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\oi-iiil Science, 2l ( l a l l 1998) Also See R Assad, and M Roshdi, Poverty and Poverty llle\iiition in S'/r<;iVi,'it'.s in /-.i;i/'/ « dim l ord foundation, 1998)

7- See Roula Ma|dalani HnilLMii^ ihe ( rap between the Development Agendas and the Needs of the (irassrools Ihe I xpencnce ol Jordanian N<H)s", unpublished paper (Beirut August

1999)

8- See Raymond llmnehusch. "Democrati/ation. in the Middle I ast the Sy nan Case" in the I'olnit.il and I . unomn I iht>rali:alit/n ed died llonneman (Boulder I.ynn Rienner, 1996) 9- S I-, Ibrahim. "I he I rouhled I riangle Populism. Islam, and ( ml Society in the Arab World", Internationa/ Political Sen-net' /(Vv/.-iv 19 (1998): 373-385

10- See A R Norton, ed Civil Society in he Middle East (Leiden i: J Brill, 1995)

±f^ ft\ ^^ jlJ j\ ^1 o\s - \ \ See Asel Basât, -l-'rom 'I >an.i'cions Classes to 'Omet rebel'; Politics of Urban Subaltern in the (ili)hjl South Inlt-rnaliono | I 5 (Septcinhci ."'DUO) 454-569

12-Marsha P Posusney, Lahor and the Slate in Egypt (New York Columbia Uni Press, 1997); Unni Wikan. lomorrtm <iod Willing (Chicago University of ( 'hicago Press, 1997); Diane Singennan. hvmir.s >// Partit i/>ation I annl\ \el»nrk and Politic in (aim's Quarters (Princeton University Press. 1995). llonia lloodtar, l-rom Marriage to Market (Brekeley; ( alitoinia Uni Press, 1997), Valentine Moghadam, "Women's N(r()s in the Middle I ast and North Alma Constrains, Opportunities, and Priorities", in Dawn C'hatty and A. Rabo, eds., Organizing Women iornuil und Informal Women 's Croups in the Middle East, Oxford, berg,

1997. MalehAlshar

13- Alan Kihards and John Waterbury. A Political l-'conom\ oj the Middle East (Boulder: Westview Press. 1995) 268

John Walton and David Sedon, /-nv Marki-ts und I- nod Riots (London. Blackwell, 199'') 14- See Asel ' Bayat. Street 1'nliin x I'm» /'co/x'/s ' Movements m Iran (New York: Columbia University Press. 1997) chapter 5

15- See Walton and Seddon. ibid , pp 205-2I4

16- See tor instance Ira l.apidus, Muslim ("///c.v in the I. ate Middle Ages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1967) 107

17- See AI- Ahali, (3 November. 1999) 3

18- Ase! Bayat, II 'orkcrs and Kcvuliitinn in Iran (I ondon /ed Boks, 1987).

,\S ' ^ ,Uil ol* f~ i,r j* Asef Bayat, "Workless Revolutionaries Ihe Unemployed Movement in Revolutionary Iran", International Review of .S<« tal Ilixlurv, vol. 24, no 1 . 1997

19- land Center for Human Rights, "Egypt's labor Conditions During 1998: The Year of Strikes and Protests' (Cairo,. December 1998)

20- See Al-Wafd, February 5. 1999, p l

2 1 - See Walton and Seddon, / HV Markets und iotid Riots, ibid., p. 210 22- Middle East !•< »noniu /)/.i;c.w. I ebruary 21, 1991. Special Report on Iran. 23- Marsha Pnpstem, Labor and the Stale in l:gypl, ibid., p. 5

24- See, for instance, Richards and Waterbury, Political Economy, ibid., p 267. 25- Marsh Posusney. Labor and the Stale in Egypt, ibid , p 10

26- C ited in Walton and Seddon, I- ree Markets and lood Riots, p 185.

^ ^^ rü*»-» fM *s\j>- TV Richards and Waterbury, ibid , p 140.

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World Tables 1991; IMF International Financial Statistics Yearbook. 1994. 1996.

2- See Hazem Biblawi, "Rentier State in the Arab World", in The Arab State, ed. G. Luciani

(London: Routledge, 1990).

