THE !'ERR 271
that poor woman to live would have been to suffer. Since ruy friends have gone to live in (the) town, I feel very lonely. Why did (are) you not come and tell me that you had no money to pay your tram fare? Can't you tead1 that boy to speak properly? To try is to succeed.
2.
[On § XY, ~'he use of Tenses, and § l V, The use of the Auxiliaries hebben and zijn.]
While I was :;weeping this morning, l fourn.l the lost ring. Did you tell the man not to go to the front door? I wonuer (.:on u:el eens willen weten) what (er) has become of my cousin, who left for America two year:; ago. 'Vhen shall l see you again (Present tense)? To-day
(over) fortnight. 'J'he l!'rench have gradually extended iheir power in Madagascar. .My brother has just arrived in time for ihe concert. I have been walking about the whole moming, anu feel very tired. Did you walk or <lriYe to the :;tation? l walked, because I found I had plenty of time. To-day week (over ecn week) we intend leaving for :Natal. How uid the fire originate? lly the earelessnes:; of a man who lit his pipe in the workshop, and dropped the burning match among the shavings. I have cro:;sed the brook without the lem1t tronhle. There have been poor people at all time:;. How long has this eornpany been in existence (exi:_...ted)? 1t w:1:; tis) founded in 188G. These girhi have grown wry much since last I saw them. 'J'he acciuent would not have happened, if the guard had remained at his post.: Since the boy':; father died he hm:i had to (rnocten) provide for himself.
3.
[Un §§TX, X .~, n, c, The 118<' of the l'a;;sive.]
fhe flowers are beiug planted b,1 the gardener this morning. Has he been told where io plant them? Yes, I told him (that) they should he planted along the grass
272 THFJ STANDARD DUTCH GRAMJ!AR
border. All the~:;e exercises were (have been) correrted by the teacher this morning. Thi.s child is (being)
puni.shed for the second time today. Jf I had been warned in time, I should not have got into trouble. M.r room will be pavered to-monow. I >id .vou think the child would he pnnished for not knowing (because he did not know) his lesson? lie certainly ought to (behoorde) have been punisbeu. I was present when the names of the applicants were (being) read out. lf the new town
hall had been built of hewn stone, it would look more impm;ing. If the murderer were found out, he would be banged. The camel is found in the desert regions of Africa and Asia. Heavy firing was going on when I left the camp. Flowers should (behorcn) not be picked while the snn is hot. Is enough wheat raised in this country to meet the demands of consumption? \Vas the boy told (had - been told) to attend to the horse?
4.
[On § X, A, B, and c_. The use of zijn and worden.] J'ra111:1late into English:
Zou u tevreden geweest zijn, als men u de helft van uw loon (earnings) onthouden (kept bacl~) had? 1''aarom werd de kerkklok van middag geluid (to ring)? Omdat een va.n de oudste bewoners van het dorp, diP gestorven is, begraven werd. De boot zou gisteren avond al aan-gekomen zijn, als de wind niet zo tegen (contrary) ge-·weeRt waR. De bomen zijn van hnn laatste bladeren beroofd (deprived) door de wind en regen van de laatste dagen. De lichten in de kerk waren om zes uur al aan-gestoken (Tit). De kracht van de stoom is op zeer een-voudige wijze door Sir Isaac Newton ontdekt. Is uw lJroeder reeds vertrokkPn? Is uw oom tot magistraat benoemd ( u ppointed) ? Ts uw vriend bevoegd (qualified)
tot het vervullen van zulk een gewichtige ( i'.mportant) betrekking ( po8t) ? Geschiedenis wordt in die school
THE VERB 273
niet ult boeken geleerd, maar alles wordt de kinderen vertel<l. Zijn al uw paarden beslagen (shod)'? De bomen waren uiet omgehakt, toeu ik de grond koeht. 1 k zou uiet zo augRtig geweest ziju, als mij niet. verteld was, ·<lat de i:ipoorlijn door de zware regens op verscheidene plaatsen weggespoeld (washed away) was. l>e haas is door de jager neergeschoten, nadat hij door de hond opgejaagd was (ltad started him). Was de man niet ziek .geworden, dan zou dit werk al Jang klaar zijn.
5.
ron § X, A, B, and c, The different renderings of "to be'' as a Copulative and an Auxiliary of Voice.] Do not take the bread out of the oven. it is not suffi-ciently baked yet. ,\Jl the cake ha::; bee11 eate11 hy ihe children. lf there had been time, these boxes would have heen 1:1belled. 'I'he peculiar properties of tlw load--stone were known to the Chinese long Lefore the compass
was introduced into Europe by the Venetian trilYelle.r Marco Polo. If f had been called in time, I shonl<l not have been late for breakfast. The dictionary ha::; been carefully revised, so that the new edition will be mueh improved. The child would have been delighted, if ::;he had been asked to take part in the entertainment. During ihat severe winter all our rivers were frozen over, and there was a good deal of (er iccrd veel) skating and sledging ( schaatsen gereden en ge.~leed). The poor child was Ro frightfully burned that his lif'P was despaired of from the first (van ltct begin af). The poor man would have been satisfied if he had only been told that his child was out of danger. 'l'here have been several fires on tlie mountains round about lately, and it is to be feared (to fear) that the wood about some of the fountains has l•een destroyed. Would you have believed this man to be (that . _ . was) capable of such a vile act?
274 THE STANDARD DUTOH GRAMMAR
6.
[On § XIY, The translation of the Pres. and Past Part.J ~Iy father is very fond of walking. 1 saw the man picking up the letter. It is only l.Jy working from early morning till late at night, that the poor widow has been able to provide for her children thus far (tot nn toe).
Early rising is conduciYe to (the) health. Thinking the child had gone with his father, the mother was not anxious at not finding him (when she did not find him) on (bi_i) her return home (thniskomst). Crossing this hridge at night is very dangerous. Haying lost the letter, the boy ran home in grrat distress. The young
people spent the evening (rnet) dancing and playing
games. Travelling in foreign countries is not only pleasant but instructive. Walking up St. John's Street thi.s morning, T met an old college friend of mine (see
Chapter VIII, p. 188). Columbus supposed that (he),
by Railing dne west [heJ would reach India. The boy not noticing that he kept making (continually (steeds)
made) the Rarne rniRtake, spent an hour trying
to
get his sum right. On hearing his father'R haril acrusation the young man left the house in desµair. 'l'be boyR, not being aware of thP depth of the riYei·, wPre on the point of jumping in, when 1 calledto
them. What have you been doing this morning'! I have been reading in my room. Harn you ever heard ~1isR B. recite? My mother asks me to tell you, that she will come to see you before you leave. As a laRt re!'murce the poor man haR gone to work in the mineR.7.
[On § XTI (b), and Kote, The use of the Subjunctive Mood.]
Translate into Dutch, employing the Subjuncti?:e ]I.food:
llad you done your duty, you would have been reward-ed. l:IioweYer that be, I know that I cannot trust him.
THE VERB· 275
,~·ere he in better circumstances, he would not he so sad. If he had done right, he would have no fear. If I were your teacher, I should not allow it. Whatever may happen, I shall remain true to you. Be that as it may, I consider myself free to think as I choose. If he had only had a loving mother, he would not have been so reckless. 1f the doctor had a larger practice, he would be happier. 'l'hat would never have occurred, had he had you to advise him. If every man were prudent and conscientious, there would be very little poverty. (The) Heaven grant that I may see my native country once more ! God forbid that you should ever steal. May the king grant our urgent request! May Son1h Africa once be one large united country!
