University of Groningen
Fitness to drive of older drivers with cognitive impairments
Piersma, Dafne
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2018
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Piersma, D. (2018). Fitness to drive of older drivers with cognitive impairments. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
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alternative transportation for patients with cognitive impairment should be
studied, e.g. of taxi services and cycling.
Additionally, there should be more research on rehabilitation-oriented
assessments of fitness to drive to reveal options to compensate for cognitive
impairments. Fitness-to-drive assessments provide information about
individuals’ weaknesses for which they may require in-car support, education
or training as well as strengths that could be used in rehabilitation. As an
example, for some patients with wayfinding difficulties, driving with a
navigation system might facilitate a prolonged duration of driving
continuation. In this context, the development of technological innovations, in
particular (partially) automated vehicles is very promising. Current highly
automated vehicles, however, may not be suitable for patients who are unfit to
drive as the driver needs to intervene when unexpected situations occur or in
case of road works (Aeberhard et al., 2015), i.e. in traffic situations in which
patients with cognitive impairment need support, they would have to drive
themselves. Nonetheless, if cars become fully automated, there is no need of a
driver anymore, therefore, patients with cognitive impairment who are no
longer fit to drive may be allowed to travel in fully automated cars in the
future. Although this idea is very attractive, there are many hurdles to take
before all traffic will become fully automated (Aeberhard et al., 2015;
Kyriakidis, Happee, & de Winter, 2015).
7.11.
Conclusions
This thesis addresses how fitness to drive should be assessed in patients with
different aetiologies of cognitive impairment. This topic is very relevant as
patients with cognitive impairment are at risk for unsafe driving, but a large
proportion of them are fit to drive in early stages of their disease warranting
individual evaluations. A fitness-to-drive assessment including clinical
interviews, neuropsychological tests, and driving simulator rides is a
promising approach for patients with AD. Additionally, for patients with
different types of dementia (e.g. vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia,
Lewy body dementia) different assessment strategies must be developed to
evaluate their fitness to drive. Driving recommendations given after
fitness-to-drive assessments were effectively promoting driving continuation of patients
who were fit to drive and driving cessation of patients who were no longer fit
to drive. In the process of driving cessation, patients with cognitive
impairment may need support to stimulate the transition to alternative
transportation, in order to retain mobility and social participation.
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Devlin, A., McGillivray, J., Charlton, J., Lowndes, G., & Etienne, V. (2012). Investigating driving behaviour of older drivers with mild cognitive impairment using a portable driving simulator. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 49, 300–307.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.02.022
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Devos, H., Vandenberghe, W., Nieuwboer, A., Tant, M., Baten, G., & De Weerdt, W. (2007). Predictors of fitness to drive in people with Parkinson disease. Neurology, 69(14), 1434– 1441. http://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000277640.58685.fc
Devos, H., Vandenberghe, W., Nieuwboer, A., Tant, M., De Weerdt, W., Dawson, J. D., & Uc, E. Y. (2013). Validation of a screening battery to predict driving fitness in people with Parkinson’s disease. Movement Disorders, 28(5), 671–674.
http://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25387
Dickerson, A. E. (2014). Screening and assessment tools for determining fitness to drive: a review of the literature for the pathways project. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 28(2), 82–121. http://doi.org/10.3109/07380577.2014.904535
Dickerson, A. E., & Bédard, M. (2014). Decision Tool for Clients with Medical Issues: A Framework for Identifying Driving Risk and Potential to Return to Driving. Occupational Therapy In Health Care, 28(2), 194–202.
http://doi.org/10.3109/07380577.2014.903357
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Dickerson, A. E., & Bédard, M. (2014). Decision Tool for Clients with Medical Issues: A Framework for Identifying Driving Risk and Potential to Return to Driving. Occupational Therapy In Health Care, 28(2), 194–202.
http://doi.org/10.3109/07380577.2014.903357
Dickson, D. W. (1999). Neuropathologic differentiation of progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. Journal of Neurology, 246 Suppl 2, II6-15.
