The Law of Obligation in Ghana and Nigeria, a Comparative Study.

1

TELtii LAW OF OBLIGATION IN GHANA AND NIGERIA A COMPARATIVE STUDY

UCHE UNO UCHE

Thesis presented for the internal degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Laws

University of London

?

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ABSTRACT

This study is a comparative investigation of the law of obligations in Ghana and Nigeria. It has often been suggested that the law of civil responsibility in Ghana and Nigeria is the same as the current English law position. This thesis sets out to examine the basis of this assumption, an exercise which has never before been attempted by any previous writer in West African law.

This investigation is in eight Parts of a total of twenty- one sections.

In the Introductory Part, the meaning, scope and content of the title are fully discussed. The case for a new approach to the classification of obligations in Ghana and Nigeria is stated and argued.

Part II examines the vital question of the sources of obligations. This is the issue of the juristic basis for the application of extraneous law in Ghana and Nigeria, what this law is, limits on its application and the con­

current application of indigenous rules of law. A re­

assessment of the whole position in the light of extant documentary data is attempted.

3

The law of obligations is substantially made up of case-law. Part III examines what cases bind which

courts. Parts IV and V deal with valid agreements, the former with two-party situations while the latter treats situations in which more than two parties are involved.

Part VI examines the all-important category of defective agreements, an approach totally different from the conven­

tional treatment of the subject. Part VII is a functional study of obligations. Here in three sections, we examine the role of the Courts in the enforcement of agreements, the role of the state, and the effectiveness of remedies for breach of agreements. The final part analyses and sets out to argue a case for obligations imposed by law.

4

ACKNQ WLEPGEMENT S

This thesis is the product of two field studies which I undertook, first in 1961 into customary court records in Eastern Nigeria, and later in 1965, into the Superior Court records in Ghana and Nigeria, and three years of continuous research at the School of Oriental and African Studies under the supervision of Professor A..N. Allott.

Predictably, several persons have in different ways contributed to make the burden of this study less onerous than it would otherwise have been. If all the relevant and deserving names are not specifically mentioned here, I would like to assure all those involved that this omission does not detract from my profound

gratitude to them for their very many kindnesses.

My special gratitude goes to the Eastern Nigeria Ministry of Justice who in 1961 provided me with a generous grant for my first field study. The same goes for the

Federal Government of Nigeria .who, not only offered me a post-graduate scholarship which made this thesis possible, but also sponsored my field studies in Ghana and Nigeria

in 1965, as part of the award. I must also thank the Attorneys-General of Ghana and the different Regions of Nigeria for their co-operation while I was in their res-

pective jurisdictions; Mrs* Janet Daniels of the Ghana Council for law Reporting for helping me with scores of unreported decisions, the officers of the Ministries of Justice in Doth Ghana and the different regions of

Nigeria for allowing me the use of their facilities, and particularly,the chief Registrar of the High Court of Eastern Nigeria for making photostat copies of over 1 , 0 0 0 pages of unreported decisions.

It is a customary obligation of a student at the end of

a^period of research, to express

ness and industry, but a friend of inexhaustible kindness.

It is only fair that I should not allow him to share with me any limitations that there might well be in this study.

I am also grateful to Professor L.C.B. Gower of the Law Commission, who not only helped me with very useful

suggestions but also allowed me to have a look at some of their open files on the subject of my enquiry. The same goes for Mr. N.J. Coulson of the School of Oriental and African Studies whose invaluable guidance in the Islamic

law facet of the work is greatly appreciated. I must also thank Robert Goff and Mr. Cornish of the London

School of Economics for allowing me to participate in some of their Seminars on Illegality and Restitution, Professor Dennis Lloyd for allowing me to repeat a session of his Seminars on Jurisprudence, and to the members of the

Advanced Seminar of the African law Department of the S.Q.A.

for the valuable guidance I had from the discussions.

Neville Rubin read some of the manuscripts and made many useful suggestions. I need hardly add that I am also greatly indebted to him for this and other kindnesses.

It is left for me to say thank yo$ to Mrs.

Vera Williams for her quick and careful typing of the manuscripts, and to the Library Staff of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies for their kind co-operation with me in the preparation of the thesis.

ABBREVIATIONS

All E.R.

All N.L.R.

A • L • J • A.L.R.

B.Y.B.I.L.

Cam. L.J.

Can. Bar Rev.

Cmnd.

C.L.R.

C.C.

C.L.J.

Div. Ct.

Enc. Soc. Sci.

E.R.

E.R.N.L.R.

F.S.C.

F. Ct.

G.L.R.

Harv. L. Rev.

I.C.L.Q.

I.R.

J . A • A . J • A * L .

J.A. Comp. Leg.

J . of S oc. of Pub.

Teach. Law.

L.L.R.

Law & Contemp. P r o b . L.Q.R.

L.J.Q.B.

L.I.

All England Law Reports All Nigeria Law Reports Australian Law Journal Australian Law Reports

British Year Book of International Law Cambridge Law Journal

Canadian Bar Review Command Papers

Commonwealth Law Reports (Australia) Current Cases (Ghana)

Current Law Journal

divisional Court Reports (Gold Coast) Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences

English Reports

Eastern Region of Nigeria Law Reports Federal Supreme Court Reports (Nigeria) Pull Court Reports (Gold Coast)

Ghana Law Reports Harvard Law Review

International and Comparative Law Quarterly

Irish Reports

Journal of African Administration Journal of African Law

Journal of Comparative Legislation Journal of the Society of Public Teachers of Law

Lagos Law Reports

Law and Contemporary Problems Law Quarterly Review

law Journal Queen* s Bench Legislative Instrument

8

Minn.L.R. Minnesota Law Review

M.L.R. Modern Law Review

N.Y. Uni. L.R. New York University Law Review N.Z.L.R. New Zealand Law Reports

Nig. B.J. Nigeria Bar Journal

Nig. L.J. Nigeria Law Journal

N.M.L.R. Nigeria Monthly Law Reports

N..S.N.L.R. Northern Region of Nigeria Law Reports N.N.L.R. Northern Nigeria Law Reports

O.R. Ontario Reports (Canada)

P.O. Privy Council

Ron. Ronner's Reports

Sav. P.C.L. Sarbah*s Panti Customary Law Sar. P.L.R. Sarbah's Panti Law Reports

S.L.T. Scottish Law Times

T.L.R. Times Law Reports

Tul. L.R. Tulane Law Review

U.C.G-. University College of Ghana Un. of Gh. L.J. University of Ghana Law Journal

W.A.C.A. West African Court of Appeal Reports

W.A.L.R. West African Law Reports

W.L.R. Weekly Law Reports

W.N.L.R. Western Nigeria Law Reports

W.R.N.L.R. Western Region of Nigeria Law Reports

Y.L.J. Yale Law Journal

TABIJS OF CONTENTS.

Page

ABSTRACT: 2

Acknowledgements #

Abbreviations

Index of Statutes 22

Index of Cases 52

INTRODUCTORY PART 56

1. Why Law of Obligations:-

Classification in Ghana and Nigeria,

the case for a new approach. 62

Classification in customary laws. 6 8

Classification in Islamic law. 7^

2. Why Ghana and Nigerian 77

3. The law of obligations in Ghana and Nigerian

a general explanation:; 61

(1) Scope and content of title 61

(2) Method of approach 67

(i) What is to be compared with what? 67 (ii) What factors determine the emphasis to

be left on what features of the analysis? 6 8

94 95 97 97 98 99 99 104 107 107 n o

117 1J8

121 124

125 128

130

131 134

10

PAST

re­

sources of the Law of Obligationst 1, The Imported Law.

