University of Groningen Coping with uncertainty Mwangi, Joseph

Coping with uncertainty

Mwangi, Joseph

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Mwangi, J. (2019). Coping with uncertainty: Adapting to stochasticity in an unpredictable tropical

environment. University of Groningen.

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predators. Future studies on the identity and ecology on nest predators is of fundamental importance to understanding evolution of avian life histories in these tropical systems. They would also contribute a better understanding of depredation patterns that may be obscured by the current lumping of different predator species. It would therefore be worthwhile to employ recent advances in the development of miniature video technology and more sensitive trail cameras to document nest predators either using active nests or artificial nests and design specific studies focusing on their ecology.

One unique attribute conferred to studying near equatorial tropical birds is the occurrence of birds both in breeding and in quiescence under the same environmental conditions that do not vary in body mass (an acceptable proxy for body condition) and immune indices (chapter 4 and 5 of this thesis). This unique attribute can be exploited to test the effects of; (a) increased infection, (b) mounting an immune challenge or (c) the ability to fight infection using the wild population during the putative expensive life history stage of breeding versus those in quiescence dependent on an individual’s immune function. This can be achieved for instance by experimentally presenting an immune challenge to their system to gain insight into the consequences of disease at different life history stages or environmental factors.

References

A

Abdul-Rahman, I. I., Robinson, J. E., Obese, F. Y., Jeffcoate, I. A. and Awumbila, B. 2016. Effects of season on the reproductive organ and plasma testosterone concentrations in guinea cocks (Numida meleagris). - Poult. Sci. 95: 636–644.

Adamo, S. A. and Lovett, M. M. E. 2011. Some like it hot: the effects of climate change on reproduction, immune function and disease resistance in the cricket Gryllus texensis. - J. Exp. Biol. 214: 1997–2004.

Altizer, S., Dobson, A., Hosseini, P., Hudson, P., Pascual, M. and Rohani, P. 2006. Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases. - Ecol. Lett. 9: 467–484.

Anderson, P. C., Kok, O. B. and Erasmus, B. H. 1999. Diet, body mass and condition of lesser kestrels Falco naumanni in South Africa. – Ostrich 70: 112–116.

Anich, N. M., Benson, T. J. and Bednarz, J. C. 2010. Factors Influencing Home-Range Size of Swainson’s Warblers in Eastern Arkansas. - The Condor 112: 149–158.

Ardia, D. R., Schat, K. A. and Winkler, D. W. 2003. Reproductive effort reduces long-term immune function in breeding tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 270: 1679–1683.

Arlettaz, R., Schaad, M., Reichlin, T. S. and Schaub, M. 2010. Impact of weather and climate variation on hoopoe reproductive ecology and population growth. – J. Ornithol. 151: 889– 899.

Arnold, T. W. 2010. Uninformative parameters and model selection using Akaike’s information criterion. – J. Wildl. Manage. 74: 1175–1178.

Arnold, T. W., Sorenson, M. D. and Rotella, J. J. 1993. Relative success of overwater and upland mallard nests in south western Manitoba. – J. Wildl. Manage. 57: 578–581.

Ausden, M. and Drake, M. 2006. Invertebrates. – In: Sutherland, W. J. (ed.), Ecological census techniques. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 214–249.

B

Bailey, L. D. and van de Pol, M. 2016. climwin: An R Toolbox for Climate Window Analysis. - PLoS ONE in press.

Baldwin, H. Q., Jeske, C. W., Powell, M. A., Chadwick, P. C. and Barrow, W. C. 2010. Home-Range Size and Site Tenacity of Overwintering Le Conte’s Sparrows in a Fire Managed Prairie. - Wilson J. Ornithol. 122: 139–145.Burt, W. H. 1943. Territoriality and Home Range Concepts as Applied to Mammals. - J. Mammal. 24: 346–352.