Dobbs, A. R. (2013). Accuracy of the DriveABLE cognitive assessment to determine cognitive fitness to drive. Canadian Family Physician Medecin de Famille Canadien, 59(3), e156-61. Dobbs, A. R., Heller, R. B., & Schopflocher, D. (1998). A comparative approach to identify
unsafe older drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 30(3), 363–370. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-4575(97)00110-3
Dobbs, B. M., Carr, D. B., & Morris, J. C. (2002). Evaluation and management of the driver with dementia. The Neurologist, 8(2), 61–70.
Dobbs, B. M., & Shergill, S. S. (2013). How effective is the Trail Making Test (Parts A and B) in identifying cognitively impaired drivers? Age and Ageing, 42(5), 577–81. http://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/aft073
Domeyer, J. E., Cassavaugh, N. D., & Backs, R. W. (2013). The use of adaptation to reduce simulator sickness in driving assessment and research. Accident; Analysis and Prevention, 53, 127–32. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.12.039
Doumen, M., & Davidse, R. (2012). Samenstelling van een neuropsychologische testbatterij voor onderzoek naar de rijgeschiktheid van ouderen met cognitieve functiestoornissen. Leidschendam, the Netherlands.
Drachman, D. A., & Swearer, J. M. (1993). Driving and Alzheimer’s disease: the risk of crashes. Neurology, 43(12), 2448–56.
Drane, D. L., Yuspeh, R. L., Huthwaite, J. S., & Klingler, L. K. (2002). Demographic characteristics and normative observations for derived-trail making test indices. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 15(1), 39–43.
Dubinsky, R. M., Stein, A. C., & Lyons, K. (2000). Practice parameter: Risk of driving and Alzheimer’s disease (an evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 54(12), 2205–2211. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.54.12.2205
Duchek, J. M., Carr, D. B., Hunt, L., Roe, C. M., Xiong, C., Shah, K., & Morris, J. C. (2003). Longitudinal Driving Performance in Early-Stage Dementia of the Alzheimer Type. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(10), 1342–1347.
http://doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51481.x
Eby, D. W., Silverstein, N. M., Molnar, L. J., LeBlanc, D., & Adler, G. (2012). Driving behaviors in early stage dementia: A study using in-vehicle technology. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 49, 330–337. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.11.021
Edwards, C., Creaser, J., Caird, J., Lamsdale, A., & Chisholm, S. (2003). Older and younger driver performance at complex intersections: Implications for using perception-response time and driving simulation. In Proceedings of the Second International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design. Park City, Utah.
Elkin-Frankston, S., Lebowitz, B., Kapust, L., Hollis, A., & O’Connor, M. (2007). The use of the Color Trails Test in the assessment of driver competence: Preliminary report of a culture-fair instrument. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 22(5), 631–635. http://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACN.2007.04.004
Emerson, J. L., Johnson, A. M., Dawson, J. D., Uc, E. Y., Anderson, S. W., & Rizzo, M. (2012). Predictors of driving outcomes in advancing age. Psychology and Aging, 27(3), 550–559. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0026359
Ernst, J., Krapp, S., Schuster, T., Förstl, H., Kurz, A., & Diehl-Schmid, J. (2010). [Car driving ability of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease]. / Fahrtauglichkeit bei Patienten mit frontotemporaler und Alzheimer-Demenz. Der Nervenarzt, 81(1), 79–85. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-009-2847-5
Etienne, V., Marin-Lamellet, C., & Laurent, B. (2013). Mental flexibility impairment in drivers with early Alzheimer’s disease: A simulator-based study. IATSS Research, 37(1), 16–20. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.iatssr.2013.06.005
Fischer, P., Gatterer, G., Marterer, A., Simanyi, M., & Danielczyk, W. (1990). Course characteristics in the differentiation of dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 81(6), 551–3.
