

* Some Clusia spp. are Vulnerable according to the IUCN Redlist.

Those tree species that are listed as protected species by the Executive council of Bonaire and the rare tree species that were found in the Washington Slagbaai National Park located by De Freitas et al., 2008.

Legend: x - This species is protected by the decision of the Executive council of Bonaire; II - Appendix II of CITES;

E - Endangered according to IUCN Red List; n.a. - not applicable.

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4.2.1 Orchids

According to Trejo-Torres & Ackerman (2001) only two orchid species have been reported to occur on Bonaire, none of which are endemic. These are the Lady of the night (Brassavola nodosa) and

Myrmecophilia humboldtii (Schomburgkia humboldtii). De Freitas et al, (2008) located the same orchid species within the Washington Slagbaai National Park and concluded that these were rare species found within the National Park. Just recently the orchid Myrmecophila humboldtii was found on the Higher Terraces (subtype TH1) at Sta. Barbara (Personal observation Marlene Robinson). It has also been observed on the Middle Terrace (approx. subtypes TM4, TM5 and TM8) of the western part of Sta.

Barbara. ( pers.ob. John de Freitas). Both orchid species are protected on Bonaire and are listed in Appendix II of CITES.

4.2.2. Ferns

The Executive Council of Bonaire lists fern species as protected (‘Informatieblad Beschermde dier- en plantensoorten Bonaire’). De Freitas et al, (2008) located several rare fern species within the Washington Slagbaai National Park of Bonaire.

The ferns located by De Freitas et al, (2008) are listed below:

Adiantum capillus-veneris

Cheilanthes concolor

Cheilanthes microphylla

Lygodium venustum

Nephrolepis biserrata

Pityrogramma calomelanos

Thelypteris sp.

However, little data is available of their occurrence outside Washington Slagbaai National Park. Native ferns are protected by Island Legislation.

4.2.3. Other plants 1. Bromelia humilis

Based on comparison with Curaçao, the Middle Terraces of Bolivia and the Higher Terraces of Colombia are high potential areas for the occurrence of natural patches of Bromelia humilis. Normally, the species could also be expected in the WSNP but it has not been found there after relatively extensive botanical research. This species is protected by Island Legislation. The species has been seen in captivity on the main road through Bolivia (A. O. Debrot) but it is not known whether the plants originate from the wild or have been imported as an ornamental.

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Table 4- Distribution of different plant species in the different regions of Bonaire.

Abbreviations:

W+B- WSNP + Brasil; R- Rincon; TLMB+SB- Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire + Sta. Barbara; B- Bolivia;

SG- Seru Grandi; Wa+Ba- Washikemba + Bakuna; LB- Lac Bay; SB- S. Bonaire; KB- K. Bonaire; Varnes – ferns (throughout the report).

2. Tillandsia flexuosa

Recently Tillandsia flexuosa was observed on the Higher Terraces (subtype TH1) near Sta. Barbara (pers.ob. Marlene Robinson). De Freitas et al., (2008) found the Tillandsia flexuosa within the Washington Slagbaai National park. This rare epiphytic species is protected by Island Legislation.

3. Tillandsia balbisiana

Recently a small population of Tillandsia balbisiana was found on the Higher Terraces (subtype TH1) near Sta. Barbara (pers.ob. Marlene Robinson). This species does not have a protected status on Bonaire. The species ranges from Florida and Mexico, throughout the West Indies to Venezuela. It was not known to occur in the leeward islands of the Dutch Caribbean and represents a new and unique addition to the flora of the ABC islands.

4. Machaonia ottonis

Machaonia ottonis has been observed as a high shrub on the Middle Terraces of Sta. Barbara (subtypes TM4, TM5, TM6 and TM8) (pers.ob. John de Freitas) and on the Higher Terraces near Subi Rincon (A. O.

Debrot pers. comm.). This species does not have a protected status on Bonaire.

5. Scaevola plumieri

This species is a rare native evergreen beach shrub only found at Lac Bay (Debrot et al., 2010). This species is not protected.

4.3 Sea turtles

Five sea turtle species are found in the waters surrounding Bonaire: the Loggerhead Turtle (Caretta caretta), the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), the Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the Leatherback Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). However, the Leatherback turtle is only seen infrequently on the island (Dow et al., 2007). The Olive ridley L. olivaecea, is known by local fishermen as turtuga bastardo and has been documented for Curaçao, but (is not formally listed for Bonaire). It is extremely rare species in the Leeward Dutch Caribbean. The sea turtles nests on mainland beaches of South America.