Ball, G. F. 2016. Species variation in the degree of sex differences in brain and behaviour related to birdsong: adaptations and constraints. - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. in press. Ball, G. F. and Ketterson, E. D. 2008. Sex differences in the response to environmental cues

regulating seasonal reproduction in birds. - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363: 231–246.

predators. Future studies on the identity and ecology on nest predators is of fundamental importance to understanding evolution of avian life histories in these tropical systems. They would also contribute a better understanding of depredation patterns that may be obscured by the current lumping of different predator species. It would therefore be worthwhile to employ recent advances in the development of miniature video technology and more sensitive trail cameras to document nest predators either using active nests or artificial nests and design specific studies focusing on their ecology.

One unique attribute conferred to studying near equatorial tropical birds is the occurrence of birds both in breeding and in quiescence under the same environmental conditions that do not vary in body mass (an acceptable proxy for body condition) and immune indices (chapter 4 and 5 of this thesis). This unique attribute can be exploited to test the effects of; (a) increased infection, (b) mounting an immune challenge or (c) the ability to fight infection using the wild population during the putative expensive life history stage of breeding versus those in quiescence dependent on an individual’s immune function. This can be achieved for instance by experimentally presenting an immune challenge to their system to gain insight into the consequences of disease at different life history stages or environmental factors.

References

A

Abdul-Rahman, I. I., Robinson, J. E., Obese, F. Y., Jeffcoate, I. A. and Awumbila, B. 2016. Effects of season on the reproductive organ and plasma testosterone concentrations in guinea cocks (Numida meleagris). - Poult. Sci. 95: 636–644.

Adamo, S. A. and Lovett, M. M. E. 2011. Some like it hot: the effects of climate change on reproduction, immune function and disease resistance in the cricket Gryllus texensis. - J. Exp. Biol. 214: 1997–2004.

Altizer, S., Dobson, A., Hosseini, P., Hudson, P., Pascual, M. and Rohani, P. 2006. Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases. - Ecol. Lett. 9: 467–484.

Anderson, P. C., Kok, O. B. and Erasmus, B. H. 1999. Diet, body mass and condition of lesser kestrels Falco naumanni in South Africa. – Ostrich 70: 112–116.

Anich, N. M., Benson, T. J. and Bednarz, J. C. 2010. Factors Influencing Home-Range Size of Swainson’s Warblers in Eastern Arkansas. - The Condor 112: 149–158.

Ardia, D. R., Schat, K. A. and Winkler, D. W. 2003. Reproductive effort reduces long-term immune function in breeding tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 270: 1679–1683.

Arlettaz, R., Schaad, M., Reichlin, T. S. and Schaub, M. 2010. Impact of weather and climate variation on hoopoe reproductive ecology and population growth. – J. Ornithol. 151: 889– 899.

Arnold, T. W. 2010. Uninformative parameters and model selection using Akaike’s information criterion. – J. Wildl. Manage. 74: 1175–1178.

Arnold, T. W., Sorenson, M. D. and Rotella, J. J. 1993. Relative success of overwater and upland mallard nests in south western Manitoba. – J. Wildl. Manage. 57: 578–581.

Ausden, M. and Drake, M. 2006. Invertebrates. – In: Sutherland, W. J. (ed.), Ecological census techniques. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 214–249.

B

Bailey, L. D. and van de Pol, M. 2016. climwin: An R Toolbox for Climate Window Analysis. - PLoS ONE in press.

Baldwin, H. Q., Jeske, C. W., Powell, M. A., Chadwick, P. C. and Barrow, W. C. 2010. Home-Range Size and Site Tenacity of Overwintering Le Conte’s Sparrows in a Fire Managed Prairie. - Wilson J. Ornithol. 122: 139–145.Burt, W. H. 1943. Territoriality and Home Range Concepts as Applied to Mammals. - J. Mammal. 24: 346–352.

Ball, G. F. 2016. Species variation in the degree of sex differences in brain and behaviour related to birdsong: adaptations and constraints. - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. in press. Ball, G. F. and Ketterson, E. D. 2008. Sex differences in the response to environmental cues

regulating seasonal reproduction in birds. - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363: 231–246.

Barton, K. 2018. MuMIn: multi-model inference. – R package ver.1.40.4, < https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn >. accessed 2018-07-23

Becker, C., Mounce, H., Rassmussen, T., Rauch-Sasseen, A., Swinnerton, K. and Leonard, D. 2010. Nest success and parental investment in the Critically Endangered Maui parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys with implications for recovery. - Endanger. Species Res. 11: 189–194.

