Title: A different perspective on the Carolingian economy: Material culture and the role of rural communities in exchange systems of the eighth and ninth centuries

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Cover Page

The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/3151777 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.

Author: Kemme, A.W.A.

Title: A different perspective on the Carolingian economy: Material culture and the role of rural communities in exchange systems of the eighth and ninth centuries

Issue date: 2021-04-08

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Appendices

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382 Appendices

Legend appendix I and II

Each plate contains a map on the left that indicates on which sites the specific type or fabric has been found. It also displays where the fabric or type has not been found. In the case of vessel types, whether a site is indicated as lacking a specific types depends on the nature of the assemblage. For example, if the map represents the distribution of a wheel-turned vessel type, only sites containing at least one wheel-turned vessel type are displayed. If only handmade types are present on a site it is not indicated as lacking wheel-turned types and vice versa.

The map on the right shows the relative amount of sherds of the type or fabric per site. The size is relative to the total amount of the type or fragment found on sites in the research area. Therefore the charts cannot be compared directly between types and fabrics. When only the presence or absence of the fabric or type could be recorded the sites are indicated by a diamond-symbol.

Abbreviations fabrics

BAD (Badorf) Badorf

WALB (Walberberg) Walberberg

RBA (reliefband amphora) reliefband amphora

LBAD Late-Badorf

BP Badorf/Pingsdorf

HU Hunneschans

MAY (Mayen) Mayen

W13 w13 fabric

W14 w14 fabric

CSM Carolingian smoothwalled

TAT Tating

W11 w11 fabric

CR Carolingian regional wheel-turned

WALR Walsum rough-walled

WALG Walsum smooth-walled

HS Hessens-Schortens

KP Kugeltopf

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Distribution maps of vessel types

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384 Appendices

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386 Appendices

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388 Appendices

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390 Appendices

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392 Appendices

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394 Appendices

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396 Appendices

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398 Appendices

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400 Appendices

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402 Appendices

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Distribution maps of fabric groups

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404 Appendices

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406 Appendices

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408 Appendices

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410 Appendices

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412 Appendices

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414 Appendices

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416 Appendices

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418 Appendices

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Coins discovered at Carolingian sites in the research area

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422 Appendices

AuthorityTypeStart dateEnd dateTotal Roman 3 Merovingiantremissus6256251 Merovingiandenarius6757509 Total Merovingian 10 sceatta68080024 sceatta680c.71598 sceattac.71580039 Total sceatta 161 Pippin the Shortdenarius75176831 Charlemagne pre-reformdenarius76879426 Charlemagne monogramdenarius79381443 Charlemagneobolus7938141 Charlemagnedenarius7688147 Louis the Pious Class 2denarius81682329 Louis the Pious XRdenarius82284082 Louis the Piousdenarius8148407 Louis the Piousobolus8148403 Louis the Piousobolus8168231 Louis the Piousobolus8228402 imitation Louis the Piousdenarius8148401 Unknown/unspecifiedsolidus8148401 Pippin II of Aquitaneobolus8388521 Lothar Idenarius84085516 imitation Lothar Idenarius84085511

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AuthorityTypeStart dateEnd dateTotal Charles the Balddenarius8438471 Charles the Balddenarius8438773 Charles the Balddenarius8488771 Charles the Baldobolus8438772 Charlemagne/Charles the Balddenarius7938773 Charlemagne/Charles the Baldobolus7688771 Charlemagne/Charles the Bald/Charles the Simpleobolus7939232 Louis the Pious/Lothar I/Charles the Balddenarius8148771 Louis the Pious/Lothar I/Charles the Balddenarius8228641 Louis IIIdenarius8999112 Louis the Child/Charles the Simpledenarius8999231 indeterminatedenarius7009006 indeterminateobolus 1 Total Carolingian 287 Arabdirhem7917921 Eadberthstyca7377581 Offapenny7577963 Cuthredpenny8058071 Eanredstyca8108541 Aethelred IIstyca8418581 Redwulfstyca8448581 Total English 8 Godfriedpenny115611781 Total 471

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Appendix V

Variables recorded in find database

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Finds were recorded in relation to the structures or features in which they were discovered. Each find category was then recorded in a separate table containing variables relevant to the individual category. Not all finds could be assigned to an individual structure or feature. These finds were recorded per feature type and if that was not possible either, as stray find.

Structures/features table

Field name Description

Site Site number assigned during inventory of finds

Structure id Identifier allotted to structures (buildings, wells, features etc.) as they appear in excavation report

Rural/Town Rough indication of whether the site can be considered either a rural settlement or a town

Stray Y/N Whether the finds in the record can be considered stray finds, according to the definition used in this study, or not.