8.
[On §XIX, and Chap. VIII, p. 186, Obs. 6, Reflexive Yerbs and the use of zelf.]
My brother has hurt himself on the knee, while chop-ping down the old apple-tree at the back of ( acliter in)
the garden. I find I have not been mistaken in the good opinion I had of that young girl. Fancy, when I came home this morning, I heard that my dog had died. Why do you want me to do (that I should do) a thing which yon would not do your·self'! When we were at the farm, we bathed in the large pond every morning before sun-rise. InsteaJ of repenting of his misdeeds, this young fellow boasts of (it) having (that he has) deceived his employer so cleverly. Are you going out this morning? No, I have changed my mind; I shall rather stay at home and prepare for the reading class this evening. You ought to be ashamed of yourself; this is the second time (that I you have failed iu the examination. The pioneers who settled in Mm;honaland have had to put up with many hardships. Before going out to a new country, these young people ought to have made sure of what
27U THE S'l'ANDARD JJC'l'GH GRAMMAR
remember (that) I told you at the time (that) you should hesitate to accept so much kindness from a mere stranger? I cannot understand why your brother did not complain of the unjust treatment he was undergoing at school (die hem aangedaan werd). He did not do so, hecause he would rather suffer himself, than bring dis-grace on his schoolmates.
9.
[On § XXVI, Note 3, Compound Verbs changing their
meaning according to the way the accent falls.] Just (to ch eens) weigh this letter oyer again, I am afraid it is overweight. My brother has been travelling all over Europe ( doorreizen) ; and has brought a fine collection of views and curios from the different coun-tries he has visited. Our gardener predicts ( voorspellen)
fine weather for to-morrow, and as the old man very rarely makes a mistake, I think we can safely arrange for the picnic. All these years this young girl has pro-vided for her mother. The man seemed so convinced of the truth of my statement, that he walked away without uttering a ( enlcel) word in reply. When I returned to the study, I found that the inkpot had been upset over my work, and that the ink had penetrated (door . . . hecn-gcdrongen) (the) most of my papers, so that I had to write the greater (greatest) part of my work over again.
It was quite touching to see the clerk, when my father told him that he would overlook his misdeed, and give him a chance to undo the past; the tears rushed to his eyes (him in the eyes), and he had the greatest difficulty to keep down his emotion. I have carefully considered the contents of this letter, but llie t hoe) more I think of it (erover), the more (des te) convinced I feel (my-self) that the report is much exaggerated. ~fany of the railway accidents that have happened in the course of this year might have been prevented, if the persons
'l'llE VERB :.!77 i•esponsible had simply done their duty. The sun was
(aan het) setting as we reached home. The heayy rain-clouds were dispersing; the moon rose stately behind the pine-wood, and threw her soft light over the peaceful. earth.
10.
[On § XXII, Impersonal Verbs.]
You must have been surprised not to see me at the station, since I made an appointment to meet you there; but as it was very windy and I had a bad cold, I could 11ot venture out. I was very sorry, indeed, to miss my last opportunity of seeing you before your departure.
It had been raining and blowing all (the whole) night, but in the morning the clouds parted, and the rising sun brought rest to nature and joy to man and beast. I have been instructed (to me is instructed) to inform you, that the council have (has) L!een pleased to accpde to your request. It did strike me (insert •wel,') that your friend did not look well, but I had no idea (that) he was really ill. Of course you are free to do as you please, lmt it is so misty this evening, that 1 think it would be very risky for you to go out. T am grieved to hear you speak so disrespectfully of your teachers; even if they should be to blame (scltitld lzeb/Jen) in this matter, you have no right to speak like that (so). I was overtaken by such a severe thunderstorm on my way io ihe village, that I had to take shelter in a deserted hut that happened to be near (die zich geluklcig in de nabijheid 'bcrond). l do not recollect ever to have witnessed such thunder and lighining. lt struck me that the reading was particularly good at that school; it certainly reflects great credit on the teacher who has (the) charge of that particular branch of instruction. I do not know what is the matter with this tree, that it will not grov1. ~:V watch differs so much from the station-clock, that l very nearly
278 THE FITANDARD DUTCH GRAJJfMAR
missed the train. It would have made a great difference to me, if I had had someone to show me how to do the work. He does not care if he has to work hard, as long . as he earns enough to support his family.
11.
The English Verb "to mean" has various. equivalents in Dutch.
1. Menen, in the sense of "to be disposed" and "to be in earnest":
IIij mecnt Ttct goed met zijn :won, he means well with his son.
JJ1eent u wat tt zcgt? do you menu whnt you say?
2. Bedoelen or mcncn, with the strengtl1 of "to wisll to imply":
Jlij mrwn<lc dat hij zclf 1.rilde gnnn, he meant (by what he said) that he wanted to go himself.
U /Jedocldc lwt lictcr clan u h<:t zei, you meant it better tlrnu ~·ou said it.
3. Bctcl.:enen, witll the force of J'Jng. "to signifs·•.
Jlct upsteken ran cc:n witte clag bctekmit 1:rede, the flying of a white flag means peace.
lfrt H:oonl "nrl.;entelilrhcid" betekent "dankbaarheid", tile wor<l "gratitude" means "thankfulness''.
4. Van plan zijn,with the special meaning of "to intend".
n.,
iras 1·an plan de koerant te ga,an lezen, I meant to go and read the paper.Zij i.~ 1.·an plan, mij dlit present te ge1·en, she means to make ine a vresent of this.
5. A. spePial sense in which the Dutch 1nenm1 is used, is that of "being of opinion", on acount of whiell it is in that sense commonly translated by "to think" :
Mcent 11, <lat het te duur is? do you think it too expensive? The verb menen, so used, is always followed by a Noun sentence
TH1i1 VBRB 279 If he meant al (that) he said, be would not be so kind to me. Do you mean, that you would rather be in the Transvaal than in Natal? The girls meant that they had not been in your garden, and had therefore not picked your flowers. The woman always meant (it) well with that ungrateful son of hers (of her). Did he really think it was too far for him to walk to Wellington"? No, but Le meant, I think, that his feet might (would perhaps) get (become) sore. I am sure (er zekcr van) (that) he did not mean (that) his brother
to
(should) read his letters! It was a shame for him to do so (that he did it) ! What did you think the word meant? 0, I thought it meant something wrong, but my brother was of opinion that it had quite a different meaning. You knew that he meant it, did you not (nict waar)? ·what he means is that it is not right for you to (that you) go to such a place. I always meant to ask my father for the book, but whenever ( wa,nneer . . . ook) I saw him, I forgot it.It has meant a good deal (heel wat) to him, that his brother would not share the profit ·with him. You mean, the potatoes are too expensfre? You had better ask your mother ( 1waag lzet maar cens aan) ; she knows more about ( 11un) these (die) things than you do.
12. A.
Commit to memory the following idionrntic expressions:
I ean give it. I could giYe it.
I can have giveu it, I could have gi veu it.
Ile lean het 11even. lk /Gon het geven. II• zou hct kunnr11 gercn. lk lwb het lcunnen gcven. lk had lwt l•un1wn gecen. Ile zou het hebben lcunnen geccn.
I shall be able to give it, Iii: zal 11ct l•unnen geren.
I shall have lJeen a!Jle to give it. lk zal het ltebben kunnen geven.