Bednekoff, P. A. and Krebs, J. R. 1995. Great Tit Fat Reserves: Effects of Changing and Unpredictable Feeding Day Length. - Funct. Ecol. 9: 457–462.

Berkunsky, I., Segura, L. N., Aramburú, R. M., Ruggera, R. A., Svagelj, W. S. and Reboreda, J. C. 2016. Nest survival and predation in blue-fronted parrots Amazona aestiva: effects of nesting behaviour and cavity characteristics. – Ardea 104: 143–151.

Bevanda, M., Fronhofer, E. A., Heurich, M., Müller, J. and Reineking, B. 2015. Landscape configuration is a major determinant of home range size variation. - Ecosphere 6: 1–12. Blanckenhorn, W. U. 2000. The Evolution of Body Size: What Keeps Organisms Small? - Q. Rev.

Biol. 75: 385–407.

Bleuven Clara and Landry Christian R. 2016. Molecular and cellular bases of adaptation to a changing environment in microorganisms. - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 283: 20161458. Bogdan, C., Röllinghoff, M. and Diefenbach, A. 2000. The role of nitric oxide in innate immunity.

- Immunol. Rev. 173: 17–26.

Börger, L., Franconi, N., Ferretti, F., Meschi, F., Michele, G. D., Gantz, A. and Coulson, T. 2006. An Integrated Approach to Identify Spatiotemporal and Individual‐Level Determinants of Animal Home Range Size. - Am. Nat. 168: 471–485.

Borgmann, K. L., Conway, C. J. and Morrison, M. L. 2013. Breeding phenology of birds: mechanisms underlying seasonal declines in the risk of nest predation. – PLoS One 8: e65909.

Braun, A. and Bugnyar, T. 2012. Social bonds and rank acquisition in raven nonbreeder aggregations. - Anim. Behav. 84: 1507–1515.

Brown, L. H. and Britton, P. L. 1980. The breeding seasons of East African birds. - EANHS: 182. Brown, M., Hablützel, P., Friberg, I. M., Thomason, A. G., Stewart, A., Pachebat, J. A. and Jackson, J. A. 2016. Seasonal immunoregulation in a naturally-occurring vertebrate. - BMC Genomics in press.

Brzęk, P. and Konarzewski, M. 2007. Relationship between avian growth rate and immune response depends on food availability. - J. Exp. Biol. 210: 2361–2367.

Buehler, D. M., Encinas‐Viso, F., Petit, M., Vézina, F., Tieleman, B. I. and Piersma, T. 2009. Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade‐Offs in a Long‐Distance Migrant Shorebird. II. Constitutive Immune Function and the Acute‐Phase Response. - Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 82: 561–571.

Buehler, D. M., Piersma, T., Matson, K. and Tieleman, B. I. 2008. Seasonal Redistribution of Immune Function in a Migrant Shorebird: Annual‐Cycle Effects Override Adjustments to Thermal Regime. - Am. Nat. 172: 783–796.

Burkhardt, R. W. 2013. Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters. - Genetics 194: 793–805.

Burnham, K., Anderson, D. 2002. Model Selection and Multimodal Inference. -Springer, New York

C

Calenge, C. 2006. The package adehabitat for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. 197: 516–519.

Carrascal, L. M. and Polo, V. 2006. Effects of wing area reduction on winter body mass and foraging behaviour in coal tits: field and aviary experiments. - Anim. Behav. 72: 663–672. Catoni, C., Schaefer, H. M. and Peters, A. 2008. Fruit for health: the effect of flavonoids on humoral immune response and food selection in a frugivorous bird. - Funct. Ecol. 22: 649– 654.

Chai, P. 1997. Hummingbird hovering energetics during moult of primary flight feathers. - J. Exp. Biol. 200: 1527–1536.

Chapman, A. 1995. Breeding and moult of four bird species in tropical West Africa. - Trop. Zool. 8: 227–238.

Chmura, H. E., Kharouba, H. M., Ashander, J., Ehlman, S. M., Rivest, E. B. and Yang, L. H. The mechanisms of phenology: the patterns and processes of phenological shifts. - Ecol. Monogr. in press.