Individual structure/feature Whether the record represents finds from a single structure or feature, or a collection of structures or features

Complex type Nature of the site

Structure type The type of structure

Feature type The type of feature

Region The region in which the site is situated Subregion The subregion in which the site is situated

Start date The start date assigned to the structure or feature in the excavation report

End date The end date assigned to the structure or feature in the excavation report

Dendrochronologically dated Whether the structure or feature has been dendrochronologically dated

Ceramics table

Site id Together with ‘Structure id’ forms the link with Structure/feature table Structure id Together with ‘Site id’ forms the link with Structure/feature table W/H Whether ceramics are either wheel-turned or handmade Provenance Provenance of fabric group

Category Initial grouping of ceramics in to broad categories (fe Carolingian wheel- turned, Roman, Prehistoric)

Fabric group Detailed recording of fabric groups (fe Badorf, Mayen, Carolingian handmade with shell-temper, Hessens-Schortens with chaff temper).

Carolingian wheel-turned ceramics mostly according to Dorestad-fabric system, handmade as recorded in excavation report.

Fabric Hand simplified A simplification of the wide array of recorded handmade fabrics into manageable groups. Added after completion of inventory.

Category basic Combination of Category and Fabric groups in order to create groups that are suitable for analysis. Added after completion of inventory.

Type Vessel type, mostly according to Dorestad-typology. With subtypes for rim- variants

Type simplified Only the main vessel type, without rim-variants

Number Number of sherds

ENV Estimated number of vessels, based on rim-sherds.

Start date Start date of ceramic fabric/type as recorded in the excavation report End date End date of ceramics fabric/type as recorded in the excavation report

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426 Appendices

E/M/L Grouping of fabrics/types in to date-categories. Can be Early, Early/Middle, Middle, Middle/Late or Late. Added after completion of inventory.

Diagnostic Whether the record contains sherds that have diagnostic features such as rim-sherds, spouts, handles or decoration

Vessel type The presumed function (jar, jug, amphora etc.) of the vessel. Only recorded for diagnostic sherds

Function category The presumed function category (cooking, storage, pouring etc.) of the vessel. Only recorded for diagnostic sherds

Remarks Additional information relevant to the research

Metals table

Site id Together with ‘Structure id’ forms the link with Structure/feature table

Structure id Together with ‘Site id’ forms the link with Structure/feature table

Metal The type of metal or alloy

Function category The presumed function category of the artefact Object type Basic group of objects the artefact belongs to

Type More specific groupings, for example denarii, sceattas, obols for coinage. For slag the metal that was produced or worked was recorded here (iron, copper-alloy)

Specific type Further specification of artefact, for example wodan/monster or porcupine for sceattas. For slag the phase of production or working it provided evidence for was recorded here (tap slag, furnace lining, smithing slag)

Enamel Whether an artefacts (mainly brooches) was enameled

Type identifier Specific identifier used to denote a type, as recorded in publication

Bos Brooch type according to Bos

Van Bellingen Brooch type according to Van Bellingen Thörle Brooch type according to Thörle

HF_type Specific brooch type according to Heeren/Van der Feijst HF_type basic Basic brooch group (ansate, disc etc.)

Authority Authority by which a coin was struck

Provenance Provenance of artefact, mainly concerns coins

Number Count of artefacts

Weight Weight of artefacts

Artisanal activity Indicated whether an artefact is considered evidence for artisanal activity. Either Yes or No

Start date Start date according to publication End date End date according to publication

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Stone table

Stone type The type of stone

Specific type Further specification of artefact, for example handstone, quernstone or roughout for millstones

Provenance Provenance of artefact, mainly concerns millstones

Glass table

Structure id Together with ‘Site id’ forms the link with Structure/feature table Glass type The type of glass (translucent, opaque)

Specific type Further specification of artefact, for example the shape of beads or the type of vessel

Colour Colour of the artefact

Provenance Provenance of artefact

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428 Appendices

Animal based materials table

Bone type The type of bone

Specific type Further specification of artefact, for example the type of comb Provenance Provenance of artefact

Plant based materials table

Structure id Together with ‘Site id’ forms the link with Structure/feature table Organic material The type of organic material

Function category The presumed function category of the artefact Object type Basic group of objects the artefact belongs to Specific type Further specification of artefact

Provenance Provenance of artefact

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Fired clay (other than ceramics) table

Structure id Together with ‘Site id’ forms the link with Structure/feature table Brick type The type of fired clay, for example tile, burnt loam, loom weight

Use The presumed function the artefact was used for

Specific feature Specific features of the artefact Provenance Provenance of artefact

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Appendix III Number of dated contexts per context type for Frick's disc-broach types

Main type nr Main type Subtype Start dat End date Settlement Settl 8-9th Settl 10-11th Burial Bur 8-9th Bur 10-11th Hoard Hoard 8-9th Hoard 10-11th Chorologically

dated Total dated Total stray Total settl Total bur Tot hoard Grand total

1 cross (enamel) 1.1 850 1000 9 1 8 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 12 59 39 4 0 102

1 cross (enamel) 1.2 850 1000 2 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 5 11 11 3 0 25

1 cross (enamel) 1.3 850 1000 2 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 4 14 4 3 0 21

1 cross (enamel) 1.4 800 1000 1 0 1 5 5 0 0 0 0 4 6 10 4 8 0 22

1 cross (enamel) 1.5 875 1000 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 6 1 0 11

1 cross (enamel) 1.6 850 900 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 1 1 0 7

1 cross (enamel) 1.7 850 900 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 4