(i) Juridical basis of its application.

Modes of acquisition:

The Gold Coast;;

Nigeria.

Modes of Reception:- The Gold Coast;

Nigeria.

(ii) The Nature of the Received Law:;

(a) The Common law.

The Common law as an emigrant.

Was the received common law the common law of England?-

P.resent Position::

In Ghana

In Nigeria (Federation and Lagos) In Nigeria (Eastern, Western, Mid-

Western Regions).

In Nigeria (Northern Region).

(b) The doctrines of Equity.

Its Nature.

As a source of thelaw of obligations:

1 1 Page

(c) Statute law. 3.51

(a) Statutes of general application. 151 (b) Local Statutes and other laws. 1 5 8

In Nigeria 1 5 8

In Ghana 161

Customary and Islamic Laws: 164

The Repugnancy doctrine 164

Its Meaning 166

Its application 166

(i) Natural justice

(a) Repugnancy relating to substantive 167 law.

(b) Repugnancy relating to procedure 171 (c) Repugnancy relating to degree of 174

punishment.

(ii) Repugnancy with regard to equity. 175 (.iii) Repugnancy with regard to public

policy. 1 7 8

PART III

Precedent and the Authority of English Decisions: 179 The authority of English decisions. 180 V/as received common law dated or dateless? 184

The orthodox view. 185

Opposing theories 187

A synthesis. 1 9 0

u

Page

Decisions at common law. 198

(a) Up to reception date 207

(b) Post-reception date.

Decisions under statute 211

(a) Statutes of general application 211

(b) Statutes in pari materia 214

The authority of Privy Council decisions. 220

21 Judicial Precedent in Ghana and Nigeria 223 Judicial Precedent in the Privy Council 225

Precedent in Ghana 228

The High Court ^32

The Court of Appeal 235

Judicial Precedent in Nigeria:. 244

The High Courts 253

The Supreme Court 259

PART IV

Valid Agreements* Two-Party Situationss 267

JL* The Nature of Agreement 268

Agreement or Contract? 269

B. Creation of Valid agreements: 280

1. Offer and Acceptance. 280

13

(i) Offer 280

(ii) Acceptance 295

(iii) Termination of Offer or Acceptance 3 0 2 (iv) Offer and Acceptance in customary

laws ? 306

Customary Lawsi

Islamic law: 308

(v) Form and Consideration. 309

Form 310

Consideration:* 312

(i) Is the doctrine of consideration part of the received laws of Ghana

and Nigeria?. 313

(ii) Has the doctrine of consideration been changed or modified in any way

or ways in Ghana and Nigeria? 316 (iii) Does the doctrine of consideration

require any further changes or

modification^ 334.

(vi) Form and consideration in customary

l a w s 3 3 9

(vii) Intention to create legal relations- 3#2

PART V

Valid Agreements;- More than Two Parties:- 34-9 Agreements between two parties where a third

party is materially affected:- 551

14

Page

(a) Privity:- 3^

Benefit 352

Position in Nigeria 5 5 0

563 364 365 367 Position in Ghana

Burden

Restrictions on the bale

of

365

Restriction on the use of chattels:;;

2. Agreement between two parties where one or

both

r e p r e s s e d by a thirds. ® Agency. 370

(a) Creation 372

(i) Actual or implied authority:- 374

(ii) By ratification 377

(iii) Ostensible authority: 385

(b) Rights and liabilities of the parties:. 387 (i) The internal aspect of Agency. 388

Agency and family property

In Ghana 395

In Nigeria 400

(ii) External aspects of agency 402

Principal and third party 402

Agent and third party. 405

3. Agreements between two parties where one or both

subsequently transfer to a third:. 410

(a) Assignments 411

15

Page (i) Voluntary transfer of contractual 4 1 2

rights:

Position in English law 412

Position in Ghana 4 1 3

Position in Nigeria 420

(ii) Voluntary transfer of contractual

liabilities 421

(iii) Assignments by operation of law 432

(iv) Negotiable Instruments 4 2 3

Origin and history 427

Negotiable instruments in Ghana and

Nigeria: 427

The general law:-. #28

Customary laws: 430

Islamic law, 426

FART VI

Defective Agreements 438

1. Defects in Reaching agreement:: 440

(a) Inadequate consent (mistake),- 4 4 0 (b) Misrepresentation and non-disclosure:- 4 4 5

Where fraudulent:- 4 5 0

Where innocents 4 5 3

16

(c) Duress and Undue Influence: 464

Duress 464

Undue Influence 464

Defects in the validity of an agreement: 470

(i) Incapacity:- 470

General law position: 471

Capacity to make valid alienation of

family property:* 479

Capacity to alienate family land: 479 Legal effect of a purported alienation

without the necessary authorityi 486

The existing views: 487

A synthesis:^ 492

Position in Ghana since I960. 498 (ii) Agreements affected by informality: 507

In customary laws:- 5 0 8

In imported law: 510

Ghana 512

Nigeria (Pederation, Western and Mid-

Western Nigeria). 518

Nigeria (Eastern and Northern Regions). 520 (iii) Agreements affected by illegality:: 524

Distinction between illegal by statute and

merely void:; 5 2 6

Statutory illegality:* 528 Kinds of Statutory illegality:: 53 0 Exceptions to the in pari delicto rule: 541 Gaming and wagering agreements. 55 2 (iv) Agreements that infringe public policy:~ 5 53

(a) the imported law. 55 7

(i) Contracts to oust jurisdiction

of courts. 5 5 8

(ii) Agreements that are prejudicial

to the Status, of marriage:- 559 (iii) Agreements in restraint of trade:: 56 2 (iv) Agreements that are contrary to morals

or good manners: 565

(b) Customary and Islamic laws 566

(i) Customary law:* 566

(ii) Islamic Law: 567

The problem posed. 571

Defects due to impossibility of performancei 575

The doctrine of frustration 5 75

Extent to#which doctrine applies. 577

In Ghana 5 7 7

In Nigeria 5 7 8

Critique of the position:* 5 8 2

18

PART VII

Obligations Created by Agreement:* A Functional

Analysis;- 5 3 5

1. Agreements and the Courts 5 8 9

(i) Customary Courts 5 9 0

(ii) The Superior Courts: 5 9 3

A. Intention as to law applicable 59 9 (i) Where either or both of the contracting

parties are non-natives:- 001

(ii) Where both parties are natives^ 608

(a) Where documents used 508

(b) Where nature of transaction is

alien to customary law:- 6 1 7 Position in Ghana since I960. 619 B. Intention as to the meaning and effect of

terms- 622

(i) Representation and terms:- 623 (ii) The relative importance of terms used: 629 (iii) Effect of terms on obligations of

parties:: 6 3 2

(a) The purist individualistic approach. 6 3 2

Contracts of Employment 635

Sale of Goods. 651

Standard form contracts and exception

clauses: 6 5 7

Reasonableness of the terms: ^ q

19

Page

Exception Clauses:- 664

(a) Freedom to exclude terms: 6 6 6 (b) Limits on the parties* freedom

to exclude terms: 6 6 8

(c) What is yet to be done in this

aspect of the law?- 6 7 2

(b) The paternalistic approach. 673 (i) Hire-purchase transactions: 674 (ii) Money-lending transactions. 681