Plants W+B R TLMB+SB B SG Wa+Ba Lima LB SB KB

Bromelia humilis Tillandsia flexuosa Tillandsia balbisiana Brassavola nodosa Myrmecophila humboldtii Machaonia ottonis Varnes

uncertain

Present based on observations.

E Expected due to the occurrence of a specific Landscape (e.g. Roois, landscape subtype or water)

P Potential habitat

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Figure 6 - Sea turtle of Bonaire, Credits: by we-sea.it, Diana Slijkerman, 2011.

The Green Turtle and the Hawksbill Turtle visit Bonaire to nest on the beaches and to forage, while the Loggerhead Turtle merely visits Bonaire’s beaches to nest (Dow et al., 2007). Sea turtles forage at sea.

All five species are protected by CITES (Appendix I), the Cartagena convention (Appendix I), The SPAW protocol (Annex II) and the Inter-American Convention for the Protection and Conservation of Sea Turtles (IAC).

The Loggerhead Turtle and the Green Turtle are listed by IUCN as Endangered while the Leatherback and the Hawksbill turtle are listed as Critically endangered species (IUCN). In the present study focus is given to the occurrence of different nature value on land and therefore only potential nesting sites are included here. Eijck & Eckert (1994) made a survey of the occurrence of sea turtles on Bonaire. The potential nesting areas of the different sea turtle species are the beaches. One may assume that all beaches on Bonaire may function as nesting areas. However, undisturbed, quiet and unlighted beaches are preferred by sea turtles.

Table 5- Distribution of sea turtles in the different regions of Bonaire.

Abbreviations:

W+B- WSNP + Brasil; R- Rincon; TLMB+SB- Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire + Sta. Barbara; B- Bolivia; SG- Seru Grandi; Wa+Ba- Washikemba + Bakuna; LB- Lac Bay; SB- S. Bonaire; KB- K. Bonaire.

4.4 Mammals

4.4.1. Bats

Eight bat species have been observed on Bonaire (STINAPA, Rojer, 2008): the velvety free tailed bat (Molossus molossuss), the Peter’s Ghost-faced bat (Mormoops megalophylla), the Funnel eared bat (Natalus tumidirotris), the Little brown bat (Myotis nesopolus), the Small leaf-nosed bat (Ametrida centurio), the Greater bulldog bat (Noctilio leporinus), the Lesser-long nose bat (Leptonycteris curasoae)

Sea turtles W+B R TLMB+SB B SG Wa+Ba Lima LB SB KB

Caretta caretta E E E E E E E E

Chelonia mydas E E E E E E E E

Eretmochelys imbricata E E E E E E E E

Dermochelys coriacea E E E E E E E E

uncertain

Present based on observations.

E Expected due to the occurrence of a specific Landscape (e.g. Roois, landscape subtype or water)

P Potential habitat

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and the Common long-tongued bat (Glossophaga longirostris). However, only four of them have been seen in de last ten years (Rojer, 2008 as mentioned in RBOI, 2010).

Table 6- Distribution of bats in the different regions of Bonaire.

Abbreviations:

W+B- WSNP + Brasil; R- Rincon; TLMB+SB- Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire + Sta. Barbara; B- Bolivia; SG- Seru Grandi; Wa+Ba- Washikemba + Bakuna; LB- Lac Bay; SB- S. Bonaire; KB- K. Bonaire.

In 2000 Rojer (unpublished) held a census of the bat population of Bonaire. During this census Rojer (unpub.) did not observe Ametrida sp., Molossus molossuss, Myotis nesopolus or Noctilio leporinus.

Personal observations of Fernando Simal from STINAPA also only included L. Curasoae, G. longirostris and M. megalophylla. (Appendix II).

A distinction can be made between insect-feeding and nectar-feeding bats and one fish-eating bat. The first four species are insect-feeding bats. The diet of the small leaf-nosed bat is unknown but may be fruits. Noctilio leporinus feeds on fish and is also known as the Fisherman bat. Glossophaga longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae are the nectar-feeding bats and are the only pollinators of the cacti and key species Subpilocereus repandus, Stenocereus griseus and probably Pilosocereus lanuginosus (Petit, 2001) and are therefore of great importance to Bonaire.