4jL*jjU- j l cJ>J ' i h > * i£\A4j)f Sjy* ja -V Alan Richads and John Waterbury, A Political Economy of the Middle East (Boulder. Westview Press 1990).

y*-j I — *u' >l »J^U-*> y .^Lj-j^i ^iïU* ^,j <j j .1..;,...;^^ ^*^*"' /*J *J^a-* |*J^* ^•••l:'f M^ • <*.> ^UJLi ^Ijl ^i -f ./.ff /-^><* ./.V< ^^-î^^v -*y s*.j jlj* <j \\]\ JU ^j «oL^^jU- ^U^J- ^j i5^i ii— *«> ,_™.L; .üj; yU it> ^/ Oly-.l ./uf' jj— iy ./.u\ 4;,^-, ./A- oli— -^ ./^ \ >J ./.f V (jU"!,. ./.Â^ oU .m c-./ ./Y- OJ,.! ./.Vf jl^fi

./f Y 4/y , /> •

5- USAID/Cairo/EAS, Äepor/ on Economie Conditions in Egypt, 1991-1992 (Cairo: USIAD, 1993)2.

47 Abdel Moula Ismail, I lic l ilwnihiaiton oj l-KM'1 v .l^ru-iilluir Sector and Mineiiieni (( ,1110 l and ( enter loi H u m a n Kights. IW8) 136, Appendix 7

48- Sec lohn Cross. Informal politici Street l'endors un d the Suite in Mi'MI o City (l'alo Allo Stanford University Press. 1998)

4V-See lor instance ( n l l e Kepel, Muslim l:\treinism in /.i;\/n (Berkeley. U n i v e r s i t y of California Press, 1986). Na/ih Ayubi, I'olilical Islam (I ondon Routledge, 1991). Salwa Ismail. I he Popular Movement Dimensions of Contemporary M i l i t a n t Islamism", ( 'iim/Kiraln-r Simlie\ in Sm i,'t\ und Ilislarv. (forthcoming).

5(1-See R Margulies and I Y i l d i / o t ' l u I he Resurgence ot Khun and Welfare Parly in I u r k c \ " . in I'oliluul Islam, eds .l Bemin and J Stork. (Berkeley < d l i l o r n i . i U n i v e r s i t y Press,

1'W) 149

51- Ugur Akinci, "The Wellare Party's Municipal 'I rack Record I valuating Islamist Municipal Activism in Turkey", Middle East Journal 53 (Winter 1999): 77-79.

52- Menem Verges, "Genesis of a Mobili/ution I he Young Activists of Algeria's Islamic Salvation Front'. in Bcmm and Stork. Political Islam, ibid.

53- Assaf Kfoury. "Huh Allah and the Lebanese State", in Beinin and Stork, Political Islam, ihid

54- Roula Majdalani, "Governance and NGOs in Lebanon", unpublished paper, (Beirut, 1999) 13

W ^ m Y ,^51 .^-t-i: o^ ,-> ^U-^l ,v' ulo s.j> -^^ o>r. ,1 Ji, *, ly^ pij -ÛÛ

56- See Amani Qandil. "The Nonprofit Sector in Lgypt", in The \un/ini/il Sector in the

Developing World, eds H K Anheier and l M Salamon, (Manchester University Press,

1998) 1 4 5 - 1 1 6

57- Manal Badawy, Islamic A^ocuiiions in Cairo, unpublished M.A thesis, The American University in Cairo. June 1999, p 110. See also Denis Sullivan, Private VoluntaryAuoctatioiu

:vpt, (University Press of Monda, 1994): 65-68.

58- See I l i s h a m M u b a r a k . -I/ i.rhabiyoun Qademoun (C'airo Dal AI-Mahrousa, 1995).

59- ( ited in Qandil, "The Nonprofit Sector m Lgypt". ibid , p 146

60- See Saad Hddin Ibrahim. Egyptian l.aw 32 on Egypt's Private Sector Organizations (( 'airo Ihn Khaldoun Center lor Developmental Studies, November 1996). Working Papers no. 3; also Amani Qandil, "The Role of Islamic PVOs in Social Welfare Policy I he C a s e o i l L'\ pi ". paper presented in The Role of NGOs in National Development Strategy, Cairo, 28-31 March

1993

61- Margulies and Yilis/oglu, 'The Resurgence of Islam", ibid p. 149. 62- See Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "Lgyptian Law 32", ibid., 34.

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< n r * r*\ r f - r - ) 64- For details, see Bayât. Street l'o/itics, ibid

65- Kfoury, "Hizb Allah and the Lebanese State", ibid p 142.

66- See Mona Harb el-Kak, "Participation Practices in Beirut's Suburb Municipalities: A Comparison Between Islamic and'Developmentalist'approaches", paper presented in the 4th International Other Connections Conference, Sites of Recovery, Beirut. 25-28 October 1999 67- Akinci, 'The Welfare party's Municipal Track Record", ibid

by Myriam Catusse, "Les Metamorphoses de la Question Syndicale au Marco", Dara kawthar, "Labor Merket in Lebanon Evolution, Constraints, and the role of Unioism", Fathi Rekik, "Mobilité Sociale et Fexibilitede L'emploi [Tunisia]", and francoise Clement, "Changing Labour and Restructuring in Rgypt". On Egypt See also Fatema Faragm "Labour on the Fence", AlAhram Weekly, 1 1-17 May 2000. p 7, My MA student on labor;