I could not get the book, even if I wanted to (zelfs
niet al wou ik). You can get some (wat) apples for me,
2b0 TIIE STANDARD DUTCH GRAMMAR
they are all gone ( weg) . I shall not be alJle to ask rn v brother to-day, because he is not at home. He could send me some money, if he wanted to, but I believe (that) he does not want to (het niet wil). Thev cannot finish that work in a day! they could not finish' it in a week! We could have come, if we had known that you were in (the) town.
12. B.
Likewise the following idiomatic expressions: Will he give it me?
Would he give it to me?
Will he have given it?
Would he have given it?
Can he give it to me? Could he give it to me? Can he have given it?
Could he have given it?
Zal hij het mij gei·en? Zal 7z ij het m ij u·illcn geven? Zou hij het rnij geven? Zou hij hct mij 'Willen geven? Zrzl hij ltet _qegei-en hebben? Zal hij hct hebben willen uevenl 7'ou hij het gf'gcven hcbbcn?
Zou, llij Tl.rt hr7>7wn 1rillf'n rir1·cn?
Kan ltij hat rnij gcvenl'
Zal lti.i ltrt 111ij lcunncn .ocren? f\on ltij ltf't mij gevon?
Zon ltij hct mij lcunncn urrcn? Kan ltij hct fJrgf'rcn lwbbcn? Ifoeft hij het kunncn ge1•en? Zal hij het hebben Twnnen ge1•cn'!
Kon hij het grgeren hebbcn? Jlnd hfj lwt kunnen geven'!
Zou hij het hebben kunnen
geven?
I could not haye shown you the picture, if you had not 11een in the room. Do you think (that) he would give me a shilling, if I asked for it (erom)? Can he help me with m.v exercise? Yes, he could help yon if he would. Would you not bring me a glass of water? Could they not do P.omething for the poor woman? They could no doubt sing that song, if they only wanted to (wilden). How can that boy ever have given sucb. a disrespectful answer? How
THE VERB 281
could yonr sisters lrnve gone to (the) church without you'? W onld you fake this letter to the post for me, my child? Yes, [I would], if I only knew where the post-office was. 'Yould your father give you permission, do you think? How could he? I was (have been) out yesterday, and T may never go more thau once a week. But, Jane, could you not <;ew on those buttons? I could even do it myself, l thiuk ! Could you? well, try then (llet ecns). I am sure yon eanuot sew !
13. A.
Rhoulcl, oug·ht to, as translated hy the Yerh belwl'en (see page 204).
Learn the following :
He should suy so, (Present) Jlij bcl10orcle hct tc zcggcn.
He should have sai<l so, (Past) IIij bclworde lzet gezegdi te hebben.
Tl ij had hct behoren te zeggcn.
vVe ought to do as you say. You should not speak in (op) this way. My brother should have gone this morning. The butcher should have called today, but he has not done so (hct). Should he not state why he has been absent this morning? Should we not have said that we were very sorry that this had occurred? \Yhy do you answer me like this ?-you onght to he ashamed of yourself. A teacher ought to be careful about (met) praising his pupils. You should read that book, my
friend; that would be better than to idle away your time in this way. Should our neighbours share the expense of hnilding this wall, or have we to bear it all alone'! He ought to apply to the government for a situation. You should have laid out your garden as I have laid out mine. Rhe should not have been out on (such) a cold night
282 THE S1'A1WARD Df.iTCII GRAMMAR
13. B.
"To have to'' "to Le to'', ''to be bouucl to" synonymous with "must", are translated by the verb moeten.
Lellrn the following:
'rile \Joy has to (is to) work, The hoy had to (wus to) work. The hoy has had to work (is
to have worked).
The boy hacl had to work (was to have worlwll).
1 Jc jongcn rnoet werkqn.
D<: junyen mucst werlcen. De jongcn hceft moetcn wcrkcn. De jongcn ltatl •moct<'n inwl;en.
The boy will have to worJ{, fie jongrn zal moetcu wcrkcn.
'nm boy will have Imel to wo1·J;:, De jongcn zal ltebl!en 11wctr'n
werlcen.
l f I am to do all this work before 12 o'clock, you must learn me in peace. The gardener will have to dear up all the ru!JbiRh before he goes.
,-nu
the boy have to say his lesRons this aft eruoon, or to-morrow morning? It is hard to have to go [all] this (whole) way alone. Were you to take the leiler to the post, or to the man's priYate house? l i-:hould h:we taken it to his house, but l put a stamp on i1 and pm;tecl it. You will be bound to acknowledge that 1 have done you no wrong. "'ould it do (go) to make llnten) him Rtay three uightR ~ (per) Wl'ek? Ii would hardly do, for he would have to go home all alone in the dark. You are not to go beyond tbe church-mind (hour 1·what I say. If people were alwayR to he punished for what they do wrong, there would be little plemmre in (the) life. You are to accompany your father to Bmope, you said. Yes, out T do not likl' leadng motlw1· alone. 'l'o haw to 'vork for one's daily bread is a plea~m·p to some people and a great hardship ( verdrict) to others. It would have done him good to have had to practice strict obedience at the boarding school. Xow [that] he is gone, l shall be bound to go as well.
THE VERB 283
14. A.
Commit to memory the following idiomatic expressions: We make him say it,
We made him say it, We have made him say it,
Wij laten !wt hern zeyycn. \l'ij lietcn het hem zeggcn.
lrij he/Juen het hem laten zeg-gen.
We had made him say it, Wij hadllen het hrm laten zeg-gcn.
We shall make him say it, lrij z11llcn hct hem luten
zeg-gen.
We shall have made hilll suy it, ffij zullcn lict hem hcbucn laten ;;:rggen.
We made the poor bird sing by whistling to it. Will you make the child write his exercise over again? He makes me laugh when he looks at (naar) me. If you do not lend me your pencil, so that I can put down the name you will make me forget the message. The sun makes the moon shine by night, and the moon again makes the stars glitter less brightly than they do on (in) clear but dark nights. The wind was so violent that it made the forest
trees (trees in the forest) [to] tremble. We shall
undoubtedly have made him confess before yon come back. To make him go against his will, would be both unpleasant for him and awkward for us. l f you do not learn your lessons for tomorrow, my ehilll, I shall make you write them ont.
14. B. Learn likewise the following idioms: I have the tloor washed,
I hau the floor washed, I have had the floor washetl, I had had tile floor waslwtl, I shall ha ye the floor washctl, I shall haYe hau the floor
washed,
lk laat de l"locr u-asscn. fk lict rlc t'locr tcassrn.
fl> hcb de rloer latcn U"nssen. lk had de vloer laten wassen. lit :<al de doer latcn wa8sen. /I; zal de rlorr llebbrn laten
284 1'HE ST.tNDARD DUTOil GR.tMMAR
\Ye have had this wall built, because the neighbours
annoved UH. I shall have the books taken down and
cleau'ed. You will have the watch seen to, will you not
(nict waar)? Yes, I shall have it put right for you. He would have had his hair cut very short, if he had not been afraid of (1;oor) the cold weather. Yon had the garden dug up, you said. Yes, and we had the gardener search it well, but no trace of a box was found in the soil anywhere. Several countriPs, hut especially France, m;ed to (plach-ten) have their politieal prisoners work on galleys in former times. I hear you have found diamonds on your farm. Will you have the ground worked? I shall have a hole drilled, and the ground tested. But would you have a drill decide this matter? If I were you, I should certainly have a large hole dug and the soil washed. Tomorrow about this time we shall have the horses brought in, and start on our trip. I have had the boy saddla the horses; so if you care for a i'ide, we shall go-if not, 1 shall have them taken back to the stable.
14.
c.