2. Agreements and the State: 693

(i) Ought the State to interfere? 693 (ii) To what extent have the legislatures in

Ghana and Nigeria interfered with this

Freedom? 695

Critique of the role of the legislatures in

Ghana and Nigeria: 698

3. Effectiveness of remedies for the breach or

other avoidance of obligations: 704

(i) Position in the imported law. 705

(a) Execution of judgment. 709

(b) Under the Insolvency Act, 1962. 71G (ii) Position in Customary laws: 712

Critique of machinery for enforcement of

obligations in Ghana and Nigeria:: r?1 ^

20

PAST VIII

Obligations imposed by Law; 722

A. Juridical basis of obligations imposed by

law, 724

(i) Position in English Law, 724

(ii) Position in American law:: 733

(iii) Position in French law: 737

(iv) Position in Ghana and Nigeria: 742 (a) Customary and Islamic laws: 742

(b) Ihe general law. 748

b. Analytical study of obligations imposed by

law:- 7 5 1

(i) *Unjust benefit which plaintiff himself

has conferred on defendant, 7 5 1

(a) Where benefit conferred in error: 752 (b) Where benefit conferred under

compulsions 756

(c) Where defendant acted as a matter

of necessity: 758

(d) When benefit conferred under an

ineffective transaction:. 7 6 3

(ii) Unjust benefit which a third party has

imposed on the defendant:- 767

(iii) Benefits received by defendant through

his own wrongful act. 7 7 0

21

Page

(a) Waiver of tort. 770

(b) Where defendant has benefited from

his own crime. 774-

Summary of obligations imposed by law. 777

Select Bibliography 7 7 8

22

TABLE OF STATUTES

GOLD COAST AND GHANA

Administration of Lands Act, 1962 (Act 12$) S.8.

Akim Abual^wa (Stool Revenue) Act, 1958, Ashanti Stool Lands Act, 1958*

Auction Sales Ordinance (Gap. 196).

S.1410.

S. 18(1).

Bills of Exchange Ordinance, Cap. 195 (1951) Bills of Exchange Act, 1961 (Act. 55)-

S. 25 (1)

Civil Liability Act, 196$ (Act 176).

Companies Code, 196$.

S. 25(1) (5) (4) 210 218 247

Concessions Act, 1962 (Act. 124).

Constitution (Republican) I960.

S. 42(1)

Contracts Act, I960 (Act.25).

Part I S.$.

S.5.

5.7.

5.8.

5 .10.

5.11.

S . 14.

Control of Prices Act, 1962 (Act.11$).

23

Criminal Code (Act.29).

S.314.

Emancipation Ordinance (No.2 of 1874)

Farm Lands (Protection) Act, 1962 (Act. 107) Football Pools Authority Act, 1961 (Act 78)•

S.11.

Football Pools Regulations (1964) (L.l.) 358.

Hire Purchase Act, 1958.

Land Development (Protection of Purchases) Act, I960.

S.1.(1)

( 2 )

2

.(

)

(5) 5.

Land Registry Ordinance

s . 2 3 .

Land Registry Act, 1962 (Act.122) S.3 2.

S.34.

Legal Profession Act, I960 (Act.32) SS. 30-42.

Loans Recovery Ordinance S.3.

Local Courts Procedure Regulations (1962) (L.l.) 2085.

Lotteries and Betting Act, I9 6 0 (Act.31) S.21.

Manufacture of Spirits Act, 1962 (Act.154).

Medical Practitioners and Dentists Ordinance, Cap.69, Laws (1951).

Merchant Shipping Act, 1965 (Act.183) Minerals Act, 1962 (Act.126)

Moneylenders Ordinance (Cap.1 7 6).

S . 18 (1)

( 2 )

ii

24

Motor Traffic Ordinance, Cap* 184, laws (1951)*

Motor Vehicle (Third Party Insurance) Act, 1958.

S. 1 0.

Pawnbrokers Ordinance.

S.38.

Pharmacy and Poisons Ordinance, Cap.7 0. laws (195l).

Post Office Act, 1963 (Act. 194).

S.44(2).

Post Office Ordinance, Cap.214, laws (1951)*

S.3.

Registered Land Act, 1962 (Act.22).

Rent (Stabilization) Act, 1962 (Act.109)*

Rent .(^ocoa Farms) Regulations, 1962. (L.l.186).

Rent(Cocoa Farms)(Amendment) Regulations, 1965* (L.l..382).

Rent (Stabilization) (Amendment) Act, 1963, (Act.168).

Sale of Goods Act, 1962 (Act.137)*

£T.4. (1) (c) (l).(d) 8.(5)

57.

58 .( ² )

67.

Social Security Act, 1965 (Act.279).

Shool Lands Act, I960.

Stool Lands Control Act, 1959.

Supreme Court Ordinance, 1 8 7 6, No. 4 of 1 8 7 6. Workman1s Compensation Act, 1963 (Act.174.

NIGERIA.(FEDERATION & LAGOS)

Assistant Registrars of Titles Notice (Appointment) 1964.

Laws of Nigeria Annual Supp. B .33,(1964).

Bills of Exchange Act, Cap.21 laws (1958) S-. 27(1) .

Bills of Sale Act, Cap.22 laws (1958)

25

Carriage of Goods by Sea Ordinance Cap.JO, laws (1958) Civil Liability (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1961.

No.33 of 1 9 6 1.

Concurrent Legislation (Designation as Federal Ordinances) Order, 1959, No. 19.

Companies Ordinance, Cap. 37, laws (1958).

Constitution Order in Council, 1954-.

S.42.

Constitution (Republican) 1963.

8.50.

8

.

.

Criminal 0ode, Cap. 4-3, laws (1958).

S.236.

S.269 (1)(b) S.270.

Crown Lands Ordinance, Cap.29, laws (1958).

5.7.

Fatal Accidents Act, 1961, No. 23 of 1961.

Federal Supreme Court (Appeals) Act.

S.2 0.

Evidence Ordinance, Cap. 62, laws (1958).

S.131.

152 .

155.

Hire-Furchase Act, 1965.

Illiterates Protection Act, Cap.83, laws (1958).

Interpretation Act, Cap. 89, laws (1958).

S.3. (1)

( 2 )

Land and Native Rights Ordinance S. 1 1.

Law Reform (Oontracts) Act, 1961, No. 64 of 1961.

S.(l) S.3. (2).

S.5. (b).

S.7- (1) 5.7. (5).

26

Law Reform (forts) Ret, 1961, No, 65 of 1961., Legal Practitioners Act, 1962.

5.10.

5.11.

Marine Insurance Act, 1961, No. 54- of 1961.

Marriage Ordinance, Cap. 115* laws (1958).

S.47.

S . 48.

Medical Practitioners and Dentists Act, Cap.116, laws (1958).

Moneylenders Act, (Cap.124) laws (1958).

Pharmacy Act, Cap. 152, laws (1958).

8.52(1).

Pool Betting Control Act, 1961, No.69 of 1961.

Post Office Act, Cap.1 5 6, laws (1958).

S.5.

Registered Land Act, 1964, No.Ill of 1964.

S. 11 (5)(a) 12

12 (4)

Registration of Titles Act, Cap.181, laws (1958).

8.4. (5)

Road Traffic Ordinance, Cap.184, laws (1958).

8 . ²² . ( ⁵ ).

Sales by Auction Ordinance, Cap. 187, laws (1958).

S.22 (5).

West African Court of Appeal Orders in Council (1948-1957)*

NIGERIA, EASTERN REGION.