1 cross (enamel) 1.8 825 875 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 1 0 3

1 cross (enamel) 1.9 775 900 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 2 0 5

2 cross 2.1 775 900 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 3 1 0 3 0 4

2 cross 2.2 875 925 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 7

2 cross 2.3 875 1000 4 1 3 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 6 3 15 2 0 20

2 cross 2.4 900 1050 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 7 0 0 8

3 plateau 3.1 775 1100 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 5 1 1 0 7

3 plateau 3.2 800 1100 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 5 0 0 12

3 plateau 3.3 875 925 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2

4 pelta 4.1.1 700 825 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 4

4 pelta 4.1.2 700 900 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 0 1 0 5

4 pelta 4.1.3 900 1000 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 7 0 0 10

4 pelta 4.2.1 800 900 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 4 2 1 0 7

4 pelta 4.2.2 850 925 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 3 0 1 6

4 pelta 4.2.3 875 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2

5 rectangular 5.1.1 800 850 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 6 0 0 13

5 rectangular 5.1.2 800 850 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 1 2 7 4 6 0 17

5 rectangular 5.2.1 750 900 2 1 1 8 8 0 0 0 0 7 10 10 12 12 0 34

5 rectangular 5.2.2 800 900 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 4 2 1 8

5 rectangular 5.2.3 800 850 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 5 0 1 0 6

6 saint 6.1 750 850 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 9 7 2 1 19

6 saint 6.2.1-4 750 850 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 14 2 0 40

7 animal 7.1.1.1 800 925 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 23 8 0 0 31

7 animal 7.1.1.2 900 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 2

7 animal 7.1.1.3 950 1100 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2

7 animal 7.1.2 800 900 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 3 0 0 11

7 animal 7.1.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 5

7 animal 7.2.1 950 1100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 4

7 animal 7.2.2 950 1100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 4

7 animal 7.3.1 850 925 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 3

7 animal 7.3.2 900 1100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3

8 hubcap 8 900 1100 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 6 0 0 13

9 (pseudo-) coin 9.1.1 800 900 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 1 9

9 (pseudo-) coin 9.1.2 850 900 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 13 10 1 0 24

9 (pseudo-) coin 9.1.2 850 900 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 9 15 2 0 26

9 (pseudo-) coin 9.1.4 850 900 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 0 4

9 (pseudo-) coin 9.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 0 6

9 (pseudo-) coin 9.3 850 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 2 0 0 7

9 (pseudo-) coin 9.4 875 1100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 0 0 12

9 (pseudo-) coin 9.5 900 1100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 0 0 7

9 (pseudo-) coin 9.6 850 1100 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 2 1 3 5 2 1 2 10

10 buckle 10.1 900 1050 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 19 1 0 20

10 buckle 10.2 950 1100 1 0 1 0 0 0 7 0 7 0 8 1 0 0 16 17

11 central cloison 11.1 1000 1100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 5 0 0 12

11 central cloison 11.2 800 1200 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 4 0 0 10

11 central cloison 11.3 800 1000 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 3 1 0 4

11 central cloison 11.4 875 925 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 21 23

12 rosette 12.1 875 925 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 6 7

12 rosette 12.2 800 950 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 2 3 1 0 6

13 star 13 875 1000 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

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Site 1

Site type settlement

Province Drenthe

Municipality Coevorden

Place Dalen

Toponym Westakkers

Completeness part of site (not delimited)

Excavated area in ha -

Soil type sand

Start date 600

End date 900

Description The excavation at the Westakkers started in 1989. In previous years several finds had been reported on the site, therefore a larger-scale excavation was carried out. The excavation yielded settlement traces from the early bronze age to the middle ages.

Three houses, dated between the seventh and ninth century were uncovered, with several outbuildings.

Only one well was found that could be dated in this period, possibly a nearby lake provided the required water. The pottery was almost exclusively handmade, with the exception of one sherd.

According to the excavators this was not a nucleated settlement with defined yards, as seen in Odoorn. The concentration of features would have been much higher should this have been the case.

Literature -Kooi, P.B., 1994: Een opgraving op de Westakkers te Dalen, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 111, Assen, 39-54.

Site 2

Province Drenthe

Municipality Tynaarlo

Place Midlaren

Toponym De Bloemert

Excavated area in ha 4.8

Soil type sand

Start date 690

End date 870

Description The site was excavated during several excavations that took place at various times between 1969 and 2005. The most comprehensive of these was conducted between September 2003 and August 2004 by the GIA and ARC. Finds range in date from prehistory to the late middle ages. Three yards have been dated to the Carolingian period. Twelve dendrochronologically dated wells also belong to the Carolingian occupation phase, suggesting habitation was more extensive than the identified remains of yards indicate.

Literature -Harsema, O.H., 1971: Kroniek van opgravingen en vondsten in Drenthe, Romeinese tijd–middeleeuwen, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 89, 178-179.

-De Wit, M.J.M / J.B. Hielkema, 2003: Een archeologisch inventariserend veldonderzoek (IVO) door middel van proefsleuven en -putten op recreatiepark 'De Bloemert' te Midlaren, gemeente Tynaarlo (Dr.), ARC-publicatie 90, Groningen.