Cooper, S. J. 2007. Daily and seasonal variation in body mass and visible fat in mountain chickadees and juniper titmice. - Wilson J. Ornithol. 119: 720–724.

Cowardin, L. M. and Johnson, D. H. 1979. Mathematics and mallard management. – J. Wildl. Manage. 43: 18–35.

Cox, D. T. C. and Cresswell, W. 2014. Mass gained during breeding positively correlates with adult survival because both reflect life history adaptation to seasonal food availability. - Oecologia 174: 1197–1204.

Cresswell, W. 1998. Diurnal and seasonal mass variation in blackbirds Turdus merula: consequences for mass-dependent predation risk. - J. Anim. Ecol. 67: 78–90.

Cresswell, W. 2003. Testing the mass-dependent predation hypothesis: in European blackbirds poor foragers have higher overwinter body reserves. - Anim. Behav. 65: 1035–1044. Cuthill, I. C. 2000. Body mass regulation in response to changes in feeding predictability and

overnight energy expenditure. - Behav. Ecol. 11: 189–195.

Cuthill, I. C., Maddocks, S. A., Weall, C. V. and Jones, E. K. M. 2000. Body mass regulation in response to changes in feeding predictability and overnight energy expenditure. - Behav. Ecol. 11: 189–195.

D

Dallas, T. and Drake, J. M. 2016. Fluctuating temperatures alter environmental pathogen transmission in a Daphnia–pathogen system. - Ecol. Evol. 6: 7931–7938.

Darrah, A. J. and Smith, K. G. 2014. Ecological and behavioral correlates of individual flocking propensity of a tropical songbird. - Behav. Ecol. 25: 1064–1072.

Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life /. - John Murray,.

Davis, S. K. 2005. Nest-site selection patterns and the influence of vegetation on nest survival of mixed-grass prairie passerines. – Condor 107: 605–616.

Dawson, A., King, V. M., Bentley, G. E. and Ball, G. F. 2001. Photoperiodic control of seasonality in birds. – J. Biol. Rhythms 16: 365–380.

Dinsmore, S. J., White, G. C. and Knopf, F. L. 2002. Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival. – Ecology 83: 3476–3488.

Drent, R. H. and Daan, S. 1980. The Prudent Parent: Energetic Adjustments in Avian Breeding. - Ardea 38–90: 225–252.

Barton, K. 2018. MuMIn: multi-model inference. – R package ver.1.40.4, < https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn >. accessed 2018-07-23

Becker, C., Mounce, H., Rassmussen, T., Rauch-Sasseen, A., Swinnerton, K. and Leonard, D. 2010. Nest success and parental investment in the Critically Endangered Maui parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys with implications for recovery. - Endanger. Species Res. 11: 189–194.

Bednekoff, P. A. and Krebs, J. R. 1995. Great Tit Fat Reserves: Effects of Changing and Unpredictable Feeding Day Length. - Funct. Ecol. 9: 457–462.

Berkunsky, I., Segura, L. N., Aramburú, R. M., Ruggera, R. A., Svagelj, W. S. and Reboreda, J. C. 2016. Nest survival and predation in blue-fronted parrots Amazona aestiva: effects of nesting behaviour and cavity characteristics. – Ardea 104: 143–151.

Bevanda, M., Fronhofer, E. A., Heurich, M., Müller, J. and Reineking, B. 2015. Landscape configuration is a major determinant of home range size variation. - Ecosphere 6: 1–12. Blanckenhorn, W. U. 2000. The Evolution of Body Size: What Keeps Organisms Small? - Q. Rev.

Biol. 75: 385–407.

Bleuven Clara and Landry Christian R. 2016. Molecular and cellular bases of adaptation to a changing environment in microorganisms. - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 283: 20161458. Bogdan, C., Röllinghoff, M. and Diefenbach, A. 2000. The role of nitric oxide in innate immunity.

- Immunol. Rev. 173: 17–26.

Börger, L., Franconi, N., Ferretti, F., Meschi, F., Michele, G. D., Gantz, A. and Coulson, T. 2006. An Integrated Approach to Identify Spatiotemporal and Individual‐Level Determinants of Animal Home Range Size. - Am. Nat. 168: 471–485.