Abolition of the Osu System Law, Cap.l, laws (1965)*

Auctioneers Law, Cap. 12, laws (1965)*

Co-operative Societies Law, Cap.28, laws (1965)*

8.26, S.28.

Customary Courts Decree, 1966.

27

High Court Law, Cap. 61, laws (1963).

5.15.

s.28.

Land Instruments Registration law, Cap.7 3, laws (1963)*

5 . 16.

Limitation of Dowry Law, cap. 76, laws (1963)•

Moneylenders Law, Cap. 84, laws (1963).

Pawnbrokers Law, Cap. 90, laws (1963)*

NIGERIA (NORTHERN REGION)-

Auctioneers Law, Cap. 1 0, laws (1963)♦

Co-operative Societies Law, No* 9 of 1956.

5.26.

S.29.

High Court Law.

5.26.

S.28.

S .33.

6.35*

Land Tenure Law, Cap. 59, laws (1963).

S .1 1.

Native Courts Law, Cap. 76, laws (1963).

S.23.

S.24 (4).

NIGERIA. (WESTERN AND MID-WESTERN REGIONS.

Auctioneers Law, Cap. 9, laws (1959).

Co-operative Societies Law, Cap. 26, laws (1959).

6.14 (l) S.26.

S.2 7.

Contracts Law, Cap. 25, laws (1959).

Constitution (1963) S.48.

Customary Courts Law, Cap. 31, laws (1959).

28

Law of England (Application Law), Cap* 60, laws (1959)*

S.4.

Local Government (Staff) Regulations (I960).

Sale of Goods Act, Cap. 115, laws (1959).

S.4..

Mercantile Agents Eaw, Cap. 77, laws (1959)*

Property and Conveyancing Law, Cap. 100, laws (1959).

S.15 (1).

Mid-Western Nigeria Constitution (1965)* S.48.

IMPERIAL STATUTES

Apportionment A c t , 1870, _33 2r 34* V/cfc CL • 3 5 Bankruptcy Act, 1914> 4- B 5 &&&- $/• ^*-59

Betting and Loans (Infants) net, 1892,3#-£ 55" £■'4- Betting, Gaming and Lotteries Act, 1963* B Lix- 2. £- 2. ■ Bills of Exchange Act, 1882^ JX5 C-bl

Bills of Lading Act, 1855* \S a*d 14 Miot C>)i\

S.l.

British Settlements net, 1843^ b and 7 \ltcdr. C- 13 British Settlements Act, 1860^ 34 5S" \frc4-C - £ ■ British Settlements Act, 1887, 5 0 and 5) ViciL £-# 5&r Companies Act, 194-8, II and \X Guu> fc, 3 ^

S.73.

Conveyancing Act, 1881. 8.5 5; ^ 4. and b S ^ J\.\>

Copyright Act, 1956^ /f- 5 1 C- - 74*

8.36.

Debtors Act, 1869, 3 X dr\d 3 3 Viet- b * •

Poreign Jurisdiction Act, 1843^ Ip And. 7 Viet C' Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1890, 5 3 arvi 5*4- C' 3 7 Gaming Act, 1845^, $ ^ \l\ct' CL~ \oq

Gaming Act, 1892, 5 b V/ict- C'<\

Ghana Independence Act, 1957*, S and b ty'tT-* £' Hire-Purchase Act, 1938^ I &rvt X b, ^ ' 5 3 Hire-Purchase net, 1954., 3~<*rv<A 3 £. C • 51 Hire-Purchase Act, 1964 ^ X' C. 0 3

29

Infants Relief Act, 1874-, 3 7 & nd 3 8 V/ct- c*

Judicial Committee Act, 1833^ 3 and 4 hlth + c t+l Landlord and Tenant Act, 1730, 4 2.- C-

Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act, 1 9 4 - 5 & i° &cc>t&'€.%.%

Law Reform (frustrated Contracts) Act, 194-3, band 7 c.#^>

Lav/ Reform (-Enforcement of Contracts) Act, 1954-, 0Land3 £7rzA>c-34 Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act, 1935, c-3 o Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1934-* 2-4- and ^ $eo v

C '

Law of Property ^ct, 1925, \5 and l£> v. C< l o . S.40., S.5 3. (1).

Limitation Act, 1939, 2aac( 3 4. C- SLh Marine Insurance Act, 1 9 0 6, £ fed- T~ C ‘ *4-)

S.50.(2).

Married Women (Restraint upon anticipation) Act, 194-9, 73 £/4- Mercantile Law (Amendment) Act, 1856, ^ #.^ &&*><(*> C-*7&

y n £ 2o Viet S

.3

National Insurance Act, 194-6^ and \o G&o, G>. C' b 7 S.32.

Northern Territories (Gold Coast) Order in Council, 1901.

Policies of Assurance Act, 1867, 3 o a n d 31 Vicfr* C - 3.1.

Partition Act, 1 8 7 0, 3 3 C ' ^ Partnership Act, 1890, 5 3 And 5 +

3.5.

Resale Prices Act, 1964, B t i ’Z- 2-*

Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1956, P t .1^ 5" ^ Road Traffic Act, 1930, X o and &l & e°' v * 4-3

Sale of Goods Act, 1893, 5(e c\ad 5 1 ^ C- 7/

5.2.

5.4.

S - 2 5 (1)* ,

Settled Land Act, 1882, 1+5 ^

Statute of frauds, 1677 > O A OA- 2*, £ * 3

5.4.

S.17.

30

Statute of Fraudulent Conveyances ( 1 5 2 7 /, c 4*

Statute of Limitations 1623^ Q\ - C- {(&

Trustee Act, 1888^ 5* &nd g l Mt'ct C-

Wills Act, 18377 7 IfiliL'tb 1 Vi'ct. c. • &£>

Wills (Soldiers and Sailors) Act, 1918^ & a n d H G&& v. C ' S % COMMONWEALTH AND FOREIGN STATUTES, Etc.

Civil Code of the U.S.S.R. Trans by Kiyalfy.

Ethiopian Civil Code*

Egyptian Civil Code.

French Civil Code.

Indian Contract Act, 1872, Pts. 4-5*

Land Transfer Ordinance, Uganda.

Possession of Lands Law (Buganda)•

S.2.

Post Office Act (Canada) Revised Statutes of Canada, 1952*

Cap.212, S.39.

Quebec Civil Code.

Swiss Federal Code of Obligations.

S. 3.

Uganda Contract (Amendment) Act, 1964.

MISCELLANEOUS

American Restatement of Contracts (1957)*

American Restatement of Restitution (1957)•

First Programme of the Law Commission (England) 1965*

Ghana Insolvency Commission Report, Govt. Printer, Accra,1961.

Handbook of Native Courts in Ashanti (Govt. Printer, Accra, 1954).

Handbook of the Nigerian Supreme Court (Govt. Printer, Lagos, 1954).

Law Reform Committee Report, April, 1955> (Cmnd.8809) (England).

Law Revision Committee Report, Cmnd.6009 (England).

31

Report of the Commission on the Marketing of West African Cocoa, Cmnd. 5845 (1938)•

Report of the Committee on Ministers1 Powers, Cmnd. 4060 (1932).

Sixth Interim Report of the Law Revision Committee, Cmnd.

5449 (1937).

Tanganyika Territory: Native Administration M emoranda, No. 1 1, Native Courts (2nd ed. 1 9 3 0).

Tenth Report of the Law Reform Committee (England), Cmnd.1782

( ¹⁹⁶² ).