Learn once more the following idioms: He likes (doing) it,
He does not like doing it, He did not like doing it, He has not hau the rlesire to Llo
it.
He had not had the desire to do it,
He won't like uoing it, He won't have liked doing it,
IIij heeft er lust in (heeft lust het te doen).
Ii ij /weft geen lust, het te doen.
Hij had geen lust, het te doen.
l!ij hccft gcen lust gehad, het te doPn.
JI ij hail gem lust gehall het te docn.
Jlij zal geen lust hc/J/Jen, het te doen.
Jlij zal gccn lust gehad hebben, het te doen.
Charles does that work because he has to, but he does not like doing it. You did not like writing out the exercise, but you did it nevertheless. I like going on (with)
S 18
THE VERB !!85
reading; may I mother? Yes, if you like (itJ, you may go on. Oh, I should like so much (zo'n l'llst hrbhrn I to tell that man that he should stop writing me such letters! You would not like studying on, if you had spent so many years at school as I [have]! Wait till you have heard what I have to say, and then consider whether you would not like to go. (Of) Would I like it (er . . . in), yon ask. Of course [I woulu]. 8he likes it, and that is sufficient. reason for me to like it too. "re did not like letting ,vou know tlrnt we were going. l\lany a one does not like the work (which) (the) circumstances compel him to do.
l should have liked better (mecr) to he your secretary than to be a clerk in the civil service.
KONVERSri'l.'lE.
Ueize11 op Zee.
1. lk wens u vocde rC'is. 2. Dank u. maar il; ben crn
s/l'clt te up zee.
3. lk lwuv r<'f:ht tc gcnfr>trn nm
de rcis.
4. Zijn er r<'<'l vas.rngirrs? 3. lk hour dat icdcre kajuit
bezct is.
6. Wannccr vcrtrekt de boot!
7. ran midday orn dric uur. 8. J7;, h·om u zien 1•ertrekken.
9. rricntlclilr dank; ltoud u aan
11w ieuunl.
10. 't ls rcn 1iraclltigr hoot.
11. Gcwis. c11 de /cajuitcn djn groot rn lurfttig.
12. ls ·u al in lie salun ye1ceest?
13. /le tafcl i8 vcrlekt roor tac/1-tig passngirrs rrrstr k/aSSI'.
14. 1\1< brcn11 Tiet grootste !JI'· rfrrlte ran 111 i jn ti.id ozi
tlelc of in de roolclcrznt1'r door.
CONVERSATION.
Tra\•elliug by Sea.
wish you a pleasant voyage.
'flrnnks, hut I am a very lJatl sailor.
I hope to enjoy the voyage immensely.
Are tht>rP rnauy passeugers? I hear that every lJPrth is
takPll.
·when tloes the steamer leave?
This aftPrnoon at three o'clock.
I shall come and see you off. Thanks. Ile sure to keep
your promise.
This is a splendid steamer. Y PS, n ml the ea bins are
lar~e anll airy.
ITav<' you hePn in the saloon?
'l'he tahlP is laid fur eighty first-class passengers. I spernl most of my time
either on dt>ek or in the smoking-room.
286 THE STANDARD DUTCH GRAMMAR
15. Is er een bibliotheek aan boord?
16. Ja, en de hofmeester heeft er de slcutel van.
17. Wie is de kapitein?
18. De kapitcin heet Harris,
en de ecrste ojficier
Crutchley.
19. Is dat de betaalmeester?
20. Neen, dat is de
scheeps-dokter.
21. Die matrozcn zijn fiinkc
mensen.
22. Laat ons eens lcijken, hoc zc de zware bagage in het ruim nc:erlaten.
23. Hoe efjen is de zeel
24. 't Zal ruw zijn, als we de Bond oversteken.
25 . .A.ls we maar geen water
scheppen, kan het rnij
niet schelen.
26. Kom mee naar voren; ik
zou graag de akkomodatie zien voor de passagiers 2de en 3de klasse.
27. Het dek is te vol daar; kom linver mee naar de ach-terstcrcn.
28. Men mag niet spreken tegen de man aan het rocr.
29. Dit is het kompas van het schip.
30. lloe schommclt en slingert het schip I
31. Hct hf'hoorde meer ballast te hebben.
32. Zic die ma,n ecns in de top van de mast.
33. "Vraag de machinist, ons de marltinelvamer te wijzen.
34. H eeft 11 ooit rn ct ecn zcil-schip gercisd?
35 lk ben er eens rncc het J(a-naal orergestoken, maai· ik kan niet zeggen dat het rnij brrallen is.
Have they a library on board?
Yes, and the head-steward keeps the key.
Who is the captain? The captain's name is
Har-ris, and the chief officer is l\Ir. Crutchley. Is that the purser? No, that is the ship's doctor. Those sailors are fine
fellows.
Let us watch them lower the heavy luggage into the hold.
How very smooth the sea is!
We shall have it rough erossiug the Sound. As long as we do not ship
seas I shall not mind. Come forward; I want to
see the accommodation for the 2nd and 3rd class passengers. 'l'he <leek is crowded there:
rather come to the stPl'll.
You must not speak to the man at the wheel. This is the ship's compass. How the ship rolls and
pitches!
It wan ts more !Jall ast. Look at me man at the
mnst-head.
Ask the engineer to show us the engine room. Have you ever gone by a
sailing ship?
I once crossed the Channel in one, but I cannot say that I liked it.
THE ADVERB
CHAPTER
x.
THE ADVERB. (Het Bijwoord.)
287
1. What the Adjective is to the Noun, that the Adverb is to the Verb. As Adjectives express attributes and qualities of persons and things, so Adverbs express peculiarities marking an action. Adyerbs are arcordingly principally meant for (a) modifying Verbs, yet they may likewise (b) modify Adjectives, (c) Adverbs, and (d)
even Nouns in some particular cases.
EXAMPLES:
(a) H et k,ind leest goed, the child reads well. Het paard loopt hard, the horse runs hard. De vogcl zit ginds, the bird sits yonder.
Mijn dochter belooft veel, my daughter promises much.
( b) Dat is biezonder goed sch rift, that is particularly good writing.
Dit pakje schijnt ongemeen zicaar, this parcel seems uncommonly heavy.
Uw begccrte wordt te sterk, your desire is becoming too strong.
( c) Ik had het Jang tevoren gedaan, I had done it long before.
Mijn zuster leest heel mooi, my sister reads very well.
De zonnestralen vallcn bijna loodrecht, the sun-beams fall almost perpendicularly.
28S THE STA.XD.1IW DUTCII GUA.JJIJ1.AR
( d) lJe menscn hierachter zijn zindelik, the people at the back are cleanly.
Die stcilte daar is yccuurlik) that steep place there is dangerous.
NoTE.-The South Afriean Dutch, which has ouly one Denom-strative I'rouom1. die, a vaiJs itself or the Ad 1·er1Js flier and
daar to in!lieatP tluit nn ohjf'f't is !0lm;f' !1y or at a distam·e: Ilirr rlic /Jr)('/<_ en die enc daar; Dukh: Dit bock en tlat, this book null thn t onf'.
Observations.
1. Tlw ('01rnlativP Yrrlls, i.f'., thosr which tnk!' a Xomina1in~
case hefore and after them (zijn, blijrrn, warden, hcten, sclzijnrn,
lljk1•n, blijkcn), Ul"l' followetl by AtljPetivf's, and not Atll·erhs:
Hij schijnt ~·ijk, he Sf'f'lllS to he rich; llij blijft tro1m·, he rPmaim; faithful. l-IPre the worus rich and faithful evidently do
not modify Y erhs, autl so are Atljeeti\·es.