Borgmann, K. L., Conway, C. J. and Morrison, M. L. 2013. Breeding phenology of birds: mechanisms underlying seasonal declines in the risk of nest predation. – PLoS One 8: e65909.

Braun, A. and Bugnyar, T. 2012. Social bonds and rank acquisition in raven nonbreeder aggregations. - Anim. Behav. 84: 1507–1515.

Brown, L. H. and Britton, P. L. 1980. The breeding seasons of East African birds. - EANHS: 182. Brown, M., Hablützel, P., Friberg, I. M., Thomason, A. G., Stewart, A., Pachebat, J. A. and Jackson, J. A. 2016. Seasonal immunoregulation in a naturally-occurring vertebrate. - BMC Genomics in press.

Brzęk, P. and Konarzewski, M. 2007. Relationship between avian growth rate and immune response depends on food availability. - J. Exp. Biol. 210: 2361–2367.

Buehler, D. M., Encinas‐Viso, F., Petit, M., Vézina, F., Tieleman, B. I. and Piersma, T. 2009. Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade‐Offs in a Long‐Distance Migrant Shorebird. II. Constitutive Immune Function and the Acute‐Phase Response. - Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 82: 561–571.

Buehler, D. M., Piersma, T., Matson, K. and Tieleman, B. I. 2008. Seasonal Redistribution of Immune Function in a Migrant Shorebird: Annual‐Cycle Effects Override Adjustments to Thermal Regime. - Am. Nat. 172: 783–796.

Burkhardt, R. W. 2013. Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters. - Genetics 194: 793–805.

Burnham, K., Anderson, D. 2002. Model Selection and Multimodal Inference. -Springer, New York

C

Calenge, C. 2006. The package adehabitat for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. 197: 516–519.

Carrascal, L. M. and Polo, V. 2006. Effects of wing area reduction on winter body mass and foraging behaviour in coal tits: field and aviary experiments. - Anim. Behav. 72: 663–672. Catoni, C., Schaefer, H. M. and Peters, A. 2008. Fruit for health: the effect of flavonoids on humoral immune response and food selection in a frugivorous bird. - Funct. Ecol. 22: 649– 654.

Chai, P. 1997. Hummingbird hovering energetics during moult of primary flight feathers. - J. Exp. Biol. 200: 1527–1536.

Chapman, A. 1995. Breeding and moult of four bird species in tropical West Africa. - Trop. Zool. 8: 227–238.

Chmura, H. E., Kharouba, H. M., Ashander, J., Ehlman, S. M., Rivest, E. B. and Yang, L. H. The mechanisms of phenology: the patterns and processes of phenological shifts. - Ecol. Monogr. in press.

Cooper, S. J. 2007. Daily and seasonal variation in body mass and visible fat in mountain chickadees and juniper titmice. - Wilson J. Ornithol. 119: 720–724.

Cowardin, L. M. and Johnson, D. H. 1979. Mathematics and mallard management. – J. Wildl. Manage. 43: 18–35.

Cox, D. T. C. and Cresswell, W. 2014. Mass gained during breeding positively correlates with adult survival because both reflect life history adaptation to seasonal food availability. - Oecologia 174: 1197–1204.

Cresswell, W. 1998. Diurnal and seasonal mass variation in blackbirds Turdus merula: consequences for mass-dependent predation risk. - J. Anim. Ecol. 67: 78–90.

Cresswell, W. 2003. Testing the mass-dependent predation hypothesis: in European blackbirds poor foragers have higher overwinter body reserves. - Anim. Behav. 65: 1035–1044. Cuthill, I. C. 2000. Body mass regulation in response to changes in feeding predictability and

overnight energy expenditure. - Behav. Ecol. 11: 189–195.

Cuthill, I. C., Maddocks, S. A., Weall, C. V. and Jones, E. K. M. 2000. Body mass regulation in response to changes in feeding predictability and overnight energy expenditure. - Behav. Ecol. 11: 189–195.

D

Dallas, T. and Drake, J. M. 2016. Fluctuating temperatures alter environmental pathogen transmission in a Daphnia–pathogen system. - Ecol. Evol. 6: 7931–7938.