-Nicolay, J.A.W. (red.), 2008: Opgravingen bij Midlaren, 5000 jaar wonen tussen Hondsrug en Hunzedal, Groningen Archaeological Studies vol. 7.

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Site 3

Province Drenthe

Municipality Aa en Hunze

Place Gasselte

Toponym Galgeakkers

Completeness part of site (delimited)

Soil type sand

Start date 800

End date 900

Description Excavations in Gasselte in 1975 and 1976 revealed habitation from the ninth to twelfth century with 10 parallel, long, narrow plots.

After an initial period when they were perhaps grouped together rather loosely, there soon developed a rigid, somewhat curved row, with each farmstead extending over a plot of almost equal width (ca. 40m). Within the plots renovating and new building activities took place according to strict rules. The farmsteads seem to have been renewed at the same spot at least three times. Finally the whole area seems to have been suddenly abandoned and reclaimed as arable land.

The farmstead plots were enclosed by shallow ditches, by foundation trenches of palisades and by rows of posts. The house is in the centre, near the western end of the building there are several small outbuildings. The other buildings are almost always situated along the periphery of the plot. Between the plots there were E-W running trackways.

The finds mainly consist of Kugeltopf pottery and in addition many fragments of quernstones made out of basalt lava and some, usually unidentifiable iron objects. Among the pottery

imported wheel-thrown ware is scarce. There is only one sherd of Badorf ware. Pingsdorf ware was present slightly more present.

Literature -Harsema, O.H., 1978: Kroniek van opgravingen en vondsten in Drenthe in 1976, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 95, Groningen, 125.

-Harsema, O.H., 1977: Kroniek van opgravingen en vondsten in Drenthe in 1975, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 94, Groningen, 83-84.

-Waterbolk, H.T./ O.H. Harsema, 1979: Medieval farmsteads in Gasselte, in Palaeohistoria 21, Groningen, 228-265.

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Municipality Borger-Odoorn

Place Odoorn

Toponym Sportveld

Soil type sand

Start date 700

End date 900

Description The settlement consisted of no more than six farmyards at one time, consisting of a house and outbuildings. Before the eighth century the yards were built on nearly the same location, after this habitation shifts to the north and east. The houses were similar, instead of the wooden enclosed wells, water pits with sod walls were found outside the settlement. Not many sunken huts have been found, but a lot of small buildings of different shapes. In this phase many fenced enclosures were build, making the separate yards clearly distinguishable. Also the street pattern changed in this period.

The finds consist mostly of locally produced pottery from the fifth-ninth or tenth century. Also loom weights, spindles, grindstones, wall plaster, 8 beads and some glass shards were found. Metal finds are completely absent.

Literature -Van der Waals, J.D. (red.), 1968: Sporen van een nederzetting uit de Vroege Middeleeuwen te Odoorn, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 86, Groningen, 196-198.

-Van Es, W.A., 1979: Odoorn: fruhmittelalterlicheSiedung, das Fundmaterial der Grabung 1966, in Palaeohistoria 21, Groningen, 205-227.

-Waterbolk, H.T., 1973: Odoorn im fruhen Mittelalter, Bericht der Grabung 1966, in Neue Ausgrabungen und Forschungen in Niedersachsen 8, 25-89.

Site 5

Province Drenthe

Municipality Midden-Drenthe

Place Eursinge

Toponym -

Soil type sand

Start date 600

End date 800

Description The site is located on the Pesser es. Work on broadening and adapting the road offered the possibility of archaeological research. This research was carried out in several phases, between 1972 and 1975. During the excavations habitation in two separate periods was found, the early iron age and early middle ages.

The building plans are mostly dated based on typology, since very little datable finds were found in the features belonging to the structures. early medieval farmyards from the fifth/sixth and

seventh/eighth centuries were found. Besides houses, barns, granaries, a sunken-featured building and a well was located on the yards. Also a ‘furnace pit’ was found.

Literature -Lanting, J.N., 1977: Bewoningssporen uit de IJzertijd en de vroege Middeleeuwen nabij Eursinge, gem. Ruinen, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 94, 41-79.

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Site 6

Site type other/unknown

Province Drenthe

Place Anloo

Toponym Bosweg

Completeness uncertain

Soil type sand

Start date 700

End date 900

Description Several pits filled with charcoal were found, which are partly dated in the eighth and ninth century. These pits are probably the remains of burning wood for the production of charcoal.

Literature -Groenewoudt, B.J., 2005: Sporen van houtskoolproductie en landschapsdynamiek in een verdwenen bos bij Anloo, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 122, 152-162.

Site 7

Province Drenthe

Place Balloo

Toponym Balloo 20

Soil type sand

Start date 500

End date 1000

Description A large pit has been found, which can probably be identified as a water pit. In this pit pottery, stone and worked wood. Most of the pottery is Hessens-Schortens which can be dated between 500 and 800 AD. The other pottery is dated in the ninth or tenth century.

