University of Groningen
Self-assembled nanostructures on metal surfaces and graphene
Schmidt, Nico Daniel Robert
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Publication date: 2019
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Schmidt, N. D. R. (2019). Self-assembled nanostructures on metal surfaces and graphene. University of Groningen.
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Self-Assembled Nanostructures on
Metal Surfaces and Graphene
Self-Assembled Nanostructures on Metal Surfaces and Graphene
Nico D.R. Schmidt
PhD thesis
University of Groningen
The work presented in this thesis was performed in the Surfaces and Thin Films Group (part of the Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials) of the University of Groningen, the Netherlands.
Cover design by Nico D.R. Schmidt
Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials PhD-thesis series 2019-07 ISSN: 1570-1530
ISBN (printed version): 978-94-034-1351-8 ISBN (electronic version): 978-94-034-1350-1
Self-Assembled Nanostructures on
Metal Surfaces and Graphene
Phd thesis
to obtain the degree of PhD at the University of Groningen
on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof. E. Sterken
and in accordance with the decision by the College of Deans. This thesis will be defended in public on Friday 15 February 2019 at 14.30 hours
by
Nico Daniel Robert Schmidt born on 4 June 1989
Supervisors Prof. M.A. Stöhr Prof. P. Rudolf Assessment Committee Prof. B.J. Kooi Prof. H.J.W. Zandvliet Prof. K.J. Franke
Table of Contents I
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Thesis Outline 5 1.3 References 8 2 Experimental Techniques 132.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy 14
2.1.1 Functional Principle 14
2.1.2 Theoretical Description 15
2.1.3 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy 22
2.2 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction 23
2.2.1 Functional Principle 23
2.2.2 Theoretical Description 25
2.3 Photoelectron Spectroscopy 26
2.3.1 Functional Principle 26
2.3.2 Theoretical Description 27
2.3.3 Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy 29
2.4 Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) System 30
2.5 References 31
3 Fundamentals of Molecular Self-Assembly on Surfaces 33
3.1 Basic Principles of Molecular Self-Assembly 33
3.2 Graphene 37
3.2.1 Electronic Structure of Graphene 37
3.3 Molecular Self-Assembly on Graphene: The Role of the
II
3.3.1 Phthalocyanines 44
3.3.2 Tetracyanoquinodimethane and Derivatives 48
3.3.3 Carboxylic Acid Based Molecules 51
3.3.4 Buckminsterfullerene and Triazine 54
3.3.5 Perylenetetracarboxylic Dianhydride 58
3.3.6 Conclusion 61
3.4 References 63
4 Coverage-Controlled Mono- to Polymorphic Transition of H-bonded
Networks on Au(111) 71
4.1 Introduction 71
4.2 Methods 74
4.3 Results and Discussion 75
4.4 Conclusion 86
4.5 References 87
5 Comparing the Self-Assembly of Sexiphenyl-Dicarbonitrile on
Graphite and Graphene on Cu(111) 91
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Methods 93
5.3 Results and Discussion 95
5.4 Conclusion 108
5.5 References 109
5.6 Appendix 115
6 Organic Charge-Transfer Complexes on Ag(111): Evolution of
Common Unoccupied Molecular States 119
6.1 Introduction 120
6.2 Methods 123
6.3 Results and Discussion 126
Table of Contents
III
6.5 References 145
6.6 Appendix 151
7 Band Gap Opening in Epitaxial Graphene via Molecular
Self-Assembly 165
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Methods 167
7.3 Results and Discussion 169
7.4 Conclusion 186 7.5 References 187 8 Summary 193 9 Samenvatting 197 10 Acknowledgments 203 11 List of Publications 211 12 Curriculum Vitae 213