Darrah, A. J. and Smith, K. G. 2014. Ecological and behavioral correlates of individual flocking propensity of a tropical songbird. - Behav. Ecol. 25: 1064–1072.

Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, The preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life /. - John Murray,.

Davis, S. K. 2005. Nest-site selection patterns and the influence of vegetation on nest survival of mixed-grass prairie passerines. – Condor 107: 605–616.

Dawson, A., King, V. M., Bentley, G. E. and Ball, G. F. 2001. Photoperiodic control of seasonality in birds. – J. Biol. Rhythms 16: 365–380.

Dinsmore, S. J., White, G. C. and Knopf, F. L. 2002. Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival. – Ecology 83: 3476–3488.

Drent, R. H. and Daan, S. 1980. The Prudent Parent: Energetic Adjustments in Avian Breeding. - Ardea 38–90: 225–252.

Barton, K. 2018. MuMIn: multi-model inference. – R package ver.1.40.4, < https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=MuMIn >. accessed 2018-07-23

Becker, C., Mounce, H., Rassmussen, T., Rauch-Sasseen, A., Swinnerton, K. and Leonard, D. 2010. Nest success and parental investment in the Critically Endangered Maui parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys with implications for recovery. - Endanger. Species Res. 11: 189–194.

Bednekoff, P. A. and Krebs, J. R. 1995. Great Tit Fat Reserves: Effects of Changing and Unpredictable Feeding Day Length. - Funct. Ecol. 9: 457–462.

Berkunsky, I., Segura, L. N., Aramburú, R. M., Ruggera, R. A., Svagelj, W. S. and Reboreda, J. C. 2016. Nest survival and predation in blue-fronted parrots Amazona aestiva: effects of nesting behaviour and cavity characteristics. – Ardea 104: 143–151.

Bevanda, M., Fronhofer, E. A., Heurich, M., Müller, J. and Reineking, B. 2015. Landscape configuration is a major determinant of home range size variation. - Ecosphere 6: 1–12. Blanckenhorn, W. U. 2000. The Evolution of Body Size: What Keeps Organisms Small? - Q. Rev.

Biol. 75: 385–407.

Bleuven Clara and Landry Christian R. 2016. Molecular and cellular bases of adaptation to a changing environment in microorganisms. - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 283: 20161458. Bogdan, C., Röllinghoff, M. and Diefenbach, A. 2000. The role of nitric oxide in innate immunity.

- Immunol. Rev. 173: 17–26.

Börger, L., Franconi, N., Ferretti, F., Meschi, F., Michele, G. D., Gantz, A. and Coulson, T. 2006. An Integrated Approach to Identify Spatiotemporal and Individual‐Level Determinants of Animal Home Range Size. - Am. Nat. 168: 471–485.

Borgmann, K. L., Conway, C. J. and Morrison, M. L. 2013. Breeding phenology of birds: mechanisms underlying seasonal declines in the risk of nest predation. – PLoS One 8: e65909.

Braun, A. and Bugnyar, T. 2012. Social bonds and rank acquisition in raven nonbreeder aggregations. - Anim. Behav. 84: 1507–1515.

Brown, L. H. and Britton, P. L. 1980. The breeding seasons of East African birds. - EANHS: 182. Brown, M., Hablützel, P., Friberg, I. M., Thomason, A. G., Stewart, A., Pachebat, J. A. and Jackson, J. A. 2016. Seasonal immunoregulation in a naturally-occurring vertebrate. - BMC Genomics in press.

Brzęk, P. and Konarzewski, M. 2007. Relationship between avian growth rate and immune response depends on food availability. - J. Exp. Biol. 210: 2361–2367.

Buehler, D. M., Encinas‐Viso, F., Petit, M., Vézina, F., Tieleman, B. I. and Piersma, T. 2009. Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade‐Offs in a Long‐Distance Migrant Shorebird. II. Constitutive Immune Function and the Acute‐Phase Response. - Physiol. Biochem. Zool. 82: 561–571.

Buehler, D. M., Piersma, T., Matson, K. and Tieleman, B. I. 2008. Seasonal Redistribution of Immune Function in a Migrant Shorebird: Annual‐Cycle Effects Override Adjustments to Thermal Regime. - Am. Nat. 172: 783–796.

