Liman, Bala Mohammedr (2015) Conflict and identity in Nigeria: an emerging culture of conflict in northern Nigeria. PhD Thesis. SOAS, University of London
http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/23674
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YG8!PASP+C?>AS!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!:[H!
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FGF!.IB7>.>ASB+!>S?.>.C.>AS?!BS7!?U+Z!7U.UI%>SB.>AS!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8:F!
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[G9!>S.IA7CP.>AS!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!889!
[G:!.VU!6IAPU??!AZ!7U+UR>.>%>?B.>AS!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!889!
[G8!PAS.IA++>SR!.VU!SBIIB.>^U?N!.VU!%U7>B!BS7!.VU!IB7>PB+>?B.>AS!AZ!SBIIB.>^U?!>S!
S>RUI>B!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!88T!
[GT!IB7>PB+>?U7!SBIIB.>^U?!BS7!7U+UR>.>%>?B.>AS!>S!S>RUI>B!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8TY!
[GTG:!Z)#4!&3!%0/$,(!^,&$)-=)!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8TF!
[GTG8G!Z)#4!&3!S&42')4-!%0/$,(!7&(,-#2,&-!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8W9!
[GTGT!%0/$,(!S#44#2,D)/!P'#$$)-5,-5!P'4,/2,#-!S#44#2,D)/!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8WT!
[GW!PAS?UgCUSPU?!AZ!7U+UR>.>%>?B.>AS!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8W[!
[G;!PASP+C?>AS!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8;9!
!2)>'+.(Y/(=100).,P(>"%&!,(.+!"00+#*)'&"#=()#*(!"#!%1=&"#(IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(X_Z!
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HG:!RA^UIS%US.!UZZAI.?!B.!SB.>ASB+!>S.URIB.>AS!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8YW!
HG:G:!C-,2E!?='&&$/!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8YW!
HG:G8!.')!S#2,&-#$!X&02'!?)4D,=)!?=')()!hSX?Pi!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8Y;!
HG:GT!64)3)4)-2,#$!6&$,=,)/N!.')!Z)*)4#$!P'#4#=2)4!64,-=,<$)!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8YF!
HG:GW!6&$,2,=#$!U-5,-))4,-5!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8F9!
HG8!IU^UI?>SR!.VU!7U+UR>.>%>?B.>AS!6IAPU??!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8F8!
HG8G:!S&-a?2#2)!B=2&4/!#-*!B$2)4-#2,D)!S#44#2,D)/!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8F;!
HG8G8!.')!I&$)!&3!S&-a?2#2)!B=2&4/!#-*!.4#*,2,&-#$!>-/2,202,&-/!,-!P&-3$,=2!I)/&$02,&-!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8F[!
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HGW!>%6IA^>SR!.VU!?AP>B+!PAS.IBP.!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8[;!
HG;!IU>%BR>S>SR!U.VS>P>.X!BS7!IU+>R>AS!>S!6A+>.>P?N!.A\BI7?!?.IASRUI!AI!\UBQUI!
>7US.>.>U?]!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8[F!
HGY!PC..>SR!AZZ!.VU!SA?U!.A!?6>.U!.VU!ZBPUN!PB++?!ZAI!6BI.>.>AS!BS7!?UPU??>AS!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!8HW!
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HGH!PASP+C?>AS!GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG!T99! .+$+.+#!+=(IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII(ZWX!
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