The necropolis of Assiut : a case study of local Egyptian funerary culture from the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom

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The necropolis of Assiut : a case study of local Egyptian funerary

culture from the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom

Zitman, M.J.W.H.

Citation

Zitman, M. J. W. H. (2006, April 12). The necropolis of Assiut : a case study of local

Egyptian funerary culture from the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom.

Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/4367

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TABLE OF CONTENTS VII

6.4.1 - Schiaparelli (1908) - the tomb of Mnw-Htpw [1 and 2] (S7-8Tor, S10-11Tor) 200 6.4.2 - Schiaparelli (1908) - the burial of +fA=i-@apy [12] (S14Tor) 204 6.4.3 - Schiaparelli (1908) - the burials of Mrrw [1 and 2] (S1Tor, S6Tor) 205 6.4.4 - Schiaparelli (1908) - the tomb of ^mc [1] and RHw-r-Aw=cn [1] (S2-3Tor) 207 6.4.5 - Schiaparelli (1908) - a selection of other finds, mainly inscribed coffins 209 6.4.6 - Schiaparelli (1908) - conclusions 212 6.5.0 - Miscellaneous material of dubious origin 213

Excursus Chapter 6 - Siutian coffins of the early M.K. (1) 218 6.7.0 - Exterior decoration - the layout 218 6.7.1 - Exterior decoration - front and back 219 6.7.2 - Exterior decoration - head and foot 220

6.7.6 - Dating 225

6.8.6 - Dating 239

6.9.4 - Interior decoration 247 - Astronomical representations 248 - Selections of C.T. spells 251 - Object friezes 253 6.9.5 - Epigraphic features 255 6.9.6 - Dating 259

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TABLE OF CONTENTS XI

6.10.0 - Exterior decoration - the layout 260 6.10.1 - Exterior decoration - front and back 261 6.10.2 - Exterior decoration - head and foot 261

6.10.6 - Dating 267

Chapter 7 - Cemeteries of the early M.K. at Assiut (II) 269

7.1.0 - The area near Tomb I of +fA=i-@apy I - coffins from A. Kamal (1913-1914) 270 7.2.0 - The area near Tomb I of +fA=i-@apy I - other finds by A. Kamal (1913-1914) 270

Excursus Chapter 7 - Siutian coffins of the early M.K. (5) 273 7.4.0 - Exterior decoration - layout patterns and textual programmes 274

- Coffins of Siutian type 275

- Coffins of M.K. Standard Class type 278

- Interior decoration of Siutian type 279

- Astronomical representations 279

- Selections of C.T. spells 281

- Object friezes 282

- Interior decoration of M.K. Standard Class type 282

7.4.3 - Dating 285

Excursus Chapter 7 - Siutian coffins of the early M.K. (6) 286 7.5.0 - Exterior decoration - layout patterns and textual programmes 286

7.5.3 - Dating 290

Chapter 8 - Cemeteries of the mid-late M.K. at Assiut 291

8.1.0 - The mid-late M.K. on the lower slopes in the northwest - Tomb VII and vicinity 293 8.1.1 - Tomb VII of +fA=i-@apy III and Tombs VI, VIII-IX, Hogarth Tombs 1a-b, 2 294 8.1.2 - The lower slopes near Tomb VII - Hogarth (1906-1907) 296 8.1.3 - The lower slopes near Tomb VII - Schiaparelli (1911-1913) 296 8.2.0 - The mid-late M.K. near the northwestern summit - Hogarth (1906-1907) 298

8.2.1 - Hogarth Tombs 5, 7, 10, 50-51, 55 298 - Hogarth Tomb 51 298 - Hogarth Tombs 50, 10 300 - Hogarth Tomb 55 301 - Hogarth Tombs 5, 7 303 8.2.2 - Hogarth Tombs 32-37, 88-89 (?) 305 - Hogarth Tomb 36 305 - Hogarth Tombs 35, 37 307

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

8.3.0 - The mid-late M.K. in the northeast - A. Kamal (1913-1914), Wainwright (1922) 309 8.3.1 - The burial of the imy-r pr @ny [1] (S1-8X) and contemporaneous material 309 8.3.2 - The burial of +fA=i-@apy [5] (S11-13X) and contemporaneous material 314 8.3.3 - Miscellaneous finds, mainly from A. Kamal (1913-1914) 318

Excursus Chapter 8 - Siutian coffins of the mid-late M.K. 322 8.5.0 - Exterior decoration - layout patterns and textual programmes 322

8.5.3 - Dating 325

Chapter 9 - Summary 327

9.1.0 - The Siutian necropolis in the late O.K. - early F.I.P. 328 9.2.0 - The Siutian necropolis in the F.I.P. 329 9.3.0 - The Siutian necropolis in the early M.K. 333 9.4.0 - The Siutian necropolis in the mid - late M.K. 338

Nederlandse samenvatting 341

Curriculum Vitae candidaat 356

Stellingen candidaat 357

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TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII

Over the past years, I have experienced support from many sides, in particular from the persons to whom this study is dedicated. The warm home and patience of my mother and her friend Rick proved to be invaluable in overcoming many of the difficulties encountered in preparing and writing this book. Their interest and support, both mentally and otherwise, have been great stimuli throughout the entire course of my studies. With the phase of my dissertation now being finished, I am very happy to show them the result in the form of this book.