Fitten, L. J., Perryman, K. M., Wilkinson, C. J., Little, R. J., Burns, M. M., Pachana, N., … Ganzell, S. (1995). Alzheimer and vascular dementias and driving. A prospective road and laboratory study. JAMA, 273(17), 1360–5.
Foley, D. J., Heimovitz, H. K., Guralnik, J. M., & Brock, D. B. (2002). Driving life expectancy of persons aged 70 years and older in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 92(8), 1284–9.
Foley, D. J., Masaki, K. H., Ross, G. W., & White, L. R. (2000). Driving cessation in older men with incident dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 48(8), 928–30.
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–98.
Fox, G. K., Bowden, S. C., Bashford, G. M., & Smith, D. S. (1997). Alzheimer’s disease and driving: prediction and assessment of driving performance. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45(8), 949–53.
Freeman, E. E., Muñoz, B., Turano, K. A., & West, S. K. (2005). Measures of visual function and time to driving cessation in older adults. Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 82(8), 765–73.
Freund, B. (2006). Office-Based Evaluation of the Older Driver. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 54(12), 1943–1944. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00966.x Freund, B., & Colgrove, L. A. A. (2008). Error specific restrictions for older drivers:
Promoting continued independence and public safety. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(1), 97–103. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.04.010
Freund, B., Colgrove, L. A., Petrakos, D., & McLeod, R. (2008). In my car the brake is on the right: Pedal errors among older drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40(1), 403–409. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2007.07.012
Freund, B., Gravenstein, S., Ferris, R., & Shaheen, E. (2002). Evaluating driving performance of cognitively impaired and healthy older adults: a pilot study comparing on-road testing and driving simulation. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 50(7), 1309–10. Friedland, R. P. (1997). Strategies for driving cessation in Alzheimer Disease. Alzheimer
Disease and Associated Disorders, 11 Suppl 1, 73–5.
Friedland, R. P., Koss, E., Kumar, A., Gaine, S., Metzler, D., Haxby, J. V., & Moore, A. (1988). Motor vehicle crashes in dementia of the alzheimer type. Annals of Neurology, 24(6), 782–786. http://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410240613
Frittelli, C., Borghetti, D., Iudice, G., Bonanni, E., Maestri, M., Tognoni, G., … Iudice, A. (2009). Effects of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment on driving ability: a controlled clinical study by simulated driving test. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(3), 232–238. http://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2095
Frucht, S., Rogers, J. D., Greene, P. E., Gordon, M. F., & Fahn, S. (1999). Falling asleep at the wheel: motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole. Neurology, 52(9), 1908–10.
Fuermaier, A. B. M., Piersma, D., de Waard, D., Davidse, R. J., de Groot, J., Doumen, M. J. A., … Tucha, O. (2017). Assessing fitness to drive - A validation study on patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18(2), 145–149. http://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1232809
Fujito, R., Kamimura, N., Ikeda, M., Koyama, A., Shimodera, S., Morinobu, S., & Inoue, S. (2016). Comparing the driving behaviours of individuals with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and those with Alzheimer’s disease. Psychogeriatrics, 16(1), 27–33. http://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12115
Gergerich, E. M. (2016). Reporting Policy Regarding Drivers with Dementia. The Gerontologist, 56(2), 345–356. http://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv143
Gifford, R. (2013). Flawed conclusion. Canadian Family Physician, 59(7), 726–727.
Gill, D. P., Hubbard, R. A., Koepsell, T. D., Borrie, M. J., Petrella, R. J., Knopman, D. S., & Kukull, W. A. (2013). Differences in rate of functional decline across three dementia types. Alzheimer’s & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 9(5 Suppl), S63-71. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.010
Gilley, D. W., Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., Stebbins, G. T., Bernard, B. A., Whalen, M. E., & Fox, J. H. (1991). Cessation of driving and unsafe motor vehicle operation by dementia patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151(5), 941–6.