2.-0ther Yerlis besides the Copulative may he follo"·eu 1Jy an Adjeetive instead of an AtlverlJ : l>e 8Cl1 ilder 1·crft hct nw 111 grocn, th,.. puiutPr vnints tlw window grepu; Ffrt is die rri<'nd, di<' lznn co slecht .r1e11wakt hccft, it is that fric11U. who has made him. so wi<'kPd. IlPl'P the colour gre<'n, and the f[nality lf"if'lcerl, eYidPntly haYe nothing- to do with the actions paiuti11.r1 or 11w7'in11. It is the 1d11do1c whi<'h is gr<'<'ll, nml not the painting; likewise it is lw that is wil'ketl, antl not the mal<in.o; so that grern a11U. 1ciclcrd are
A!ljPetive~. and not Atll'Prhs.
11. The following are the kinds of Adverbs in use: 1. Bijwoorden van Wijze, AdverbR of ~Ianner.
2. Bijwoorden van araad, Adn•rl>R of Degree. ~- Bijwoorden van Oetal, Adverl>R of Kmnber. 4. Bijwoorden van Plaats; Adverlls of Place.
:J. Bijwoorden van Tijd, .\dverhs of 'rime.
6. Bijwoorden van Omstandigheid, Adverl>R of Circumstance.
7. Bijwoorden van Oorzaak, Adverl>R of (fauRe. 8. Samengetrokke11 Bijwoorde11, Oomvound
T Il FJ .'1/ff E llB
9. l'oegwoordelike Bijwoorden, Adverbial Con-junctions.
10. Modale Bijwoorden, A<lYerbs of 3lood, divided into:
(a) Ad,·erbR of .\.ffirmation (Bevestiging).
( u) Adverbs of :Xegation (Ontkenning).
(c) A<frerbR of Doubt (Twijfel).
(d) Optative (Wensende) ~\.dverbs.
]0XAMPLES:
1. Adverbs of Manner: slccht_. badly; schoon, beauti-fully; langzaam) slowly. Every Adjective denoting a quality rna,Y be mmd as an Adverb of ~Tanner without any change of form.
~. Adverbs of Degree: ve1wrr1, enough; uitl'r111atc, exceedinp;l,\'; orertolliy, exceRRively; na11wcliks, :-;carcely; l>ijna, neal'ly; biczuuder_. especially; zo) ~'°; te) too; vol-kome11, quite; zcer) very; vreselik, terribly; helemaal, altogether; erg, very, etc.
3. Adverbs of Number: all the Hrrhalingsgctullcn {see p. 175), and further-~ten ccrstc, ten tirecclc, ten derdr, tr.n ricnle, en.:-., firRt, RP\'OIHl, third, fourth, etc.; ten laafate, htRtl_r'; trn · slottr, finally. LikewiRe the R.A.
J 1utch expreRRiom;: <'crsten8, t-zrecdens, dcnlcns, enz.
±.
Adverbs of Place:uf,
down; roml, about; om, round; hen en, away; i:oort) on; hccn, towards; daarhcen, thither; h<'ru:aarts, hither; huisicaarts, home; berg up, uphill; berg af, downhill; 11oord1rnarts, northward; naar boi1en, upHtairs; naar bcncden, downHiairs; hi er, here; in, into; 1wbij, uear; nergens, nowhere; crgcns, somewhere;o:•er-al, everywhere; ergrns anrlcr8, elHewhere; boren, above; ucncden) beneath; a<'liter) behind; fl'rzijdc, aside; aan boord, aboard; uan lcal, ashore; ruuruit, ahead; ginll.<JJ
290 THE STANDARD DUTCH GIMMMAR
yonder; hier en daar, here and there; heinde en ver, far
and wide, etc. Also the Interrog. Adverbs waar, where; waarheen1 whither; vanwaar, whence, etc.
NoTE.-A good many of these words may be used as Prepositions, lint then they invariably take a Noun after them: Hij liep de tuin uit en <le learner in (uit and in Atlverbs). he walked out of the garden and into the room; De rogel zit in <le boom
(in Prep.), the birtl is in the tree.
5. Adverbs of Time:
(a) Time, definite or indefinite: nu, now; dan, then; heden, today; morgen, tomorrow; 's daags, per diem; ·.~
1wchts, by night; 's jaars, per annum; maandeliks, every
month; van avond, this evening; tans, now; gisteren,
yesterday; reeds, already; onlangs, lately; ooit, ever; nooit or nimmcr, never; voorheen, formerly; weleer,
before; nauirclik8 (nauic), Rcarcely; straks, just now; intu88cn, nwanwhile; rcrstda119s, one of these days, etc.
( b) Duration of Time: altijd, always; steeds, constant-ly; irnmer, always; voortaan, henceforward; onderwijl, in
the meantime; van liPverlede, in course of time; sedert,
since.
( c) Repetition of 'rime: dikwels, often; vaak, often;
zeldcn, seldom; telkens, every now and then; opnieuw,
once mor.e; somtijds, sometimes; nu en dan, now and
then; gewoonlik, usually; doorgaans, commonly; wcder,
again; etc. Wanneer, when, is an Interr. Adverb of Time.
6. Adverbs of Circumstance: gaarne, willingly; tever-geefs, in vain; tezamen, together; slechts, only; minstens,
at least; t'oorts, further, etc.
7. Adverbs of Cause: daarom, therefore; derhalve,
on that account; daartoe, for that purpose; vandaar1 that is why, etc.
Interrogative: waarom, why; waartoe, for what
THE ADVERB 291 8. Compound Adverbs (see their formation, p. 190);
daarvan, of that; erin, in it; hieruit, out of this; ermee,
with it; daaraan, on that; ervoor, for it, etc.
9. Adverbial Conjunctions: evenwel, however; tooh,
yet; niettemin, yet; nochtans, yet, nevertheless; desniette-genstaande, notwithstanding; integendeel, on the con-trary; bijgevolg, consequently, etc.
10. Adverbs of Mood:
(a) Affirmation: ja, yes; wel, indeed; voorwaar, verily;
immers (sec example); volstrekt (see example); inder-daad, indeed; zeker, certainly; voorzeker, to be sure;
gewis, undoubtedly; stclUg, positiYely. The way in which
·' wel ", u imrners ", and "volstrekt" are used, can be best gathered from the following sentences:
1. H·ij lieeft het wel gedaan, maar r11iet zoals ik het wilde, he did it indeed (or-no doubt; or-that's true), but not as I wanted it. Tn ihis sentence place full stress on the word "grrlaan".
2. Ik heb u immers trouw gediend, I served you faithfully, did I not?
3. Hij wilde het volstrekt z6 hebben, he was deter-mined to have it so.
( b) Negation: neen, no; niet, not; geenszins, in no wise, not at all; volstrekt rlliet, not at all.
( c) Probability or doubt: misschien, perhaps; moge-lik, probably; wellicht, perhaps; vermocdelik, presumably;
waarschijnlik, probably; wel (see example).
Ex. lk dcnk wel, dat hij thufa zal zijn, I rather think he will be at home. Put stress on ''dAnk".
(d) Wish: dan and toch.
Ex. Kom dan, waarom zouden wij waahten, do come, why should we wait? Zeg hem toch, dat hij haast moet maken, please tell him that he must make haste.
202 1'IIE NTXXJJ,1RD DUTC'll a R.1ilL1LlR Observations.