4.4.2. Caves

Bats use caves and crevices to roost and as nursery habitat for their young. The occurrence of caves and crevices is therefore an ecological condition for the presence of bats within an area. As caves are directly related with habitat of bats the distribution of caves throughout Bonaire was included in the present study. The bats predominately occur in caves and crevices found within the limestone terraces of the Middle and Higher Terraces.

Cave formation is predominately found within the limestone terraces as limestone rock is susceptible to dissolution. The Lower, Middle and Higher Terraces are therefore high potential areas for caves. The entrances to the caves are often found in or near escarpments.

Table 7- Location of caves in the different regions of Bonaire

Bats W+B R TLMB+SB B SG Wa+Ba Lima LB SB KB

Mormoops megalophylla Natalus tumidirotris Leptonycteris curasoae Glossophaga longirostris

uncertain

Present based on observations.

E Expected due to the occurrence of a specific Landscape (e.g. Roois, landscape subtype or water)

P Potential habitat

W+B R TLMB+SB B SG Wa+Ba Lima LB SB KB

Caves (dry) E

Water caves (wet) E E E E E E E E E E

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Abbreviations:

W+B- WSNP + Brasil; R- Rincon; TLMB+SB- Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire + Sta. Barbara; B- Bolivia; SG- Seru Grandi; Wa+Ba- Washikemba + Bakuna; LB- Lac Bay; SB- S. Bonaire; KB- K. Bonaire.

The caves that are found within the Lower Terraces lie closer to sea level and therefore have a higher possibility to contain groundwater. Drier caves will be found in the Middle and Higher Terraces of Bonaire.

4.4.3. Cacti

The three species of columnar cacti Subpilocereus repandus, Stenocereus griseus and Pilosocereus lanuginosus are elements of arid vegetation on Bonaire. Subpilocereus repandus and Stenocereus griseus provide food for several species of animals during the dry season, when many other plant species are non-productive. They constitute a critically important group of plants to the island ecosystem (Petit, 2001). Therefore, the cacti species Subpilocereus repandus and Stenocereus griseus are an example of keystone species. These different cacti species are found throughout the entire island of Bonaire.

1. Subpilocereus repandus

According to De Freitas (2005) Subpilocereus repandus may occur practically everywhere, such as on the Beaches (subtype B3), the Lower Terraces (subtypes TL3, TL5, TL6, TL7, TL8 and TL9), the Middle Terraces (subtypes TM2, TM3, TM4, TM6, TM7, TM8 and TM9), the Higher Terraces (subtype TH1), the Escarpments (subtypes E1 and E2) and the Undulating Landscapes (subtypes D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5).

This species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.

2. Stenocereus griseus

Stenocereus griseus may occur throughout the landscape types Beaches (subtype B3), Lower Terrace (TL3, TL5 to 9), Middle Terraces (subtype TM2, TM3, Tm4 and TM6 to 9), Higher Terraces (both subtypes), all Escarpment and Undulating landscape types. This species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.

Figure 7 - Candelabra cactus of Bonaire (left), Iguana hiding in cactus (right). Credits: A.O. Debrot.

uncertain

Present based on observations.

E Expected due to the occurrence of a specific Landscape (e.g. Roois, landscape subtype or water)

P Potential habitat

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Table 8- Location of cacti in the different regions of Bonaire.

Abbreviations:

W+B- WSNP + Brasil; R- Rincon; TLMB+SB- Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire + Sta. Barbara; B- Bolivia; SG- Seru Grandi; Wa+Ba- Washikemba + Bakuna; LB- Lac Bay; SB- S. Bonaire; KB- K. Bonaire.

3. Pilosocereus lanuginosus

Pilosocereus lanuginosus may occur on the Lower Terraces (subtype TL6, TL7 and TL8), the Middle Terraces (subtype TM6, TM8 and TM9), the Higher Terraces (subtype TH1), the Escarpments (subtype E1) and the Undulating Landscapes (subtypes D1, D2 and D3) on Bonaire. This species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.

Other cacti are the Melocactus macracanthus and Opuntia wentiana.