Burkhardt, R. W. 2013. Lamarck, Evolution, and the Inheritance of Acquired Characters. - Genetics 194: 793–805.

Burnham, K., Anderson, D. 2002. Model Selection and Multimodal Inference. -Springer, New York

C

Calenge, C. 2006. The package adehabitat for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals. 197: 516–519.

Carrascal, L. M. and Polo, V. 2006. Effects of wing area reduction on winter body mass and foraging behaviour in coal tits: field and aviary experiments. - Anim. Behav. 72: 663–672. Catoni, C., Schaefer, H. M. and Peters, A. 2008. Fruit for health: the effect of flavonoids on humoral immune response and food selection in a frugivorous bird. - Funct. Ecol. 22: 649– 654.

Chai, P. 1997. Hummingbird hovering energetics during moult of primary flight feathers. - J. Exp. Biol. 200: 1527–1536.

Chapman, A. 1995. Breeding and moult of four bird species in tropical West Africa. - Trop. Zool. 8: 227–238.

Chmura, H. E., Kharouba, H. M., Ashander, J., Ehlman, S. M., Rivest, E. B. and Yang, L. H. The mechanisms of phenology: the patterns and processes of phenological shifts. - Ecol. Monogr. in press.

Cooper, S. J. 2007. Daily and seasonal variation in body mass and visible fat in mountain chickadees and juniper titmice. - Wilson J. Ornithol. 119: 720–724.

Cowardin, L. M. and Johnson, D. H. 1979. Mathematics and mallard management. – J. Wildl. Manage. 43: 18–35.

Cox, D. T. C. and Cresswell, W. 2014. Mass gained during breeding positively correlates with adult survival because both reflect life history adaptation to seasonal food availability. - Oecologia 174: 1197–1204.

Cresswell, W. 1998. Diurnal and seasonal mass variation in blackbirds Turdus merula: consequences for mass-dependent predation risk. - J. Anim. Ecol. 67: 78–90.

Cresswell, W. 2003. Testing the mass-dependent predation hypothesis: in European blackbirds poor foragers have higher overwinter body reserves. - Anim. Behav. 65: 1035–1044. Cuthill, I. C. 2000. Body mass regulation in response to changes in feeding predictability and

overnight energy expenditure. - Behav. Ecol. 11: 189–195.

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Dawson, A., King, V. M., Bentley, G. E. and Ball, G. F. 2001. Photoperiodic control of seasonality in birds. – J. Biol. Rhythms 16: 365–380.

Dinsmore, S. J., White, G. C. and Knopf, F. L. 2002. Advanced techniques for modeling avian nest survival. – Ecology 83: 3476–3488.

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Emmering, Q. C. and Schmidt, K. A. 2011. Nesting songbirds assess spatial heterogeneity of predatory chipmunks by eavesdropping on their vocalizations. – J. Anim. Ecol. 80: 1305– 1312.

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Freed, L. A. and Cann, R. L. 2012. Changes in Timing, Duration, and Symmetry of Molt of Hawaiian Forest Birds. - PLoS ONE in press.

Fuller, A. K. and Harrison, D. J. 2010. Movement paths reveal scale-dependent habitat decisions by Canada lynx. - J. Mammal. 91: 1269–1279.

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Garza, V., Suárez, F., Herranz, J., Traba, E., García de la Morena, E. L., Morales, M. B., González, R. and Castañeda, M. 2005. Home range, territoriality and habitat selection by the Dupont’s Lark Chersophilus Duponti during the breeding and post breeding periods. - Ardeola 52: 133–146.

Germain, R. R., Schuster, R., Delmore, K. E. and Arcese, P. 2015. Habitat preference facilitates successful early breeding in an open-cup nesting songbird. - Funct. Ecol. 29: 1522–1532. Götmark, F. 2002. Predation by sparrowhawks favours early breeding and small broods in great

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Grant, P. R. and Boag, P. T. 1980. Rainfall on the Galápagos and the demography of Darwin’s finches. – Auk 97: 227–244.