1. Adverbs of manner (see par. IT, l) are for the greater part Adjectives used as Adverbs, without auy change of form. 'l'he student is requested to note this fact. The .\.dverbial ending lik (Eng. Jy) exists in Dutch, bnt if; now very little used. 'l'here are Adverbs which take ii, not because it makes them Ad,·erbs, but because it has been used iu the formation of the Adjectfre from tlte Noun or a Yerh; e.g., rnociclik is an Adverb, siguifying "with difficulty''; hut the Adjective '' difiicnlt" is trans-lated like,ri:,.;e by moeiclik: De oude rnan loopt modelik
(Adv.), the old man walks with difficulty; Hrt i1:1 ccn 1J1oeiclik (Adj.) gewl, it is a difficult case. Adverbs used
1o he formed from existing Adjectfres by the addition of lik; now this is not admitted in colloqnial langnage, though in high-flown style and in Bible language it is.still done, as: lVij hcbben goddelooslik gchandelcl) we have done wiekedly.
2. Adverbs never change their form. 'rhe Ad,·erbs of .Manner, l10wever, take degrees of comparison, like Ad-jectives. ( 8ee Comparison, p. 155). The Ruperlative degree is always preceded by the I>ef. Article lu:t.
Ex. Jlijn zoon wcrkt het vlijtigst, my son worlrn most diligentl:v (of all).
Uw dochter lccrt het best_, your daughter learns best (of all).
illijn borst plaagt mij 's winters lwt mcc8t, m~· chest troubles me most in winter.
:J. 'fhe full.owing • .\..dverbs are irregularly comµared:
POSITIVE. Uonl, well, 8lccllt, badly, , I' l'cl, many a 1inw, lVcinig, a fw timel', rroeg_. eal'ly, J)ilnNl8, often, G11urnr, willingl5\ ('o;i.IPARA'l'IVEJ. but er, f'ryrr, mrrr, mindrr_, <'<Tder, 11U'f'r111(fl('Jl, lie •:er, 8UI'ERL_\ TIVE. f.of't lWNf. lt('f rr[J8f. llf'f 111P('8f. !wt 111 in1:1t. br>t <'f'rst. l!Pf JJl<'l'Sf. hct Zic/st.
'l'JJB ADl'BRR 2!l3
Note 1. Hct cerst_. or cast, hct laatst, or laotst, hct best, or heKt, het lief st, or lief st, are m;ed with different meaningH, as follows:
t 'omvarc: Ik 1cas hct eerst op sclwul, l was the first at school, with-lk 1cus eerst op sr·lwul en daunw in ltct nwseum, I wa8 first at school, and then at the mu8eum.
Compal'e: Jfijn brocllcr kwam het laaf8t boren,. my brother \Va8 the la8t to come up8tairK, with-JJijn brocder bezocht laatst de mijnen, my brother visited the mines some time ago.
Compare: Dit ·tneisje lcert hct best, this little girl learn:,; beHt of all, with-Dez·e jongen lean best naar hct durp gaan, this boy can very well go to the village.
Compare: De man hceft zijn kind het lief st bij zieh, tile man prefers having his child with him,
with-1 k zuu. van avvnd liefst nict icitgaan, 1 would rather not go out this evening.
Note 2. 8ome Adverbs of manner arc formed from Adjecth·eH by the diminutive ending je followed by an Adverbial final s: zoet, 8Weet; zoctjes, nicely, softly; stil, {1uicl; stilletjcs, quietly, etc. Ruch Adverb:,; do not take any degreeH of comparison. 'l'he Cape expre1:iHion: Sln d<' bal zoctjcstcr, strike the hall more sofil,v. is uh~mrd.
The Adverb .. ·u-<'l·" has a similar form: ::ij is wclletjes, Khe i~ middling (her health is fair).
I 11. The meaning and. use of the following Adverbs require special notice:
1. Noch is neither; nog, yet, or still. Koch hij noch zij11 broedrr is hfrr grwee8f_. neither he nor his brother has been here. Hij leeft nag, he is still living.
29! THE S'l'ANDARD DUTUH GRA.MMAR
2. a. Zelden, rarely (seldom), is only an Adverb, and never an Adjective: Wij zien onze broedc1· zelden, we seldom sec our brother.
2. b. Zeldzaam, rare, wrongly used in the place of zelden, is an Adjective and not an Adverb: Volkomen zwarte katten zijn zeldzaam, perfectly black cats are rare. The South African Dutch replaces this word b.v schaars.
3. a. Heen is an Adverb of place, indicating direction towards an object: Waar gaat u morgen heen '!whither do you go tomorrow? Mijn plan is van middag nergens heen te gaan, my intention is, not to go anywhere this afternoon.
3. b. He11en is an Adverb, indicating motion trom a place: Ga niet ltenen v66r het do1iker is, do not go away
before dark. In speaking this difference is scarcely ever observed, heen being used for botl.J.
4. a. I mmer, ever, and nimmer, never, point to a future time: Za1 ik u immer wedcrzien '! Shall I ever see you again? Hij zal ons nimmcr beschamen! He will never put us to shame!
4. b. Ooit, ever, refers only to the past: Heb ik ooit in mijn levcn zo iets gezien? Did I ever see such a thing in my life?
4. c. Nooit, nPvcr, may indicate a past or a future time: lk heb m·ij nooit met zo iets beziggehoudcn .. en ik zal er mij nooit mee be.'?:ighouden, I have never occupied myself with such a thing, nor shall I ever occupy myself with it.
5. Wijlen, late, is an Adverb of time taking its place before ihe name of a person : W·ijlen de Graaf van Ohambord, the late Count Chambord.
TllE ADVERB ~U5 6. Met, a .Preposition (the Adverbial form of which is
rnede), may be u_sed as an Adverb of time: Met dat hij binnenkwarn, hield hct geraas op, the moment he came in, the noise stopped.
7. Kwansuis (Cape pronunciation: konsuis) sometimes written lcwanswijs, a word found in several of the Saxon languages, means "as it were", or, "pretending", e.g .. :
Orndat de jongen lust had in een van de lekkere appels, liet hij kwansuis hct geld ·va,llen, orn de aandacht van zijn tante af te leiden, because the boy longed for one of the nice apples, he (as it were by mistake) dropped the money, in order to divert his aunt's attention.
8. Averecllts (a compound of af, from, and recht,
right, with an Adverbial s) means in the wrong direction.
Zij breit de ene toer reoht, en de andcre ai·erechts, she knits one round plain and the next purl.
9. Ai and toe are Adverbs, and hence cannot be used
before Nouns like the corresponding Prepositions van and
tot: het kind vi el de trap af, the child fell down the stairs, and, het kind viel '1:an de trap, the child fell from the stairs. De hond licp naar mij toe, the dog ran up to me, and, de rnan kwam tot rnij, tiie man came to me.
10. aoed translates the English Adverb "well", as: zij zingt goed, she sings well. Wei is used with reference
to the state of one's health, as: hct kind ·is n-iet wel, the child is not well; also as an Adverb of mood (see p. 2!)1). 11. Mede, the common form of which is mee, is used
as a prefix to a great many Verbs which haYe no exact equivalents in English. lJicdegaan_. to go with (one);
mededoen, to take part (partil'ipaic) in; ga je ook mee?
will you also go (along) ? Doe je er aan mee? do you take part too? J( orn mee, come with me (us). The Hou th African Dutch has replaced rnede (rnee) by saam.