Goodman, R. A., Lochner, K. A., Thambisetty, M., Wingo, T. S., Posner, S. F., & Ling, S. M. (2016). Prevalence of dementia subtypes in United States Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, 2011-2013. Alzheimer’s & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 13(1), 28–37. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.04.002
Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Brambati, S. M., Ginex, V., Ogar, J., Dronkers, N. F., Marcone, A., … Miller, B. L. (2008). The logopenic/phonological variant of primary progressive aphasia. Neurology, 71(16), 1227–1234. http://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000320506.79811.da Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Hillis, A. E., Weintraub, S., Kertesz, A., Mendez, M., Cappa, S. F., …
Grossman, M. (2011). Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology, 76(11), 1006–14. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6
Graham, N. L., Bak, T. H., & Hodges, J. R. (2003). Corticobasal degeneration as a cognitive disorder. Movement Disorders, 18(11), 1224–1232. http://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10536 Hakamies-Blomqvist, L., Johansson, K., & Lundberg, C. (1996). Medical Screening of Older
Drivers as a Traffic Safety Measure-A Comparative Finnish-Swedish Evaluation Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(6), 650–653.
http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01826.x
Hanyu, H., Sato, T., Hirao, K., Kanetaka, H., Sakurai, H., & Iwamoto, T. (2009). Differences in clinical course between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. European Journal of Neurology, 16(2), 212–217. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02388.x Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., Bienias, J. L., Bennett, D. A., & Evans, D. A. (2003). Alzheimer
Disease in the US Population. Archives of Neurology, 60(8), 1119–22. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.60.8.1119
Herrmann, N., Rapoport, M. J., Sambrook, R., Hébert, R., McCracken, P., Robillard, A., & Canadian Outcomes Study in Dementia (COSID) Investigators. (2006). Predictors of driving cessation in mild-to-moderate dementia. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 175(6), 591–595. http://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051707
Hill, L. L., Rybar, J., & Styer, T. (2013). Evaluation of curriculum to improve health professionals’ ability to manage age-related driving impairments. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 61, 222–232. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.026
Hines, A., & Bundy, A. C. (2014). Predicting driving ability using DriveSafe and DriveAware in people with cognitive impairments: A replication study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 61(4), 224–229. http://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12112
Hoggarth, P. A., Innes, C. R. H., Dalrymple-Alford, J. C., & Jones, R. D. (2013). Predicting On-Road Assessment Pass and Fail Outcomes in Older Drivers with Cognitive Impairment Using a Battery of Computerized Sensory-Motor and Cognitive Tests. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(12), 2192–2198. http://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12540
Hollis, A. M., Lee, A. K. W., Kapust, L. R., Phillips, L. K., Wolkin, J., & O’Connor, M. G. (2013). The Driving Competence of 90-Year-Old Drivers: From a Hospital-Based Driving Clinic. Traffic Injury Prevention, 14(8), 782–790.
http://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2013.777957
Hoops, S., Nazem, S., Siderowf, A. D., Duda, J. E., Xie, S. X., Stern, M. B., & Weintraub, D. (2009). Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 73(21), 1738–1745.
http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c34b47
Hope, T., Keene, J., Fairburn, C. G., Jacoby, R., & McShane, R. (1999). Natural history of behavioural changes and psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. A longitudinal study. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 174, 39–44.
Horswill, M., Anstey, K., Hatherly, C., & Wood, J. (2010). The crash involvement of older drivers is associated with their hazard perception latencies. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), 939–944. http://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771000055X Huisingh, C., McGwin, G., & Owsley, C. (2016). Association of visual sensory function and
higher-order visual processing skills with incident driving cessation. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 99(5), 441–448. http://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12404
Hunt, L. A., Murphy, C. F., Carr, D., Duchek, J. M., Buckles, V., & Morris, J. C. (1997). Reliability of the Washington University Road Test. A performance-based assessment for drivers with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 54(6), 707–12. Hunt, L., Morris, J. C., Edwards, D., & Wilson, B. S. (1993). Driving performance in persons
with mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(7), 747–52.