The study itself is truly the outcome of a joined effort by many scholars and institutions. In fact, without their willingness to contribute unpublished material, many of the results to be presented would not have been achieved. Here, I should first and foremost mention Prof. Dr. H. Willems (Leuven). While still working at Leiden University, his courses on the funerary culture of the Middle Kingdom inspired me to embark on this laborious project on Assiut. Even more important, during the preparation of this study, he played a crucial role by bringing me into contact with Dr. R. Hannig and W.V. Davies. Their contributions would eventually form the core material of this book. Moreover, in the progress of writing this study, I have greatly benefited from the continuous interest of Prof. Dr. H. Willems, and our lengthy discussions on the site of Assiut and the typological development of its decorated coffins. This also gives me the opportunity to express my gratitude to Harco and Lucia for their warm hospitality during my visits to Leuven.

My work on the Siutian coffins would not have been possible without the investment made by Dr. R. Hannig. In a gesture seldomly seen, in December 1998 he granted his full video and photographic archive of Siutian coffins to the present research, without asking anything in return. This gift not only saved me a lot of work and costs. Above all, it enabled me to verify many unpublished or ill-published sources otherwise inaccessible or difficult to reach. Many of the conclusions arrived at, especially with regard to the epigraphy of the coffins, are fully due to his contribution. I can only hope that the trust he placed in me is fulfilled by the publication of this book. In addition to the archive of de Buck, kept at the Netherlands Institute for the Near East at Leiden, several other institutes and scholars contributed photographic material of Siutian coffins, too. Here, I should mention: Dr. P. Lacovara (Emory Univer-sity Museum, Atlanta Georgia), Dr. L. Limme (Musées Royaux, Brussels), my colleague M. Marée (British Museum), Dr. B. Peterson (Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm), Mrs. Santrot (Musée Dobrée, Nan-tes) and Dr. E. Vassilika (formerly Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge). My sincere gratitude is due to all of them. In addition, a special word should be devoted to G. Galliano. Due to her kind efforts, all four coffins now at the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Lyon were especially removed from their showcase during my short visit. Hence also the photographs of the head and foot ends of S1Ly on the inside cover.

On the archaeological side, I am greatly indebted to W.V. Davies, Dr. J. Spencer and Dr. J. Taylor of the British Museum (Department of Egyptian Antiquities). During several visits, they most kindly allowed me the full study of the results of Hogarth´s excavations at Assiut. The inspection and docu-mentation of over 700 unpublished artefacts, brought up by the staff from storerooms, even during the reorganisation of the British Museum, has given me invaluable insights. Without their generous con-tribution, the little known northwestern half of the Siutian necropolis would not have been available for publication. Its importance has left a clear stamp on this study, already visible in the table of contents. Also in England, Dr. S. Quirke welcomed me to study the Siutian material in the collection of the Uni-versity College London.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

also kindly made available by Dr. R. Freed and Dr. D.M. Doxey (Boston Museum of Fine Arts), including a number of hitherto unpublished stone vases.

I further express my sincere gratitude to Dr. A.M. Donadoni Roveri, Dr. E. d´Amicone and Dr. E. Leospo (†), who allowed me to study selections of the unpublished material from the excavations by Schiaparelli in the Museo Egizio (Turin). In connection with this, I also think of the gratifying help of Valeria Cortese, who among other things acted as female interpreter during my visits. Also at Turin, I would like to thank Dr. M. Girotti and R. Boano of the Museum of Anthropology for their kind willingness to check their files for information on the excavations conducted by Schiaparelli. Although only part of the vast results from his work can be discussed here, it is hoped that they will inspire future studies of this rich material. The results published are dedicated to Dr. E. Leospo, whose untimely death unfortunately prevented her to take notice of the outcome.

The maps and the line drawings of pottery and other artefacts were skilfully made by Martin Hense (Regula - Archaeological Drawings - the Netherlands).

Last but not least, none of the above visits, which took about two years, would have been realised without the generous support of a number of scholarships. My study trips to the British Museum, the Louvre, the Musée du Beaux Arts at Lyon and the Museo Egizio at Turin were all financed by a most generous gift of the Prins Bernard Cultuur Fonds (Amsterdam). It was supplemented by a SIR fund of the N.W.O. (the Dutch Organisation of Scientific Research). A second visit to the Museo Egizio was partly paid for by the C.N.W.S. (the Centre for Non-Western Sciences, Leiden). Finally, the drawings of the maps and the pottery would not have been realised without a joined grant of the C.N.W.S. and the L.U.F. (the Leiden University Fund).