!:lflG THE HT.D'D.1HD JJC'J'('lf GJUJJJI.tR
l:!. 'l'hc mm of the .\.dn•rfo; af and neer, both nwa11ing-''down'", which m·e found in corn position. with many ernr~-
<lay Ycrhs, rcquirei; Rpecial attention.
1. lTRe af, when '"motion from an object" is the prominPnt idea.
2. lTRe neer, when "molion towards an ohjecf' is the prominent idea.
EXAJ\IPLES OF 1 :
fTij kwam rnn zijn 1ward af, he got down from his horse.
Hij viel rnn het dak uf, he fell from the roof. De vogel vlicgt nun de boom. uf, the bird flies <1own
from the tree.
De jongcn trrlct dr. r7ieg r.en poof
af,
the bo~- pulls one of the fly's legs off.]~X.\i\ll'LES tW :! :
Hij ku·am up de rlocr 11ccr, he cmue down on 1:lte tloor.
Hij va7t bij de 8tod nt'rr, he falls down at the <'hair. J>e juyer schoot de bok ncer, the hunter shot down
the lrnck.
n.~ trek hct gurdijn nccr, l draw the curtain down. Consequently, when separation is to be indicated, af i:;hould be taken: Hij slocy hem het lwufd uf, he cut his head otI.
\Yheu a directl.r downward motion must be expressed, neer is used: De rcgen i;olt 1iit de wo7kcn nccr, the rain falls from the cl"ouds.
Down ward motion, along a slope, is exprei;Red by af: Hij luopt de trav aj, he goes down the stairs.
l\Iotion reRulting in rest upon an object, is expreR'sed by neer only: 1 k lcg1l<J hem op lzet bell nrcr, I laid him down on the bed.
TIIE .WrERB
GR.AMMAR. EXER.ClSES.-Taaloefeningen.
1 .
.Fll up the !Jlanks with apvropriate Adverbs:
Jlijn paard trekt - dan hct ·uwr . . - Nchreit dat kind? Dezc ocfcniny is - (degree) - gcsr:hr<'iwn, j<' muct h<'m oversehriji·cn. Die rnan yaat - (time) - l place) roor-bij. lrij zijn - de liery upgclupcn. Net kind is gestraft, - (cam:e) idl het niet binncnkumcn. - (interrog. of time) c<'rtrekt u naar Xatal? Zey hem - (mood), dal
il; - (time I op rci8 ga. Jk sta - (repetition of time)
0111 ::.r.~ 1wr op. A.an u - (compound AflY.) iPts rrr-st1w11! .fkzc klcrk 11f'71ijnt- (dPgree) g<'schikt coor ::ijn u·crk. lk kan - (place) mijn bock rinden. Jlijn
nw<'dcr is nu - (degrt:>e) gczoml. l\lij laten -(rPpetitiou of time) 01111 yucd uit Parijs komcn.
(prohahilit,v) regent hct 11wry<'n, ('n, - - (time) knnncn wij - (neg.) yuan. ~~ (interrog. of eauRe) u;urdm1 dr lir·htrm - (degree)-opyrstokrn'! Zijzrmrfon- (affirmation) bij on8 gcwrPst zijn, als zij tijd gchotl lrnddcn. De man is - (time) zirk geicrcM. - (cause) da t ltij er
--(degree) slecht uitzict. :?.
Give the Dutch AdverbR for the Englh~h words:
Als rlc:::e man ni<'t so _terribly lili 1ras. ::ouden wij hern certainly ircrk gcgenen ltcbbcn. TOf'Jt lief amPrikaansc schip here in de baai lag, lien ik abroad ge1cccst. B,v
night ::i jn a 77<' katf Pl! grauu·. Ik bcn ~·eRterday ziPk
gr1rerst, for that reaHou rlat ik rnijn lrsscn not grlPPrrf, heb. Hct kind zol in rourHe of time oa11 djn nirwwc omge 1;i 11!f gnruon 1rorrlrn. H et bPrich t van de
298 THE STANDARD DUTCH GRAMMAR
inspekteur zal one of these days de school bezoeken. Oj-schoon zijn vader hem strictly verboden had) to-night u-it te gaan) deed hij het yet. Ik heb everywhere naar mijn pen gczocht ). ik heb hem this morning somewhere neer-gelegd_, maar ik kan mij not at all herinneren where. Ik
lee.~ usually mijn koerant in the evening. Heeft it indeed
never geweten) why uw vader thither gegaan is? Dit
boek is exceedingly vervelend. For what purpose geeft hij zich zoveel moeite? De kinderen vermaakten zich
especially well; en merrily keerden allen home.
Hence-forward zullen de boten every week varen.
TRANSLATION EXERCISE No. 10.
1.
'I. rans la le the followi.ng (minding especially § II (1), a,nd Obs, 1, 2, 3; also § III).
All these roses blossom a long time, but that one yonder blossoms longest of all. N"otwitlrntanding the heavy rains, the troops marched courageously onward. I would rather not tell you why he prefers going tomorrow. The seasons are caused by the annual rotation of the earth round the sun. l\Iy father \'isits his old friend daily. They will have to act yery eautiomily in that matter. Of all the young ladies that i,mng last night, T liked (beviel mij)
your niece's voirP best. \\'hoeyer comeH in last, Hhould close the door. \Ylwu 1 was in (the) town some time ago, I called on ~Irs. B. This girl can yery well learn this piece of poetry, but won't recite it be8t of all. Please, let the blind down a little, the sun is shining right in my face (me right in the face). Th~ price of wheat has considerably fallen lately. 'l'he unforiunate man must haye dropped asleep near the edge of the precipice, and must have fallen down in his sleep. Don't jump down from that height; you will hurt yourself. The children
'J.'HE ADVERB 299
.amused themselves by (met) running up and down the
sand-hills. The young bride is a relative of the late President Brand. I told you, didn't I, that the stamp was a very rare one, and that you should not give it .away; you will never get such a one again. I got up half an hour after you, and yet I was downstairs earlier than you. 'fhe children ran up to their teacher, and wished him many happy returns of the day (geluk met zijn verjaardag).
2.
NoTE.-Na, "after", is a Preposition expressing time, amt rank, or order.
Zijn broeder is na hem yestori·en, his brother died after him.
Na het zinycn ktl'nm die preelc, on the singing followed the sermon.
Nadat, "after", is an Adverbial Conjunction, <'01111ecting two sentences:
Hij Jcwam, nadat zijn broeder vertrolclcen wa8, he came after his brother had guue.
"Jl.-adat hij dit yczegd had, ying hij zitten, after he had said so, he sat down.
Daarna is the Dutch equivalent for "after that (afterwards)".
lk vroeg hem ecrst en antu;oordile u daarna, I asked him first, and answere<l you aftl'rwards.
It may lie replaced by dan, with the Present and Future tenses, and by toen with the Past Tense :
Jk 't:raag hct hem, en VClrtrl het u dan, 1 ask him and then tell yuu.
II< wl het hem vraycn, en u dan certellcn, I shall ask him, and then tell you.
lk vroeg het hem eerst, en verteldc het u tocn, I asked him first, and then told you.
After I had finished my drawing, I packed my box and went (naar) home. The ship arrived after you had left. His brother died just after his arrival. After this rain we shall have fine weather. I invited my parents first,
300 TllPJ S'l'.1SD.rlRIJ DUTCJI GRA.iJLJL1H
and afterwards my uncle as well ( 1.oo). Let me eat first, and then I shall speak (met) to you. R(~ sat down ( ging
zitten 1 on that chair there, and shortly after he fainted.