4. Milon di seru, Melocactus macracanthus

The Melocactus macracanthus is often found on surfaces with a high percentage of surface stoniness (De Freitas et al., 2005). Such surfaces can be found on the Lower, Middle and Higher Terraces of Bonaire.

De Freitas et al., (2005) found this species on the Lower Terraces in subtypes TL6 and TL8. On the Middle Terraces this species was found on the subtypes TM2, TM4, TM6, TM7 and TM9. On the Higher Terraces Melocactus macracanthus was located on the subtype TH1. This species is listed in Appendix II of CITES

and is protected according to Island Legislation.

5. Tuna, Opuntia wentiana

The Prickly pear (Opuntia wentiana) is also a cactus that is found throughout the entire islands according to De Freitas et al (2005), with exception to the subtypes B1, B2 of the Beaches, the Salinas, TL1 and TL2 of the Lower Terraces and TM1 of the Middle Terraces. This species is listed in Appendix II of CITES.

However, this is species is considered a nuisance species.

In order to identify the main populations of the different cacti species and the status of these critical plants in terms of species composition, size frequency distributions, and plant health, an accurate inventory of the island will have to be done by extensive mapping of their location through fieldwork. All Cactaceae spp. are listed as CITES Appendix II species.

4.5 Birds

A certain amount of research has been done on the occurrence of different bird species on Bonaire (Flikweert et al., 2007; Harms & Eberhard, 2003; Nijman et al., 2009, Nijman et al., 2008; Prins et al., 2009, Wells & Debrot, 2008). To visualize the distribution of the different key bird species on Bonaire that are protected, maps were made. The maps and the description of the different birds are found in

Cacti W+B R TLMB+SB B SG Wa+Ba Lima LB SB KB

Subpilocereus repandus E E E E E E E E E

Stenocereus griseus E E E E E E E E E

Pilosocereus lanuginosus E E E E E E E E E

Melocactus macracanthus E E E E E E E E

Opuntia wentiana E E E E E E E E

uncertain

Present based on observations.

E Expected due to the occurrence of a specific Landscape (e.g. Roois, landscape subtype or water)

P Potential habitat

(26)

Appendix V. As mentioned, when possible those areas are shown that are potential, actual or documented habitat areas of the specific bird species.

In addition to the bird species mentioned on the Islands regulation of natural resources on Bonaire (‘Informatieblad beschermde dier- en plantensoorten Bonaire’), the Caribbean coot (Fulica caribbea) and the Bananaquit (Coereba flaveola bonairensis) were included in the present study. The Caribbean coot is a rare to uncommon species (Prins et al., 2005) and a priority species for conservation in the Caribbean as it is listed as Near Threatened by IUCN. The Bananaquit is endemic to Bonaire. Additionally the different terns (Sterna antillarum, Sterna hirundo, Sterna maxima and Thalasseus eurgnathus) are added because they are priority species for conservation in the Caribbean where Bonaire is critical breeding island for the region (Debrot et al. 2009).

Table 9- Distribution of birds in different regions of Bonaire.

Abbreviations:

W+B- WSNP + Brasil; R- Rincon; TLMB+SB- Terrace Landscape Middle Bonaire + Sta. Barbara; B- Bolivia; SG- Seru Grandi; Wa+Ba- Washikemba + Bakuna; LB- Lac Bay; SB- S. Bonaire; KB- K. Bonaire.

4.6 Reptiles

Van Buurt (2005) suggests that the tree lizard Iguana iguana is probably native to some of the Lesser Antilles, but has been introduced on many other West Indian islands. On Bonaire the Iguana iguana has developed the habits of a ground lizard. They are found throughout the entire island and Klein Bonaire.

Birds W+B R TLMB+SB B SG Wa+Ba Lima LB SB KB

Phoenicopterus ruber E E

Fulica caribaea Pelecanus occidentalis

Tryngites subruficollis E E

Amazona barbadensis Margarops fuscatus

Aratinga pertinax xanthogenius Chrysolampis mosquitus Coereba flaveola bonairensis

Tyto alba spp. E E

Polyborus plancus

Buteo albicaudatus E E E E E E

Falco peregrinus Pandion haliaetus Sterna antillarum Sterna hirundo Sterna maxima Thalasseus eurygnathus

uncertain

Present based on observations.

E Expected due to the occurrence of a specific Landscape (e.g. Roois, landscape subtype or water)

P Potential habitat

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