Literature -Hielkema, J.B., 2009: Plangebied Balloo 20 te Balloo, gemeente Aa en Hunze; een archeologische Begeleiding, RAAP-rapport 1892, Weesp.

Site 8

Province Drenthe

Municipality Borger-Odoorn

Place Ees

Toponym Noordes

Soil type sand

Start date 700

End date 1000

Description Excavations in advance of road construction yielded part of a main building, two outbuildings and a well.

The dating is unclear, somewhere between the eighth and eleventh century, based on pottery and typological characteristics.

Literature -Molema, J., 1992: Dwars door Drenthe: archeologisch onderzoek in het tracé van een gasleiding tussen Ommelanderwijk (gem. Veendam) en Witteveen (gem. Westerbork), Groningen.

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Municipality Midden-Drenthe

Place Hooghalen

Toponym Holtesch

Soil type sand

Start date 700

End date 900

Description The earliest excavations at this site date from the 1920's. No structures could be reconstructed from these plans. The pottery was mostly dated to Carolingian period.

In 1991 another excavation took place at roughly the same spot. A sunken hut was dated in the

eighth/ninth century based on pottery finds. The dating of two partly uncovered houseplans is uncertain.

Literature -Van Giffen, A.E., 1946: Vroeg-middeleeuwse gebouwsporen bij Hooghalen, gem. Beilen, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 64, 84-88.

-Dijkstra, Y., 1993: Middeleeuwse bewoningssporen bij Hooghalen (Dr.), in Paleoaktueel 4, 132-136.

-Dijkstra, Y./J. Jelsma, 1992: Ruilverkavelingsgebied Laaghalen en dubbel eenheidsoefenterrein De Haar. Een aanvullende archeologische kartering, inventarisatie en waardering, Groningen.

Site 10

Province Drenthe

Municipality Tynaarlo

Place Vries

Toponym Holtenweg

Soil type sand

Start date 600

End date 900

Description During building works a large pit filled with early medieval pottery was found. Other than this pit and another small pit, no settlement traces were detected. A settlement in the direct vicinity can be expected.

Literature -Harsema, O.H., 1973: Vroeg-middeleeuws aardewerk uit Vries, gem. Vries, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 90, 21-26.

Site 11

Province Drenthe

Place Schipborg

Toponym -

Soil type sand

Start date 700

End date 900

Description The site consists of a sunken hut containing Carolingian pottery.

Literature -Van Giffen, A.E., 1936: Een inheemsch-Karolingische hutkom te Schipborg, gem. Anloo, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 54, 130-133.

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Site 12

Province Drenthe

Municipality Hoogeveen

Place Pesse

Toponym Oostereng-Sportveld

Soil type sand

Start date 800

End date 900

Description Excavation on this site took place in several periods, 1972/1973 and 1981/1982 and also a small excavation in 2001.

Between 1981 and 1982 0,8 ha was excavated on the location of a sports ground. Here habitation from the ninth to the twelfth century was uncovered. In total 26 houses and 22 barns were found, of which 8 houses were ninth century. Also wells, granaries and sunken-featured buildings that have not been dated specifically are found on the site. Also large circles (9 to 10m in diameter) of pits were found, of which the function is unknown. Possibly 6 yards were occupied at the same time . In the vicinity (de zandafgraving) two wells dated in the seventh or eighth century have been found.

Literature -Harsema, O., 1983: Kroniek van vondsten en opgravingen in Drenthe in 1980 en 1981: Pesse, gem. Ruinen, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 104-105.

-Van Zeist, W./G.J. de Roller/R.M. Palfenier-Vegter/ O.H. Harsema/H. During, 1986. Plant remains of medieval sites in Drenthe (NL), in Helinium 26, 226-274.

-Reinders, H.R./H.T. Waterbolk, 2009: De archeologie en geschiedenis van Pesse. De marke van Pesse en de opgravingen in het middeleeuwse oude centrum, in Nieuwe Drentse Volksalmanak 126, 169-202.

Site 13

Province Drenthe

Municipality Coevorden

Place Sleen

Toponym Grasweg

Soil type sand

Start date 450

End date 900

Description South of the village of Noordsleen excavation took place in two phases, in 1955 and 1958. During the excavations several settlement traces were found which were dated in the early medieval

period. They consisted of one incomplete houseplan and two sunken huts. The finds were unable to provide an accurate dating.

Literature -Bruin, A./W.A. van Es, 1967. early-medieval settlement near Sleen (Drenthe), in Berichten van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 17, 129-139.

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Municipality Delfzijl

Place Woldendorp

Toponym Burg. Garreltsweg

Excavated area in ha 2

Soil type clay

Start date 750

End date 950

Description During the excavation several pits were uncovered, some of which can be dated in the Carolingian period. No buildings were recognised. The location of a hearth may indicate the location of a houseplan.

Literature -Tuinstra, S.J., 2006: Middeleeuwse bewoningssporen op de wierde van Woldendorp: een archeologische opgraving aan de Burgemeester Garreltsweg te Woldendorp, gemeente Delfzijl (Gr.), ARC-publicatie 151, Groningen.