Uniform Law on the formation of Contracts for the Inter­

national Sale of Goods (1964) I.C.L.Q.-553.

United States Uniform Commercial Code (1965).

Western Nigeria Customary Courts Manual.

32

INDEZ OP CASES

I

A. Page

Abbam v. Appiah (1926-29) Div.Ct. 175* 402 Abbey v. Ollennu (1954) 14 W.A.C.A.236. 150 4§^f, 4^@>.

Abesina v. Iyaegbe (1958) W.R. N.L.R- 67. 685

Abina v. albert Parhat (1938) 14 N.L.R.17. 373, 383 Abraham v. Chief Oluwa (1944) 17 N.L.R. 123. 4 4 ^ Absalom v. Talbot £19443 A.0,204. 219

Abude v. Onanor (1946) 12 W.A.C.A.102. 396

Accra Perfumery Co. v. Thomas (1947) 12 U.A.C.A.160. 41$

Ackroyd & Sons v. Hasan jj.96o] 2 W.L.E. 810. 3 8 8 Adai v. Daku (1905) Hen.417.

Adam v. Duke (1927) 8 N.L.H. 88. 154, 15 5

Adams v. Lindsell (1818) 1 B. & ALD. 681. 298, 299 Addo v. Bannerman, Hedwar 139* 816

Addaquay v. African Association (1910) Hen.586. 337, 391 Adebaje v. Conde 8c ors. (1938) 14, N.L.R. 57. 293

Adebubu v. Ivlakaj$juola (1944) 10 W.A.C.A.33. 48§

Adeniji 8c omor v. Disu & ors. (1957) 3 P.S.C. 104. 492 Adevmyin v. Ishola (1958) W.R.N.L.H. 110. 483

Adjabeng v. Ewabia (i960) G.L.R. 37* 318 Adjaye v. Kufuor (1926-29) P.Ct. 147. 383 Adjuah v. Wilson (1926-29 P.Ct. 261. 339

African 8c Colonial Bank v. Blemir Syndicate (1923-25) P.Ct. 40. 6 2 f

Aganran v. Olushi & ors. (1907) 1, N.L.R. 6 6. 49Z, Agbaje v. Williams (1940) 15, N.L.R. ^36. 74^

/Lgbalaya v. Bello (i960) L.L.R., 190. 254

Agberyedzoe v. Atta (1964) High Court, Suit No. 4/12/64, Ho, (Ghana), Unreported. 54|

Agbloe v. Sappor (1947) 12 W.A.C.A. 187. 488

Agra 8c Masterman Bank, Re (1967) 2 Ch.App.391. 293 Anaachree v. Kalio 8c ors. (1913) 2, N.L.R. 308. 1 1 9

Anao v. Ajibike 8c ors. (1955-56) W.R.N.L.R.' 121. 5^9, 684)

33

Page Amarquaye v. Broener (1889) Pen. 145•

Ammissah v. Ammissah (1926-29) Div.Ct. 50. 1 9 9 Amo v. Ntwiah (1965) Current Cases 172. 558 Amodu Tijani v. Secretary of Southern Nigeria (1915) 5 N.L.R. 21; (l92l]2 A.C. 599. 79, 4g 0

Ampojo v. Quartey (1926-29) Div.Ct. 151. 65'f*

Anane v. Hens ah (1959) G.L.R., 50. 252

Anderson v. Pacific Pire & Marine Insurance Co.

(1872) L.R. (C.P.) 65. zj4.$

Anene v. Joe Alien (1964) Sup.Court Suit No. 88/1964 (Nigeria), Unreported. 5 ^ 5

Andrews v. Hopkinson £19571 1 Q.B. 229.

Andrews v. Singer {19343 1 K.B. 1 7.

Anglo-Guinea Produce Co.Ltd., v. George (1921-25) Div.Ct. 145. 280%: 296

Angmor ^ Co. v. Xiadom III & anor (1959) G.L.R.157* 338, 542 Ango v. Nketsia (1920-21) P.Ct. 75. 5 5g

Ankrah v. African Trading Co. (1905) Ren.400. 38 9 Ankramah v. Kitcher (1926-29) P.Ct. 566. 45J

Ansa v. Sackey (1925-25) P.Ct. 115. 540

Ansa v. Amalgamated Banket Areas (1938) 4 W.Ju C.A.81. 442 Anyidoho v. Markham (1905) Ren. 518.

Aiyedede v. Adelakun (1958) W.H..N.LJR.. 52* 74-^

Agayi v. R.T. Briscoe (Nigeria) Ltd. [l964l 5. A.K.

E.R. 5 5 6. 528

Ajetunmobi v. Omowanmi (1961) All N.L.R. 120.

AJike v. Souza (1938) 14 N.L.R. 105; affirmed (1939) 5 v/.A.c.A.- 1 5 4. eiX

Akenzua II v. Benin District Council (1959) W.R.N.L.R.l. 3 1 9 Akinwunmi v. Sappor (1958) Land Court, Accra, 5th Dec.

1958, Unreported. 490

Akpan-Owo v. Cooky Gam (1913) 2 N.L.R. 100. 1 5 0, 176 Akohwere of Okan v. Emayobor & Anor (1959) W.R.N.L.R.85.

Akotey v. Commonwealth Trust (1925-25) P.Ct. 78. 585 Akuflo v. Asante (1953) 14- W.A.C.A. 275.67£

34

Page Alake v. Awawu (1932) 11, N.i.R., 39. 500, 514)

Alderson v. Temple (1768) 4 BURR. 2235- 273

Alhaji Amadu "John Holt11 v. Idah (1956) N.R.N.L.R.81. 574- Allen v. Bone (l84l) 4 Beav. 493* 373

Allcard v. Skinner (1887) 36 Ch.D. 145. 46#- Allison v. Olayhills (1907) 97 B.T. 709. 460 Allotey v. Abrahams (1957) 3 W.A.L.R. 280. 48ff Allotey v. Ghana Aluminium Products Ltd., (I960)

High Court, Accra, Suit No. 14/60, Unreported. 202 Appiah v. Dansoah (1954-) Land Court, Accra, Judgment

of Mayo Plange,J. on 12/10/54, Unreported. 482f, 49$- Appleby v. Myers (1867) L.R. 2 (C.P.) 651. 500

Appleson v. Littlewoods ^19393 1 All E.R. 464. 34 3 Aradzie v. Yandor & anor (1922) P.Ct. 91. 4-3^, 61#

Arhuckle, Smith & Co. v. Attorney-General (1952)

20 N.L.R. 68. 282, 295

Archibong v. Archibong (1947) 18, N.L.R. 117. 400 Armstrong v. Jackson {lOl^ 2 K . B # 822. 45#

Armstrong v. Stokes (1872) L.R. 7 Q.B. 598. 405 Aryeh v. Thompson (1926-29) P.Ct. 354-. 3 1 8

Asamoah v. Mprenguo (194-9) W.A.C.A. Civil Appeal No. 72/48, Unreported.

Asante v. Gold Coast Drivers Union (1957) 3 W.A.L.R.5. 6o£>

Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. v. Riche (1875) L.R. 7 H.L. 653. 382

Assraidu v. Dadzie (1890) Sar.P.C.L. 174. 49<p, 495"

Atchiapong v. Miller (1926-29) Div.Ct. 207.

Atere v. Dada & anor. (1957) W.R.N.L.R. 176. 684

Attorney-General v. John Holt (1910) 2 N.L.R. 1. 153, 155 Attorney-General v. Otchere (1957) 2 W.A.L.R.* 238.