i/- _^, j;L- ,1 ,y»lfT ^\s -n Fatema Farag, "Labour on the Fence", bid ,

f *_S" JL.L— , ^jy^u «j \j ,yytj C~ib C^^l ^IfulülÄ« ^U»

juj^J j\f oyl» -»U. ^".l^^ V f ' J * J-illj ^^15" Û

30-See Community Development Journal, special Issue, 32 (July 1997); especially See Keith Popple and Mae Shaw, "Social Movements: Re-Assessing 'Community' ". pp 101-198. 31- See InazTawfiq, "Community Participation and Environmental Change Mohili/ation in a Cairo Neighborhood", unpublished MA thesis, The American University in Cairo. 1995 32- Jailan Malawi. "Mosque Stairs Spark Shurba Riots", Al-Ahram Weeklv, 18-24 August 1994 33- See Shafeeq Ghabra, "Voluntary Associations in Kuwait", Middle Last Journal 45 (Spring

1991).

34- See Joost Hiltermann, Behind the Intifada, (Princeton: Princeton University, 1991). 35- For a details See Asef Bayat, Street Politics, ibid., chapters 4 and 5

36- For a good analysis of the CDAs, See Maha Mahfoz, "Community Development in Egypt: The Case of CDAs", unpublished MA thesis, The American University in Cairo, 1992. 37- Samer EI-Karanshawy, "Governance, Local Communication and International Development in Urban Egypt", unpublished report. Cairo, 1998

y oLjullx« * ...j* ijl^4_J .lx_**jlj "u'^4— • jl ., - ' '^ ••V^J

}f. «yl» ck-' j> ^*ijT '/.A' tf ,j~ib j^>j £*(** £f ^1 j\ jjx Art jjji> n i H JU ^ ri See Hirofumi Tanada, "Survey of Migrant Associations in Cairo Metropolitan Society (I gypt). 1955-1990: Quantitative and Qualitative Data", in Social Science Review, Tokyo, Wasahi University, vol 42, no 1. 1996

40- See Nicholas Hopkins, et al, Social Response to Environmental Change and Pollution in Egypt (Cairo: The American University in Cairo. Social Research Center, 1998).

41- Alan Durning, "People Power and Development", h'omgn l'olic\ 76 (Fall 1989) 71 ^—•1 <a/ j\j ^jf *;y s'^s-J ist* v ••L'j& ,_K— - o VU. j\ ^ f 3 &**• ^ f r

Asef Bayat, "Cairo's Poor: Dilemmas of Survival and Solidarity", Middle Kast Report 212 (Winter 1996).

Nadia Abdel Taher, Social Identity and Class in a Cairo neighborhood". ( 'airo 1'apers in Social Science 9 (Winter 1986),

t . i ! . . U^L> ».'."»t.. J\ ^15*1 l^l^J J F. Khosrowkhavar. "Nouvelle banlieue et marginalité La eile l 'alegham a Khak-e Selld". in

Teheran Capitale Bicentenaire éd. C Adle and B Ilourcade. ( lehran Institut l -'rancais de

Recherche en Iran, 1992). 44-See Karanshawy. ibid., p 1 1

,_^j £~*^)j iJUw <j ±>_ß~* }j)* ^ ji f û Mustapha El-Sayyid, "Is There a Civil Society in the Arab World''' , in ( 'ivil Socici\ ' i n the Middle East, ed R Norton, ibid.

88- See Susan Schaefer Davis, "Advocacy-Oriented Non-Governmental Organization in Egypt: Structure, Activities, Constraints, and Need", Report prepared for USAID/Egypt (Cairo: May

1995)

89- Rema Hammami, "NGOs: The Professional ization of Politics", Race and Class 37 (!995):51-63.

90- Homa Hoodfar, Volunteer Health Workers in Iran as Social Activists! (Paris: WLUML Occasional Paper, No. 10, December 1998).

j^lj (j^AJo UNGO JL->; >* *f ^eU».! Jt»\ 0,1;, oL-li. j\ ^ .UIO-J. I, *^.L~ -\\

92- For more detail see S Lindberg et al, eds , Globalization, Democratization, and Social

Movements in the Third World (Sweden: University of Lund, 1995), Research Report no. 35,

pp. 57-58.

93- See Mahmoud Mamdani 's comments in Lindberg, Globalization, Democratization , ibid., p 61.

94- N Webster, "The Role of NGDOs in Indian Rural Development: Some Lessons from West Bengal and Karnataka", The European Journal of Development Research! (December 1995): 407-433.