ICADTS. (2007). [updated 2007 July; cited 2015 June 22]. Available from: http://www.icadts.nl/medicinal.html. Ann Arbor, USA: The International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety.
Ikejima, C., Yasuno, F., Mizukami, K., Sasaki, M., Tanimukai, S., & Asada, T. (2009). Prevalence and Causes of Early-Onset Dementia in Japan: A Population-Based Study. Stroke, 40(8), 2709–2714. http://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.542308
Innes, C. R. H., Lee, D., Chen, C., Ponder-Sutton, A. M., Melzer, T. R., & Jones, R. D. (2011). Do complex models increase prediction of complex behaviours? Predicting driving ability in people with brain disorders. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(9), 1714–1725. http://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.555821
Frittelli, C., Borghetti, D., Iudice, G., Bonanni, E., Maestri, M., Tognoni, G., … Iudice, A. (2009). Effects of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment on driving ability: a controlled clinical study by simulated driving test. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 24(3), 232–238. http://doi.org/10.1002/gps.2095
Frucht, S., Rogers, J. D., Greene, P. E., Gordon, M. F., & Fahn, S. (1999). Falling asleep at the wheel: motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole. Neurology, 52(9), 1908–10.
Fuermaier, A. B. M., Piersma, D., de Waard, D., Davidse, R. J., de Groot, J., Doumen, M. J. A., … Tucha, O. (2017). Assessing fitness to drive - A validation study on patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18(2), 145–149. http://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2016.1232809
Fujito, R., Kamimura, N., Ikeda, M., Koyama, A., Shimodera, S., Morinobu, S., & Inoue, S. (2016). Comparing the driving behaviours of individuals with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and those with Alzheimer’s disease. Psychogeriatrics, 16(1), 27–33. http://doi.org/10.1111/psyg.12115
Gergerich, E. M. (2016). Reporting Policy Regarding Drivers with Dementia. The Gerontologist, 56(2), 345–356. http://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnv143
Gifford, R. (2013). Flawed conclusion. Canadian Family Physician, 59(7), 726–727.
Gill, D. P., Hubbard, R. A., Koepsell, T. D., Borrie, M. J., Petrella, R. J., Knopman, D. S., & Kukull, W. A. (2013). Differences in rate of functional decline across three dementia types. Alzheimer’s & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 9(5 Suppl), S63-71. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.010
Gilley, D. W., Wilson, R. S., Bennett, D. A., Stebbins, G. T., Bernard, B. A., Whalen, M. E., & Fox, J. H. (1991). Cessation of driving and unsafe motor vehicle operation by dementia patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 151(5), 941–6.
Goodman, R. A., Lochner, K. A., Thambisetty, M., Wingo, T. S., Posner, S. F., & Ling, S. M. (2016). Prevalence of dementia subtypes in United States Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries, 2011-2013. Alzheimer’s & Dementia : The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 13(1), 28–37. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.04.002
Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Brambati, S. M., Ginex, V., Ogar, J., Dronkers, N. F., Marcone, A., … Miller, B. L. (2008). The logopenic/phonological variant of primary progressive aphasia. Neurology, 71(16), 1227–1234. http://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000320506.79811.da Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Hillis, A. E., Weintraub, S., Kertesz, A., Mendez, M., Cappa, S. F., …
Grossman, M. (2011). Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology, 76(11), 1006–14. http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6
Graham, N. L., Bak, T. H., & Hodges, J. R. (2003). Corticobasal degeneration as a cognitive disorder. Movement Disorders, 18(11), 1224–1232. http://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10536 Hakamies-Blomqvist, L., Johansson, K., & Lundberg, C. (1996). Medical Screening of Older
Drivers as a Traffic Safety Measure-A Comparative Finnish-Swedish Evaluation Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 44(6), 650–653.