Attorney-General v. Putughe (1957) W.R.N«L.R.217. 7 5 3 Auzinawa v. Kano N.A. (1956) P.S.C.27. 172

Awortwi v. Henderson (Manchester) Ltd. (1925) P.Ct. 1 3 9.

Awau Ajoke v. Olateji (1962) L.L*R. 137* 495 Ayer v. Kumorazie (1965) Current Cases 45. 34.8

35

Babcock v. Lawson (1880) 5 Q.B.D. 284. 4-5©

Bada v. The Premier Thrift Society (1936) 13 N.L.R.47* 2 0 2 Baidoo v. Korkor & Anor (1963) Ghana Local Court

(Eastern Region) Suit No. 469/63. 307

Bainbridge v. Bronne (1881) 18 Ch.D. 188. 46£T Bakare v. Coker (1935) 12 N.L.JR. 31.

Balfour v. Balfour £.919] 2 K.B. 5 7 8. 271

Balogun v. Obisanya & anor (1956) B.S.C.22. 68$-

Bamgbose v. Daniel (1952) 14 W.A.L.A. 111. 173, 206, 240 Banigo v. Banigo (1942) 8 W.A.C.A. 148.

Bamiro v. John Holt (1938) 14 N.X.R. 63. 6 6J)

Bank of West Africa v. Adams (1926-29) P.Ct. 215. 376 Banque Beige v. Hambrouck

ri92l]

Barclays Bank v. Dabo (1964) High Court, Kumasi

24th Nov. 1964, Unreported. 7 5£

Bassil v. Honger (1954-) 14- W.A. C.A. 569. 485"

Basil v. Said Read & Sons (1957) 3 W.A.L.R. 231. 144, 146 Basma & ors v. Weeks (1948) Privy Council Appeal 5 2 2

No. 45 of 1948, Unreported.

Bayaidee v. M ensah (1878) Sar. P.C^L. 171. 48^, 49ijL Baylis v. Bishop of London £1913*3 1 Ch. 127.

Bechuanaland Exploration Co. v. London Trading Bank

(1898] 2 Q.B. 658. 42^

Bellany v.-Debenham 1891 1 Ch. 412. 282

Beninfield v. Baxter (1886) 12 App.Cas. 167. 46fe Bennett v. Bennett Ll952) 1 K.B. 24-9. 5 2 ^ Benson v. Hortens (1926-29) Div.Ct. 75. 4 3$- Bentworth Binance (Nig.) Ltd. v Akinboro Sc anor

Magistrate Court No. 2 (Lagos) Suit No. 640/63 of 6th July, 1963 - Unreported. 2 5 2 Beresford v. Royal Insurance Co. jl938l A.C. 5 8 6;

£i937] 2 K.B. 1 9 7. 55b

Berkeley v. Hardy (1826) 8 D. and R. 102. 3 7 4 Bethlehem Steel v. United States Steel Corpn. 315 U.S. 289 (1942).

36

Beyeden v. Bekoe (1952) High Ct. Accra, 31/3/52

Unreported* 483

Biggs v* Gordon (1860) 8 C #B # (U.S.) 638. 388 Birmingham & District Land Co. v. London and North Western Ry. (1888) 40 Ch.D. 268. 143, 327

Bishop v. Eaton (1894) 37 N.E.665,(Sup.Ct. 284 Massachusetts.)

Bisset v. Prestea Block A Ltd. (1913) Hen. 761. 6tpB Bolton Partners v. Lambert (1888) 41 Ch.D. 295* 372 Bonney v. Findlay (1921-25) Div.Ct. 98. 64(#

Boodoo v. Bissa (1910) Ren. 585* 150 Boshah v. Allied Commercial Exporters Ltd. (1961) All N.L.R. 9 1 7. 664

Bourne

v.

A.C.

555”

Bowes v. ^hand (1877) 2 App.Cas. 455. 6 5f£

Bowman v. Secular Society |l917T A.C. 815. 555"

Brice v. Bannister (1878) 3 Q.B.D. 569* 41#

Bristow v. Bickenson [i946l K.B. 321. 219

British India General Insurance Co. v. Al h ajika^a,

(1965) Sup.Ct. (Nigeria), Suit No. 132/63, Unreported. 74£}

British West Africa Insurance Services v. Abdiluasil (1959) G.L.R.188; affirmed (i960) G.L.R. 107* 406 Braithwaite v. Folarin (1938) 5 W.A.C.A. 76. 158 Brandt v. Dunlop Rubber Co. ^1905^ A.C. 454. 41#

Brogden v. Metropolitan Ry. Co. (1877) 2 App.Cas.6 6 6. 297 Brooks Wharf & Bull Wharf v. Goodman Bros fl9373

1 K.B. 5 3 4. u

Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). 263 Brown Jenkins & Co. v. Percy Dalton (London) Ltd.

13-957]

535

Browning v. Heston (1553) Plowden, 140. 271 Buck v. Robson (1878) 3 Q.B.D. 6 8 6. 41#

Bucknor & ors. v. Barclays Bank (1924) 7 N.L.R. 1. 6 6$ Bunn v. Guy (1803) 4, East 190. 3 1 5

Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co. 285 U.S. 393 (1932).

Bushell V. Hammond [19043 2 K.B. 563. 124

1

3 7 Page

Sjl

Caligona v. Sartoli & Co, Ltd. (1961) 1 All N.L.R.534. 380 Callendar Sykes v. Colonial Secretary of Lagos ri891J

App.Cas. 60. 105

Canadian Pacific Ry. v.R. |l93lj A.C. 414. 145

Cardozo v. Executors of Doherty (1938) 4. ^/.A.L.A.7 8. 3 2 1 Carlill v. Carbolic & Smoke Ball Co. [l892] 1 Q.B.256. 271 Carlisle Sc Cumberland Banking Co. v. Bragg [l91l]

1 K.B. 459. 44#-

Carrington v. Rootes (1871) 2 M. and W. 248. 5^ Cattaneo v. Da Rocha & anor. (1932) 11, N.L.R.57*

Catterall v. Sweetman (1845) 9 Jurr. 951• 215

Central London Property Ltd. v. High Trees House Ltd.

\ l W f t K.B. 130. 1 3 9, 14-3* 146, 327.

City of Chester (1884) L.R. 9 P.D. 185* 219

Civil Air Transport v. Central Air Transport 5.9 5 3}

A.c.70. 197

Cleaver v. Mutual Reserve Fund Life Association Q.892] 1 Q.B. 147. 55&

Chandler v. Webster 5-9041 1 K.B. 493. 580

Chapman v. Michaelson ^ 9 0 8 } 2 Ch. 612. 68?- Chemor v. Sahyoun (194-6) 18 N.L.R. 113* 52?r Cheshire v. Bailey 5.905] 1 K.B. 257. 196 Chief Obomikoro v. Chief Suemu & ors. (1925) 8. N.L.R.

87. 4-9£

Chief Okoro v. Itebu Sc ors., Privy Council Appeal No. 62$- 42 of 1959; Reported in (1961) 5 J.A.L. 159*

Chief Dede v. African Association (1910) 1 N.L.R.1 3 0. 1 5 2 Chike Ogo v. Adiba Ogo (1964) N.M.L.R. 117. 203

Chikezie v. Ellies Pools Sc Anor (1965) Current Cases

137. 284, 344.