-Street Politics, ibid., chapter I; see also Asef Bayât, "Un-Ci vil Society: The Politics of the

'Informal People'", Third World Quarterly 18. 1 (1997)

^-^ifTjl^ •>* Wikan, Tomorrow, God Willing, ibid

97- See Ru 'ya, no. 8, p. 20, Cairo 98- Al-Wafd, (October 18.1997) 3

99- Reported in Manual Fud, Informal Economy in Madinat al-Nahda Resistance umi

Accommodation Among the (!rban Poor, M A I hesis, 1 he American University in Cairo,

January 1999.

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\^\ ,i j* *, - \ • •

101- Chief of Cairo's security department referring to the spread of street vendors in Cairo, cited mAl-Ahram Weekly (27-Nov -3 Dee 1997): 12

102- Reported fa Al-Wafd (1 March 1998): 3. On Iran see, Bayat, Street Politics, ibid "Grassroots Participation m Iran N(K)s or Social Movements". Cairo. CUC, 1998.

103- Reported by Deborah Pugh, ' The Street Vendors of Mima", l'uni iininüaiiiin REPORT (Spring 1994) I-or more details see Irene l i n k e r . Evaluation oj the ()rj>ani:aiion for

Development and Support oj Street l'endors in the ( " / / > « / \hnia. 1 ord I ' o u n d a t i o n . August 1993

,1V,

. w - r r . _

69- See Amani Qandil, "Taqdim Adaa el-Islamiyyn fi-Niqabat al-.Mahniyya" (Cairo: CEDEJ/Cairo university, 1993); and Carrie Rosefsky Wickham, "Islamic Mobilization and political Change: The Islamist Trend in Egypt's Professional Associations", in Beinin and Stork, Political Islam, ibid.

70- See Badawi, Islamic Associations in Cairo, ibid.

71- Asef Bayat, "Globalizing Social Movements? Comparing Islamist Movements and Latin American Liberation Theology", unpublished paper, 1998

Youssef AI-Karadawi, The Problem of Poverty, and How Can Islam Resolve it (Beirut: Al-Risalaa, 1985) (in Arabic).

jl

Middle East Report, no 212 For the data on NGOs see Kandil, "The Nonprofit Sector in

Egypt", ibid, p 139; Roula Majdalani, "NGOs as Power-Brokers in the Rebuilding of a Fragmented State The Case of Lebanon", unpublished paper (Beirut. August 1999): 14, Majdalani. "Bridging the Gap", ibid , p 2, Khalil Nakhleh, Indegenous Organizations in

Palestine (Jerusalem: Arab Thought Forum, 1991), Cairo Times, "A Little Neighborly Advice"

(2-15 September 1999): 21; Massoumeh Ebtekar, "Women's NGOs and Poverty Alleviation: The Iranian Hxperience", harzaneh, 4 (Spring 1998): 10 (in English) Baquer Namazi, "Iranian NGOs: Situational Analysis", (Tehran: January 2000) provides useful early data.

.juj^l «1,1 -mv *, W-M .ykli-v-^cNGOs ^\j»S i^u; oUJ». >> U<J^ ui' *S>> j* -Yf 75- See Daoud Istanbuli, "The Future Role of Palestinian NGOs in an Emerging Palestinian Self-Government", The Middle East Working Group Seminar, Jerusalem, 21-22 June 1993, p

12

For instance, Robert laTowsky, "Financial Profile of Egypt's PVO Sector", Report prepared for I he World Bank, June 1994

77- Cairo ï i m f * . Spécial Report. (2-15 September 1999): 21 78- C i t e d in Ibrahim. "Law 32", ibid.

79- Federation of Community Development Associations, "Fact Sheet", Cairo, March 14, 1990

j\ (jj^-J ^S^A- £f — ^u i,.! u>^ f *)-^ H 1 1 JL, ji tf ij, .L ol^^ i£s*>* tjUNGO ;l Jli« ^^ -A •

81- Anisur Rahman. People 's Self-Development, (London: Zed Books, 1993): 67-73. 82- Majdalani. "Bridging the Gap", ibid.

83- See interview \\iih t urdis Rhodes, of Near East Foundation, Jordan in Economic

Perspective*. 1 1 (I ebruary 1993): 7.

84- Sec (ilussan Sayyah, "Potential Constraints upon NGOs in Lebanon", paper presented in workshop Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Reconciliation in the Middle East: A View from C i v i l Sociei)". Canada, Ottawa, 21 June 1993.

85- Majdalani, "NGOs as Power-Brokers", ibid , p. 14. 86- Nakhleh. Indi^'ntni'i Orgnnnaiotns, ibid., p. 50.

87- See Saatl I d d i n I b r a h i m . "Grassroots Participation in Egyptian Development", Cairo

Papers in Stu nil Science 19 (fall 1996), Delta Business Service International Khattab and