I pr0111ise to take him in after he is discharged from ( uit) (the) prison. -who would first sow, and then plough? ls it not. uaiural, first to plough, and then to sow? You saw him al'ter he had written his letter. After the rain had stopped, we went out for a "·alk ( wundclen). Yon slwnld not say no, after you had ont'e said yes. Ile told me of all the pain be had suffered, and then he fell into a quiet sleep. T shall have the boy wash the tloor after he eomes back from the butcher's (bnteher). After my
father had started for Europe, my mother became ver5· ill. He came to Em;t London shortly after the third l\afir war. After you, please, madam! After a day's (day of) hard work it is pleasant to lrnve Rome muRic. \Yho shall say that (er) after t11is cruel war there won't be a long Rpell ( tijdprrk) of peace in theRe parts
( streel~) !
3.
Note.-"To put" is translntPrl hy "lrggr11", •·zctt,.11•', "8f<'ken'', "duen". "plaatsen".
rse lPggPn, wlwnever an ol1ject is to !Je plaC'erl on its broad side:
II< /1 rb cl.at buck op rfr tafcl gel<'f/rl. I have put that hook on
tlw tnhlP.
rs,• zpttr11, whPneYer an ohject is to !Jc plal'ed ou encl:
llr l!eli llet liorl; op de 11lanl,, 11czct, I havp put the llook on tlH' shelf.
rse ste1N?n, whPnevPr an ohjec·t is pm:sed thr,,ug-h a narrow oveniug-:
8fl'"1: lltl' :cal"loc/c 1n uw rnh·, put yonr lrnm1I;:erd1iPf into y011r po('ket.
Nll'<'k de rlraarl door rlr 1111a/<l, thread the nee<1le. rse cl0<'11 for "putting- into," "passiug through":
THE ADVERB 301
Compare: Ik steck het geld in mljn wli:, I put the money into my pocket;
with: Ik doc het geld in mijn beurs, I put the money into my purse.
"'.l'o put on" and "to take off" clothing, should !Jc translated by
aandoen, and afdoen, when there is no passing of limbs into or out of such garments :
Hij doet zijn board, zijn das, zijn mantel aan, he puts on his coUur, his neck-tie, his cloak.
Hij deed zijn manchettcn, zijn kappen af, he took off his cuffs, his leggings.
But when there is such passing, aantrekken and uittreT~ken
are used:
Trelc u·u; jas, uw schocncn aan, put on your coat, your boots.
Hij trekt zijn handschoenen, zijn kouscn uit, he takes oft his gloves, his stockings.
· Of aprons, veils, etc, voordocn and afdoen are used: of hats,
opzettcn and afzctten.
Plaatscn, English "to place•', is used for Dutch zetten in more formal expressions.
For the many other and varied meanings of "to put", a transla-tion of the synonym which apvlies best to the actransla-tion is advisable.
Ile put (wrote) it down in the book, llij schrcef hct in het boelc op.
I put (said) it straight to him, ilv zei ltet hem rechtwlt.
I shall put (lay) that money by (away) for you, ik zal <lat
geld voor u wegbergen.
Will you put the inkpot on the table for me? I have put the inkpot there, and I have also put the paper on· your desk. They put a bucket under the spout to catch the rain-water. Bet us put our clothes into our boxes. Put a chair ready for your uncle: he will be here directly. The man put the horse into the stable, and put the cart
302 THE STANDARD DUTOH GRAMM.4.R
into the waggon-house. Have you put sugar in my tea? Yes, and I have al.so put in (it) milk. The boy had a number of marbles which he quickly put into his pocket. Put on (om) a shawl, it is cold. Must I put on a veil too? No, you need not put on a veil, as long as (als . •• maar) you put on gloves. Don't put sheep and oxen into one fold. Take off your hat and your boots too. 8hall I put on my slippers? Yes, and take off that heavy coat; I shall (er) bring you a light one. Put away
your books, the teacher is coming. Jane had a bird
which she had put in a cage. I have put the cups on the table in the kitchen. And where have you put the meat? I haye put the meat into the sideboard.
4.
What is your salary? I get three hundred pounds sterling per annum, which makes exactly twenty-five pounds per month. Is your salary paid out monthly? "\Ve can get it by the month, or at the end of every three months, just as we like it best. Every other day (om de a.ndere dag) we drive down to yonder farm; it is so very pleasant to be there. At 7 p.m. (n.m.=in de namiddag)
the train starts for (naar) Edinburgh where it is due
lltij aankomt) at 5 a.m. (v.ni.=in de roormiddog).
vve
do not intend being (trans. to be) out all (the) morning; before noon (trans. at 12 o'clock) we shall be back. He· cnme just in time to see the balloon rise. What a grand sight it was! I think I should like to go up some time
( eens) ). it mm;t be glorious to be drifting about in the air, and to see ihe beautiful earth at such a distance. Last night somebody called (trans. has called) on me; I am so sorry that I was not at home. Next week we have to part, and next month, just about this time, we shall be in different parts of the globe. Will you be back in a fortnight? I cannot tell (it) you at presPnt. About a week ago I met my uncle and three of my cousins (fem.) at a railway station near Dartmouth.
THE ADVJJJRB 303
J(QNVERSATIE.
Over vet•schiUende Ambachtslieden.
1. Rr moct con ruit in dit
renster gezet ·wonlen;
haal ecn glazemakcr om hct tc doen.
2. rraa,q hem, dit stuk hout voor mij tc zagcn, en leen mij een boor om ecn gat tc malccn.
3. Hecft u nog andere tccrk-tuigen no dig F
4. Ja, brcmg rrl'ij als 't u blieft
tJen schrocfdraaier, een
llamcr, tlcn schaaf, en wat ,Qrote spijkers 1116f kope-rcn koppcn; ook icat Lin-nen nageltjcs .
.5. Dat uithangbord is slncht gesoltildcrd; de schildcr u•as maar ccn lecrjongen.
-0. Laat mij cens mat zink-platen zicn roor drlclcing.
7. Leien of dakpaimen 'tror-den hier zcl'tror-den rnor da t duel gcbrnih·t.
8. Rictcn dakcn z1jn boren
alle andcre tc 1•crkirzcn.
9. De mctselaar, ll'ie din
111 uu r vrbou w<l heeft, 111oet s/N·hte lcallc geltad hebbcn.
JO. Yn<a!! de straatmaknr wat
7t ii rekcnen zou roor het bestraten ran de achter-plaats.
11. Dczc larlcn moetcn naar
ecn scltrijn11·rrker gaan om nagrzien te worden.
12. De kuiper zal lwt rat rrpa-r(lren. er linrpcls om sla.an en het orersturen.
CONVERSATION. About various
Artisans.
This winuow needs a pane of glass ; l'all a glazier to vut one in.
Ask him to saw this piece of woou for me, and lend me a gimlet to bore a hole.
Do you require any other tools 'I
Yes, please bring me a
scr<'wdrin~r. a hammer, a plane. and some large brassheadPd nails; also a few tin tacks. That sign-hoard is liadly
paiutl>u; the pa inter was only an apprentice. Shmv me some <'orrugated
iron for roofing. Slate or tiles are selrlom
used for that purpose here.
'l'ha tclteLl roofs n re to be preferrP<l to all other. 'l'he hri<'klnyer who hnilt that wall, must have had had mortar. Ask the vavior what Ile
woulu chnrge for paving the yard.
These drawers must lie ta ken to a ca binct-maker to be mended. The poover will repair the
l'rrsk. hoop it, rrnd send it a<'l'OSS.