Chellaram & Sons v. Costain (West Africa) Ltd. (1957) Z.E.R.N.L.R. 10. 403

Chiozie v. U.A.C. Ltd. (1956) E.R.N.L.R. 82. 64^

^hettiar v. Mahamtee 5-950^ A.C. 481. 21 7 C.B.P.O. v. Lenba (1918) 3 N.L.R. 60. 562

C.F.C. Construction Co. v. Ghana N.C.C. & anor. (1965) Current Cases 13. mfr

38

Cohen v. Lester Jl939j 1 K.B. 504.

Cole v* Jead (1959) 5 W.A.C.A. 92.

1961 A.C. 481. 213

Collins v. Godefroy (1831) 1 B. and Aid. 950. 3 3 2 Colonial Bank v. Bellen (1923-25) P. Ct. 176. 316 Combe v. Combe 0L95l} 2 K.B. 215. 14-6

Cooke v. 0x1ey (1790) 3 ^.R. 655. 525 Cooper v. Phibbs (1867) E.R. 2 H.L. 14-9. 44-J&

Cooper v. Stuart (1889) 14- App.Cas. 286. 96 Corbett v. Social Secular Commission (1962) N.Z.

L.R. 878 (New Zealand). 208

Cowen v. Nield 6.912} 2 K.B. 419. 4-71 Craven-Ellis v. Canons Ltd. £l93&] 2 K.B. 403*

Crawley v. R. 0-9O9] tT.S. 1105 (South Africa). 2 8 8 Creyeim v. Consolidated Trust Ltd. (194*9) 12

V/. A »C . A . 44-3 • i 3 6

Cricklewood Property & Investment Trust Ltd. v.

Leighton1 s Investment Trust Ltd. (1,94-51 A.C. 221. 57^- Crouch v. Credit Foncier (1875) L.R. 8 Q.B. 374-.

Cundy v. Lindsay (1878) 3 App.Cas. 4-59* 44-fr Cutter v. Powell (1795) 6 T.R. 320. 5 0 ©

Hi.

D.. and C. Builders v. Rees ^L966l 2 W.L.R. 288. 331 Dabholkor v. E. [l948] A.C. 221. 197

Dadzie v. Kokofu, Sup.Ct. Suit (Ghana) of 13/2/61, Unreported.

Dakin v. Lee ^1916} 1 K.B. 5 6 6. 5gg Balrymple v. Dalrymple (1811) 2 Hagg.Con. 54-. 342 Dan Juma v. Standard Co. of Nigeria Ltd. (1922).

4-, N.L.R. 5 0. 57^

Davies v. Horton (1874-) Ren. 3. 7^g) Davies v. Collins [l945] 1 All E.R. 247. ^

39

Page

David Nwaokoro v. Sapele Urban D.C. (1965) Sup.Ct.

(Nigeria), Suit No. 280/1963 of 25/6/65, Unreported. 64#

Davis v. Horton (1874-) Hen. 1 0.

Davis v. London & Provincial Marine Insurance Oo.

(1878). 8 Ch.D. 4-75. 4-6(4

Dawodu v. Danmole (1962^ 1 W.L.R. 1053• 165? 177? 178? 206 De Prancesco v. Barnum 189(3 ^5 Ch.D. 430. 63JT

Dearie v. Hall (1828) Russ.l. 4l<^

Debenham v. Mellon (1880) 5 Q.B.D. 394-. 372 Deffries v. Milne [l9ljl 1 Ch. 98. 41<f Dei v. Pong (1959) G.L.R. 1 3 5. 172 Denning v. Edwards [l96lj A.C. 24-5. 55©

Denton v. Great Northern Ry. (1856) 5 E. and B. 860. 287 Dickenson v. Dodds (1876) 2 Ch.D. 463. 303

Diiggle v. Higgs 2 Ex.D. 422. 215

D^P.P. v. Smith [l96ll A.C.2. 209

Dixon & ors. v. Gold C0ast Amalgamated (1911) Hen.615. 643 Dodoo v. Ashittey (1965) Current Cases, 6. 65#? 67£"

Dolphyne v. Ansah (1885) Hen.60. 761^

Domprey v. Marfo (1948) 12 W.A ...C.A- 34-9 . 240 Donkor v. Asare (i960) C.L.R. 187.

Donoghue v. Stevenson ]l932) A.C. 562. 4-5f

Dramburg & anor. v. Pollitzer (1873) 28 T.L.R.(N.S.)470. 407 Drummond v. Parrish (1843) 3 Curt. 522. 1 1 5

Dutton v. Solomonson (1803) 3 Bos. & Pul. 584-. 404 Dunmore (Countess) v. Alexander (1830) 9 Sh.Ct. of

Sess. 190 (Scotland). 305

Duncan v. Cammell Laird fr9*2) A.C. 624-. 209, 219, 222 Dunlop v. Selfridge Q.915} A.C. 84-7. 517

Dulieu v. White II901I 2 K.B. 669. 218 Drakpe v. Tiv. N.A. (1958) N.H.N.L.R. 135* 173

E.

Earl of Oxford's Case (1616) 1 Hep.Ch.1. 135 Eastwood v. Kenyon (1840) 11 Ad.El. 438. 315

40

Efawape v. Ologbosere & anor. (i960) L.L.R. 288* 6 8^ Egebor v. Agberegbe (1933) Sup.Ct. (Nigeria) Suit

No. 194/1933? Unreported. 61 (t

Egerton v. Brownlow (1853) 4 H.L. Gas. 1. 55^ Elibank v. Montelien (1801) 5 Ves. 373• 139

Eliza Morris v. John Monrovia (1930) 1 W.i^.C.A.7 0. 34 7 Eke v. Odolopin (1961) W-N.L.R. 1 5 1. 53#

Ekpan v. Henshaw & anor (1930) 10 N.L.R. 65• 169 Ekpendu & ors. v. Erika 8c ors. (1959) 4 F.S.C. 79* 4Sjk- English Hop Growers v. Dering Q.928] 2 K.B. 174. 565*

Entores Ltd. v. Miles Ear East Corpn. £1955] 2 Q.B.3 2 7. 297 Ephraim v. -^suquo (1923) 4 N.L.R. 93* 150

Erikotala v. Alii 8c ors. (1941) 16 N.L.R. 5 6. 1 5 0 Erlanger v. New Sombrero Ehosphate Co. (1878) 3 App.

Cas. 1218. 148

Eshugbayi Eleko v. Government of Nigeria (1951).A.C.662. 1 7 5 Esi v. Moruku (1940) 15, N.L.R. 116. 5 4G

Essan v. Faro (1947) 12 W.A.C.A. 135- 482

Essien v. Boyan (1911) Ren. 614. 405

Exham v. Beamish (1939) l.R. 336 (Ireland). 243

la.

Fagoji v. Kano N.A. (1957) N.R.N.L.R. 5 7. 252

Fairley Ltd. v. Mclver (1900) 1 N.L.R. 4 7• 424T Falke v. Scottish Imperial Assurance Co. (1886) 34

Ch.D. 234. 140, 758

Fanton v. Denville [l932] 2 K.B. 3 0 9. ?!$«, , , Fashina v. Odedina (1957) W.R.N.L.R. 45. 53$* 68^L Fatuma Binti v. Mohammed Bin |l9523 A.C.l. 221 • Felthouse v. Bindley (1862) 11 C.B.N.S. 869.

Fender v. Mildmay [1938^ A.C.l. 205 Fenwick v. Macdonald, Fraser 8c Co. (1904) 6 F.