Site 15

Province Groningen

Municipality Ten Boer

Place Ten Boer

Toponym Fivelhorn

Soil type clay

Start date 800

End date 1200

Description During digging works several archaeological features were uncovered. The site was interpreted as an elevated house place. No buildings could be reconstructed, the well is

possibly from a later (not Carolingian) phase. Half of the pottery is dated in the ninth/tenth century. The settlement was inhabited from the ninth century and probably continued until the twelfth century.

Literature -Dijkstra, Y., 1998: Archeologisch onderzoek van Middeleeuwse bewoningssporen bij AZC Fivelhorn, gem. Ten Boer, ARC-publicatie 19, Groningen.

Site 16

Province Groningen

Municipality Delfzijl

Place Farmsum

Toponym Heveskesklooster

Soil type clay

Start date 800

End date 1300

Description The habitation of this terp started in de second half of the first century. This first settlement phase lasted until the start of the fifth century. The early medieval habitation started around 800, based on

the pottery finds and several fibulae. On the terp in this period the remains of two sod-walled houses were uncovered, probably belonging to different phases.

Literature -Boersma, J.W., 1988: Een voorlopig overzicht van het archeologisch onderzoek van de wierde Heveskesklooster (Gr.), in M. Bierma et al. (ed.), Terpen en wierden in het Fries-Groningse kustgebied, Groningen, 61-87.

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Site 17

Province Friesland

Municipality Dongeradeel

Place Foudgum

Toponym Foudgum

Soil type clay

Start date 700

End date 950

Description This terp was partly destroyed at the beginning of the twentieth century. During the excavations fourteen levels were documented. Habitation on the site was divided into five phases, of which the fourth was the Carolingian phase. To this phase belonged a house of which the stable section was uncovered, a barn and a well.

Literature -De Langen, G.J., 1992: Middeleeuws Friesland. De economische ontwikkeling van het gewest Oostergo in de vroege en volle middeleeuwen, Groningen (PhD-thesis Rijksuniversiteit Groningen).

Site 18

Province Friesland

Municipality Harlingen

Place Wijnaldum

Toponym Terp Tjitsma

Soil type clay

Start date 750

End date 950

Description The terp was continuously inhabited between 100 and 1100 AD. In this period there was always one farmyard, with one main building. Between 750 and 950 three different habitation phases are distinguished, with three corresponding main buildings. In the sixth phase (750-800) a three-aisled longhouse can be reconstructed, although this is not clear. The building would have been a combination between sod-walls and a wooden framework. The seventh and eighth phases (800- 850 and 850-950) have for a large part disappeared due to erosion. The main building now consisted of a sod building with poles on stones. Sunken huts can be assigned to each phase. A total of 18

wells have been dated in this period. A few coins from the second half of the ninth/beginning of the tenth century mark the end of the habitation at the terp.

Literature -Gerrets, D.A./ J. de Koning, 1999: Settlement development on the Wijnaldum-Tjitsma terp, in J.M. Besteman et al. (eds.), The excavations at Wijnaldum. Reports on Frisia in Roman and medieval times 1, Rotterdam, 73-125.

-Besteman, J.C./J.M. Bos/H.A. Heidinga, 1992: Graven naar Friese koningen. De opgraving in Wijnaldum, Franeker.

-Schoneveld, J., 1991: Het archeologisch onderzoek van de terp van Wijnaldum (gem. Harlingen);

een eerste impressie, in Westerheem 40, 198-201.

-Zijlstra, J., 1991: Fins Fibula? Belangwekkende vroeg-middeleeuwse vondsten te Wijnaldum,in Westerheem 40, 51-62.

-Tulp, C., 1997: early Medieval Metal-working at the Terp Tjitsma (Frisia, The Netherlands), in G.

de Boe/F. Verhaeghe (eds.), Material Culture in Medieval Europe. Papers of the ‘Medieval Europe Brugge 1997’ Conference, volume 7, 53-59.

-Bos, J.M., 1991: Hernieuwd Fries terpenonderzoek: de opgraving bij Wijnaldum (Fr.), in Bulletin van de (Koninklijke) Nederlandse Oudheidkundige Bond 90, 143-144.

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Municipality Ferwerderadiel

Place Hallum

Toponym Hof van Hallum

Soil type clay

Start date 650

End date 950

Description Habitation at this site started in the second/third century. In the Carolingian period the terp was extended. Four different yards can be distinguished. For the whole period a total of 7 houses, 3 barns, 1 sunken hut and 1 well have been found.

Literature -Nicolay, J.A.W. & S.J. Tuinstra & J.R. Veldhuis 2009: Hallum, een welvarend dorp aan de monding van de Middelzee. Een archeologische oppgraving te Hallum, gem. Ferwerderadeel (Fr.), ARC-Publicaties 205, Groningen.

Site 20

Province Friesland

Municipality Franekeradeel

Place Tzum

Toponym Tritsum

Soil type clay

Start date 700

End date 900

Description The terp was inhabited from the iron age. In the Carolingian period the settlement moved toward the north of the terp. This is mainly based on the distribution of the pottery. In total, 30 wells, 300 pits and 60 sunken huts have been found. No buildings have been reconstructed so far.

