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(1)

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Sea level rise

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Today

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Ice and sea level time scales

Miller et al. 2005!

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Sea ice

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K8'&4).0&#DE(.',3'&B(.&"($,"&$"#D,')&

(2)

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The Cryosphere

Present day estimate of: Antarctic ice sheet

(incl. ice shelves)

Greenland Glaciers

Area (106 km2) 13.8 1.7 0.68

Mean thickness (m) 2079 1707 265

Volume (106 km3) 26.4 2.9 0.18

Sea level equivalent (m) 72.3 7.2 0.51

Accumulation (1012kg yr-1) 2246 ± 86 520 ± 26 670

Runoff (1012kg yr-1) -53 -297 ± 32 -690

Ice berg discharge (1012kg yr-1)

-2072 ± 304 -235 ± 33 -50

Ice shelf basal melt (1012kg yr-1)

-540 ± 218 -32 ± 3 -

!"#$%"&'(&)*+,&-../&

(m w.e. yr-1) 0.163 0.306 0.985

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Global Sea level rise

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[Data IPCC 4AR 2007]

University of Colorado 2009

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Media

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Predictions IPCC 4AR 2007

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(3)

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Possible mechanisms

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How can ice change it’s mass

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Dynamical imbalance

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Greenland

(4)

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Lubrication effect

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The K-transect

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04 04/05 05/06 06/07 07/08 08/09 mean 90-09

Net Balance (m w.e.)

Elevation (m a.s.l.)

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Four years of data (S4)

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Joughin et al. 2008

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(5)

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Velocity and melt trends

0 1 2 3 4 5

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

melt rate (m/yr) Velocity (m/yr)

Year

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Key Processes

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-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 WAIS

Ice mass change (Gt/yr)

Year W98

R02 Z05

V06 RA06 H08

C06

R08 0.5 mm SLC

!"),.&"(--&(B&4("8D)_&$(3o.D)*&K0&H.(83*&'.8'6&#3&@CA2&

-100 -50 0 50 100

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

EAIS

Mass Balance (Gt/yr)

Year W98

R02 D05

Z05

V06 RA06 H08

C06

R08

New compilation

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-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

AIS

Mass balance (Gt/yr)

Year W98

R02 D04

Z05

V06 RA06

W06 H08

IPCC 4AR

C06

0.5 mm SLC R08

dM/dt=9 Gt/yr (12 cm SLC/100 yrs)

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(6)

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-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Mass balance (Gt/yr)

Year

K00 V05

Z05

R06 RA06

C06 V06

L07 IPCC4AR

0.5 mm SLC

-300 -250 -200 -150 -100 -50 0 50

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

WO08

V09

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Recent data Greenland

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-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5

1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100

AIS (mm/yr)

Year

IPCC 4AR

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What is Sea level rise!"

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!! Netherlands tilt

!! Gas extraction

!! Peat compaction

!! (ground water

changes)

!! Large differences

sink 60 cm rise 2 cm

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0 50 100 150 200

0 2 4 6 8 10

Ångermanland northern Sweden

-10 0 10 20 30 40

0 5 10 15 20

Andøya

-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0

0 2 4 6 8 10

Bristol Channel & Exmouth Southwest England

-120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40

10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Sunda Shelf Southeast Asia

-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0

5 10 15 20 25

Barbados

relative sea level (m)

relative sea level (m)

0 50 100 150 200 250 300

0 2 4 6 8 10

time (x1000 calendar years) Richymond Gulf Hudson Bay, Canada

-130 -120 -110 -100 -90 -80 -70

10 20 30 40 50

Bonaparte Gulf Northwest Australia

relative sea level (m)

time (x1000 calendar years) 0 0.5 1 1.5

0 1 2 3 4 6 5 7

Orpheus Island North Queensland

Local sea level rise

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Isaac Newton 1687

!

F = Gm1m2 r2

F = gravitational force (N) m1= mass 1 (kg) m2= mass 2 (kg) r = distance (m)

G = gravitational constant (m3/kgs2)

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Direct gravitational effect

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Local - Global

-200 -150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200

0 5000 10000 15000 20000

Lokaal/globaal (%)

Afstand (km)

De situatie voor Nederland

Patagonia West-Antarctica

Alaska Groenland

Himalaya

Kleine gletsjers

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Local variability in sea level

(9)

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Local sea level rise 1961-2003

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Closing the gap

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Do we understand SLC?

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Scandinavia N Europe Mediterrean SE Asia Australia Central Pacific NE Pacific SE Pacific Caribbean W. Atlantic NW. Atlantic

Thermal expansion ice component

glacial isostatic rebound measured

Sea level change (mm/yr)

-7 -56 +150 -77 +218 -15 +91 -252 +4 -21 -1

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Regional sea level change

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Measured sea level change (mm/yr)

Explained sea level change (mm/yr)

r=0.81 (equal weights)

r=0.87 (weighted by number of stations)

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G,.H)&-E.),*q&

(10)

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Exploring the high end climate change scenario for flood protection of the Netherlands

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Key question to science

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Implications for the Netherlands

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Acknowledgement

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