http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01826.x
Hanyu, H., Sato, T., Hirao, K., Kanetaka, H., Sakurai, H., & Iwamoto, T. (2009). Differences in clinical course between dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer’s disease. European Journal of Neurology, 16(2), 212–217. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02388.x Hebert, L. E., Scherr, P. A., Bienias, J. L., Bennett, D. A., & Evans, D. A. (2003). Alzheimer
Disease in the US Population. Archives of Neurology, 60(8), 1119–22. http://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.60.8.1119
Herrmann, N., Rapoport, M. J., Sambrook, R., Hébert, R., McCracken, P., Robillard, A., & Canadian Outcomes Study in Dementia (COSID) Investigators. (2006). Predictors of driving cessation in mild-to-moderate dementia. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 175(6), 591–595. http://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051707
Hill, L. L., Rybar, J., & Styer, T. (2013). Evaluation of curriculum to improve health professionals’ ability to manage age-related driving impairments. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 61, 222–232. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2012.09.026
Hines, A., & Bundy, A. C. (2014). Predicting driving ability using DriveSafe and DriveAware in people with cognitive impairments: A replication study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 61(4), 224–229. http://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12112
Hoggarth, P. A., Innes, C. R. H., Dalrymple-Alford, J. C., & Jones, R. D. (2013). Predicting On-Road Assessment Pass and Fail Outcomes in Older Drivers with Cognitive Impairment Using a Battery of Computerized Sensory-Motor and Cognitive Tests. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(12), 2192–2198. http://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12540
Hollis, A. M., Lee, A. K. W., Kapust, L. R., Phillips, L. K., Wolkin, J., & O’Connor, M. G. (2013). The Driving Competence of 90-Year-Old Drivers: From a Hospital-Based Driving Clinic. Traffic Injury Prevention, 14(8), 782–790.
http://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2013.777957
Hoops, S., Nazem, S., Siderowf, A. D., Duda, J. E., Xie, S. X., Stern, M. B., & Weintraub, D. (2009). Validity of the MoCA and MMSE in the detection of MCI and dementia in Parkinson disease. Neurology, 73(21), 1738–1745.
http://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c34b47
Hope, T., Keene, J., Fairburn, C. G., Jacoby, R., & McShane, R. (1999). Natural history of behavioural changes and psychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease. A longitudinal study. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 174, 39–44.
Horswill, M., Anstey, K., Hatherly, C., & Wood, J. (2010). The crash involvement of older drivers is associated with their hazard perception latencies. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), 939–944. http://doi.org/10.1017/S135561771000055X Huisingh, C., McGwin, G., & Owsley, C. (2016). Association of visual sensory function and
higher-order visual processing skills with incident driving cessation. Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 99(5), 441–448. http://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12404
Hunt, L. A., Murphy, C. F., Carr, D., Duchek, J. M., Buckles, V., & Morris, J. C. (1997). Reliability of the Washington University Road Test. A performance-based assessment for drivers with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 54(6), 707–12. Hunt, L., Morris, J. C., Edwards, D., & Wilson, B. S. (1993). Driving performance in persons
with mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 41(7), 747–52.
ICADTS. (2007). [updated 2007 July; cited 2015 June 22]. Available from: http://www.icadts.nl/medicinal.html. Ann Arbor, USA: The International Council on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety.
Ikejima, C., Yasuno, F., Mizukami, K., Sasaki, M., Tanimukai, S., & Asada, T. (2009). Prevalence and Causes of Early-Onset Dementia in Japan: A Population-Based Study. Stroke, 40(8), 2709–2714. http://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.542308
Innes, C. R. H., Lee, D., Chen, C., Ponder-Sutton, A. M., Melzer, T. R., & Jones, R. D. (2011). Do complex models increase prediction of complex behaviours? Predicting driving ability in people with brain disorders. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 64(9), 1714–1725. http://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.555821