Only one of the sunken huts was specifically dated to the Carolingian period. Of all the pottery 33 sherds were from the Carolingian period.

Literature -Taayke, E./E. Knol, 1992: Het vroeg-middeleeuwse aardewerk van Tritsum, gem. Franekeradeel (Fr.), in Paleo-aktueel 3, 84-88.

-Waterbolk, H.T., 1961: Beschouwingen naar aanleiding van de opgravingen te Tristum, gem.

Franekeradeel, in It Beaken 23, 216-226.

-Knol, E., 1993: De Noordnederlandse kustlanden in de Vroege Middeleeuwen, Groningen (PhD-thesis Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam), 121-123.

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Site 21

Province Friesland

Municipality Leeuwarden

Place Leeuwarden

Toponym Oldehoofsterkerkhof

Soil type clay

Start date 725

End date 900

Description Habitation at the terp started in the first century AD. A number of well-preserved houseplans from the Roman period have been found, which is exceptional for Frisia. In the fourth century the site is abandoned and reoccupied in de fifth century.

Strikingly, at the start of the Carolingian period, the whole terp was raised at once by 60 to 80 centimetres. The terp was also extended towards the north and east. There were

probably three to four farms simultaneously at the site.

Literature -Dijkstra, J./J.A.W. Nicolay (eds.), 2008: Een terp op de schop. Archeologisch onderzoek op het Oldehoofsterkerkhof te Leeuwarden, ADC Monografie 3, Amersfoort.

Site 22

Province Groningen

Municipality De Marne

Place Leens

Toponym Tuinsterwierde

Soil type clay

Start date 575

End date 850

Description The terp was excavated by Van Giffen in 1939 in seven layers. Few finds were collected.

In total 11 phases could be distinguished, dating from the late sixth to the early ninth centuries. Precise dating of the different phases was not possible, although the last two have been dated in the

ninth century by Van Giffen based on surface finds. The stllements configuration during each of the different phases shows that houses were consistently built on the same spot.

Literature -Van Giffen, A.E., 1940: Een systematisch onderzoek in een der Tuinsterwierden te Leens, in Jaarverslag van de Vereniging voor Terpenonderzoek 20-24 (1935-1939), 26-117.

-Knol, E., 1993: De Noordnederlandse kustlanden in de Vroege Middeleeuwen, Groningen (PhD-thesis Vrije Universitiet Amsterdam).

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Municipality Winsum

Place Ezinge

Toponym -

Soil type clay

Start date 675

End date 900

Description The site was excavated between 1925 and 1934 by Van Giffen, and has only been partially

published. Occupation of the site started in the early iron age. Many houses dated to the second and third century were found. Merovingian and Carolingian finds were located only at the north side

of the site. Here some sunken huts have also been dated in the 'early middle ages'. The terp was probably extended in the Merovingian or Carolingian period.

Literature -De Langen, G.J./H.T. Waterbolk, 1989: De archeologie van Ezinge. De nederzettings- en onderzoeksgeschiedenis van een Gronings terpdorp, in Jaarverslagen van de Vereniging voor Terpenonderzoek 66-72, 78-111.

-Van Giffen, A.E., 1936: Der Warf in Ezinge, Provinz Groningen, Holland, und seine westgermaischen Hauser, in Germania 20, 40-70.

-Waterbolk, H.T./J.W. Boersma, 1976: Bewoning in voor- en vroeghistorische tijd, in Historie van Groningen- Stad en Land, Groningen, 13-74.

-Waterbolk, H.T., 1991: Ezinge, in Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde 8, 60-76.

Site 24

Province Groningen

Municipality De Marne

Place Ulrum

Toponym Asingahof

Soil type clay

Start date 700

End date 800

Description The only available information mentions a farmhouse of which the posts have been

dendrochronologically dated between 731 and 741AD. Below the habitation level lay a three meter thick layer in which organic remains were well preserved.

Literature -Groenendijk, H.A., 1998: Sector behoud- provinciaal archeologen- Groningen, in Jaarverslag van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 1995-1996, 43.

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Site 25

Province Overijsel

Municipality Dalfsen

Place Dalfsen

Toponym De Gerner Marke

Excavated area in ha 4

Soil type sand

Start date 725

End date 900

Description The earliest settlement at this site was around the start of the first century AD, which lasted until the third century. After this the site was abandoned for a time. Occupation started again in the eighth century and continued until the eleventh or twelfth century. In this period the settlement was spread over two locations, closely related to a natural depression in the terrain. From the eighth century a remarkable increase in the number of outbuildings appears.

The medieval pottery is mainly handmade, only a small part of it was imported in the Carolingian period.

Literature -Blom, E./S. Wyns/H. van der Velde, 2006: Dalfsen 'De Gerner Marke", ADC-rapport 766, Amersfoort.

-Hulst, R.A., 2003: Gemeente Dalfsen, Gernermarke. Aanvullend archeologisch onderzoek, BAAC- rapport A-03.0020, ‘s-Hertogenbosch.