(Court of Session 850) (Scotland). 294 Ferguson v. Duncan (1953) 14 W.A.C.A. 316.

41

Page

Fibrosa Spolka Akujyna v. Fairbairn Lawson Combe Barbour Ltd, [19423 2 All E.R. 122. 57^

Fiscian v. Nelson (1946) 12 W.A.C.A. 21. 176, 177 Fischer & co. v. Swaniker-RexLwar p. 137* 60fjT Fisher v. Bell (l96ij 1 Q.B. 3 9 4. 287 Fisher v. Hammond (1926-29) Div.Ct. 217. 444-

Fitch v. Snedaker (1868) 38 N.Y. 248 (^ew York C.A.) 286 Flione v. Oladipo (1954) 11 N.L.H. 168. 241, 254.

Foakes v. Beer (1884 ) 9 App.Cas. 605* 517 Foko v. Foko & ors. (1965) H.M.L.R. 3. 4 8 X Folashade v. Duroshola (1961) 1 All N,L.R. 87. 576, 377 Forbes v. Cochraine (1824) 2 B. & C. 448. 114 Fowler v. Hollins (1872) L.R, 7 Q,B, 616. 45$

Freeman v. Fairlie (1828) 1 Moo. In.App. 324. 95 Furtado v. Riegers (1802) 3 Bos. and P. 191. 57$

Fynn v. Gardiner (1955) 14 W.A.C.A. 260. 596

Fynn v. Quassie (1875) Ren.l. 433

Si

Gana v. B 0rnu N.A. (1 9 5 4) 14 W.A.C.A. 587. 252 Garabediah v. Jamakani (1961) 1 All N.L.R. 177* 65$

George v. Afari & anor (1926-29) Div.Ct. 195* 51$

Gibbons v. Proctor (1891) 64 L.'l. 594. 286 Gillespie Bros V. Cheny & Co.

Cl89<CJ

.

Glasgow C0rpn, v. Central Land Board (1955) S.L.T.155* 222 Gold Coast Industrial Development Corpn. v. Duncan

(1959) G.L.R. 444. 625

Goldthorpe v. Logan [l943] 2 D.L.R. 519 (Canada) 284 Goodinson v. Goodinson 13-954) 2 Q.B. 118. 525"

Goodwin v. Roberts (1875) L.R. 10 Ex, 357* 4 2 4. Goss v. Nugent (1835) 2 L.J.K.B. 127. 62^

Gould v. Coombe (1845) 155 L.R* 655. 43^

Grand Irunk Ry. v. Washington

0 . 899 )

42

Gxiffin v. Talabi (1948) 12

371. 50#

Gwao Binkilimo v. Kisunda Binlfuti (1938) 1 T.Ju-R..

(R.) 403. 175

Ik '

Hagan v. Cda Sawmills (1858) High Court, Accra 202 Suit Ho. 35/1950, Unreported.

Halli&ay v. Alspatira (I860) 1, N.L.R. 1. 1 5 5 Hamid-Arab v. Nowgah (1 9 6 5) Current Cases 138. 5j.(J>

Hamilton & anor v. Addu (1923-25) P.Ct.47. 44.5"

Hamilton v. Mensah (1937) 3 W.A.C.A. 224. 8 5, 60^~

Hamilton v. Mpoley (1921) P.Ct. 78. 3131 4 3 ^ Hardman v. Booth (1863) 1, H.&C. 803. 4 4 ^ Hardy v. Motor Insurance Bureau (1964) The Times

(London), Tuesday, 12th May.

Harrison v. Grady (I8 6 5) 13 L.T. 396. 3 7 2 Harry V. Mont ins (1949) 19 , N.L.R. 42. 53^>> 54 Hartley v. Bonsonby (1857) 7 E. an<i B. 872. 33 2 Hartog v. Colin &> Shields [l959] 3 All E.R. 566. 444 Haseldine v. Hosken [1933 1 K.B. 822. 5 3 5-

Harris v. Nickerson (1873) L.R. 8 Q.B. 286. 290

Hawkes v. Saunders (l782) 1 Cowp. 289. 312 1 Hedley Byrne & Co. v. Heller & Partners \l964j a .C.465. 4 5 ^ Henderson v. Jolaosho & ors. (1926) 6 N.L.R.* 19. 45^T~

Henderson v. Williams (1895) 1 Q.B.D. 521. 4f3L Henson v. London Sc N.E. Ry Jl946] 1 All E.R. 653- 65^

Herbert Macaulay, Re (l95l) 13 W.A.C.A. 304. 239 Hermann v. Ch$\£Lesworth [j.9053 2 K.B. 123. § 0 © Hippisley v. Knee [ 1 9 0 ^ 1 K.B. 1. 3 8 8

Holford v. Acton U.D.C. Tl89B) 2 Ch. 240. 3 9 0 Holman v. Johnson (1775) 98 E.R. 1120. 55J Holt v. Markman ]3.92^J 1 K.B. 504.

Honger v. Bassil (1954) 14 W.A.C.A. 569.

Horsfall v. Thomas (1862) 1 H, & C, 91* 44^

Household Pire Sc Carriage Acc. Insurance Co. v. Grant

(1879) 4 Ex.D. 216. 299

43

Hughes v. Davies (190,9) Ren. 550. 3 4 0, 4 3 0, 56{b

Hughes v. Metropolitan Ry. (1877) 2 App.Cas. 439. 143, 327 Hughes v. Rowells (1896) Ren. 129. 790

Hunt v. Fripp (1898) 1 Ch. 675* 216

Hutton-Mills v. Nkansah II (1940) 6 W.A.C.A. 32. 85, 62&

Hyde v. Hyde (1866) L.R. 1 B. and D. 130. 178, 206 I.

Ikpeazu v* African Conti£antal Bank (1965)NMLR 374. 352 Insilhea v. Simons (1899) Barb. F.L.R. 104. 4 8^

Inspector-General of Police v. Kamara (1934)

2 W.A.C.A., 185. 154, 156.

L l

Jalo Tsamiya v. Rauchi N.A. (1957) N.R.N.L.R. 75* 252 James v. British and General Insurance Co. (1927)

2 K.B. 311. 53^

Jia Enterprises v. b ritish Commonwealth Insurance Co.

(1965) N.M.L.R. 147. 663-

Joe Allen v. Adewale (1929) 9 H.L.R. 111. 68<J>

John Holt v. Chalmers (1918) 3 N.L.R. 69. 565

John Holt v. Lafe (1959) 15, N.L.R. 14. 52§, 636 John Holt v. Oiadunjoye (1936), 13» N.L.R.1. 4 5^

Johnson v. Boyes (1899) 2

75. 295

Johnson v. Golightly (1923-25) Div.Ct.88. 514) Johnson v. urisino & ors. (1943) 9 W.A.C.A., 189. 138 Jones v. Vernons Pools Ltd. \l9583 2 All E.R. 626. 343 Josephine Jola Martins v. Adenugba (1946) 18 N.L.R. 63. 44^

Si

Kafawa v. Kano N.a . (1958) N.R.N.L.R. 64.

Kachivi v. Olnsoga (1956) F.S.C. 59. 6^L Kano N.ii. v. Obiora (i960) N.R.N.L.R. 42. 172 Karam v. Commissioner of Income lax (1948) 12 W.A.C.A.

351. 217

Karsales (Harrow) Ltd. v. Wallis {1 9 5 3 3 1 W. L.R. 1468. 6