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Municipality Borne

Place Borne

Toponym Hoefblad

Soil type sand

Start date 750

End date 900

Description All traces are dated in the Carolingian period. The two houses overlap, however it is not certain which is the oldest. North of both houseplans lay some pits, two wells and some outbuildings, between which a burial was found. Only the northern boundary of the site could be established. 100 m west of the excavation a Carolingian well was dsicovered in 1988. Among the finds was a bronze bracelet.

The finds contained in the burial included a sword and 16 denarii, dated between 790 and 840.

Literature -Verlinde, A.D., 1988: Borne, in Jaarverslag van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 1987, 115-116.

-Verlinde, A.D., 1989: Archeologische Kroniek van Overijssel 1988: Borne Hoefblad, in Overijsselse Historische Bijdragen 104, 182-188.

-Verlinde, A.D., 1989: Borne, in Jaarverslag van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 1988, 123.

-Verlinde, A.D., 1990: Archeologische Kroniek van Overijssel 1989: Borne Hoefblad, in Overijsselse Historische Bijdragen 105, 147-150.

Site 27

Province Overijsel

Municipality Dinkelland

Place Rossum

Toponym Haarstraat

Soil type sand

Start date 750

End date 900

Description In Rossum a small excavation yielding Carolingian traces was conducted in 1988. In terms of buildings, only a four-post granary was distinguishable. A well containing 20kg of pottery was also found, of which

all but a very small Badorf sherd was handmade.

Literature -Verlinde, A.D., 1989: Archeologische Kroniek over 1988: Rossum, gem. Weerselo, in Overijsselse Historische Bijdragen 104, 180-182.

-Verlinde, A.D., 1989: Rossum, gem. Weerselo 2, in Jaarverslag van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek 1988, 51.

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Site 28

Province Overijsel

Municipality Enschede

Place Enschede

Toponym Usseler es

Excavated area in ha

Soil type sand

Start date 700

End date 900

Description Only one houseplan that has been identified as 'Odoorn C', dating it between 700 and 900. There are no finds from this period however, and no other features that are dated in the eighth or ninth century. Therefore the dating is unlikely.

Literature -Van der Weerden, J.F, 2008: Enschede Usseler es, Aanvullend Archeologisch Onderzoek, BAAC-rapport A-07.0398, ‘s-Hertogenbosch.

Site 29

Province Overijsel

Municipality Wierden

Place Wierden

Toponym Huurne

Soil type sand

Start date 750

End date 900

Description From the ninth century onwards there was one yard at the same location. Habitation was moved to a different spot in the twelfth century. At least 5 times a new house was built on the same spot, one (and possibly two) of which can be dated in the Carolingian period.

Literature -Prangsma, N.M./H. Vanneste, 2005: Middeleeuwse bewoning in Huurne, gemeente Wierden, Definitief archeologisch onderzoek in het tracé van de A35 bij Wierden, ADC-rapport 473, Amersfoort.

Site 30

Province Overijsel

Municipality Deventer

Place Colmschate

Toponym Colmschate

Soil type sand

Start date 750

End date 800

Description In the area 'het Swormink' multiple excavations have taken place between 1995 and 1996 at

different locations. Archaeological traces of all periods have been found. During a small-scale excavation an eighth century house was found. A well was located north of the house, of which the wood has been dated in 751 AD. More traces from this period are to be expected in the surrounding area, but have not been excavated as yet.

Literature -Ten Bosch, F./M. Groothedde/B. Groenewoudt, 1997: De archeologie van ‘het Swormink’. Over bewoningsexpansie en –continuïteit in Colmschate (gem. Deventer), in Westerheem 46, 22-40.

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Municipality Hengelo

Place Hengelo

Toponym Hasselo

Soil type sand

Start date 725

End date 900

Description A development plot situated along the Cor Lemairestraat yielded a large portion of a Carolingian houseplan. The boat-shaped building is of the Gasselte A or B type and measured approximately 20m by 5-6m. Finds were mainly discovered in pits surrounding the building. Additionally a rectangular ditch, roughly enclosing an area the size of a houseplan was found which is thought to have been an enclosure for keeping sheep.

Literature -Verlinde, A.D., 1987: Archeologische kroniek van Overijssel over 1985: Hasselo, gem. Hengelo, Overijsselse Historische Bijdagen 101, 146-148.

-Verlinde, A.D. 1986: Hengelo, Jaarverslag van de Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, 118.

Site 32

Province Overijsel

Municipality Hardenberg

Place Hardenberg

Toponym Baalder

Soil type sand

Start date 700

End date 900

Description The finds are almost exclusively dated in the Carolingian period. The vast majority of the pottery was handmade. Three houses were discovered, of which two were built on the same spot.

Literature -Verlinde, A.D., 1983: Karolingische bewoning te Baalder, gem. Hardenberg (Ov.), in Westerheem 32, 20-26.

-Verlinde, A.D., 1983: Een herinterpretatie van de Karolingische grondsporen te Baalder (Ov.), in Westerheem 32, 365-370.

-Van Beek, R./A.G. Kleinjan, 1980: Vroeg-middeleeuws aardewerk uit Baalder, gemeente Hardenberg (Ov.), Westerheem 29, 401-404.