Grant, T. A., Shaffer, T. L., Madden, E. M. and Pietz, P. J. 2005. Time-specific variation in passerine nest survival: new insights into old questions. – Auk 122: 661–672.

Griesser, M., Barnaby, J., Schneider, N. A., Figenschau, N., Wright, J., Griffith, S. C., Kazem, A. and Russell, A. F. 2009. Influence of Winter Ranging Behaviour on the Social Organization of a Cooperatively Breeding Bird Species, The Apostlebird. - Ethology 115: 888–896. Grueber, C. E., Nakagawa, S., Laws, R. J. and Jamieson, I. G. 2011. Multimodel inference in

ecology and evolution: challenges and solutions. – J. Evol. Biol. 24: 699–711.

Guenther, A. and Trillmich, F. 2013. Photoperiod influences the behavioral and physiological phenotype during ontogeny. - Behav. Ecol. 24: 402–411.

Gunnarsson, G. and Elmberg, J. 2008. Density-dependent nest predation – an experiment with simulated mallard nests in contrasting landscapes. – Ibis 150: 259–269.

H

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Hahn, T. P. and MacDougall-Shackleton, S. A. 2008. Adaptive specialization, conditional plasticity and phylogenetic history in the reproductive cue response systems of birds. - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363: 267–286.

Haley, K. L. and Rosenberg, D. K. 2013. Influence of food limitation on reproductive performance of burrowing owls. – J. Raptor Res. 47: 365–376.

Hanssen, S. A., Hasselquist, D., Folstad, I. and Erikstad, K. E. 2005. Cost of reproduction in a long-lived bird: incubation effort reduces immune function and future reproduction. - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 272: 1039–1046.

Hau, M. 2001. Timing of Breeding in Variable Environments: Tropical Birds as Model Systems. - Horm. Behav. 40: 281–290.

Hau, M., Wikelski, M., Gwinner, H. and Gwinner, E. 2004. Timing of reproduction in a Darwin’s finch: temporal opportunism under spatial constraints. - Oikos 106: 489–500.

Hegemann, A., Matson, K. D., Both, C. and Tieleman, B. I. 2012. Immune function in a free-living bird varies over the annual cycle, but seasonal patterns differ between years. - Oecologia 170: 605–618.

Helm, B. and Gwinner, E. 1999. Timing of Postjuvenal Molt in African Saxicola torquata axillaris and European Saxicola torquata rubicola Stonechats: Effects of Genetic and Environmental Factors. - The Auk 116: 589–603.

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B., Tinbergen, J. M. and Tieleman, B. I. 2012b. Immune indexes of larks from desert and temperate regions show weak associations with life history but stronger links to

E

Echeverry-Galvis, M. A. and Hau, M. 2013. Flight Performance and Feather Quality: Paying the Price of Overlapping Moult and Breeding in a Tropical Highland Bird. - PLOS ONE 8: e61106. Ekman, J. B. and Hake, M. K. 1990. Monitoring starvation risk: adjustments of body reserves in

greenfinches (Carduelis Chloris L.) during periods of unpredictable foraging success. - Behav. Ecol. 1: 62–67.

Elmberg, J., Folkesson, K., Guillemain, M. and Gunnarsson, G. 2009. Putting density dependence in perspective: nest density, nesting phenology, and biome, all matter to survival of simulated mallard Anas platyrhynchos nests. – J. Avian Biol. 40: 317–326.

Emmering, Q. C. and Schmidt, K. A. 2011. Nesting songbirds assess spatial heterogeneity of predatory chipmunks by eavesdropping on their vocalizations. – J. Anim. Ecol. 80: 1305– 1312.

Ezenwa, V. O. and Worsley-Tonks, K. E. L. 2018. Social living simultaneously increases infection risk and decreases the cost of infection. - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285: 20182142.

F

França, L. F., Silva, C. M. da and Paiva, L. V. de 2016. Effects of intrinsic and time-specific factors on daily nest survival of birds in a semiarid area of South America (Caatinga). – Braz. J. Ornithol. 24: 228–234.

Freed, L. A. and Cann, R. L. 2012. Changes in Timing, Duration, and Symmetry of Molt of Hawaiian Forest Birds. - PLoS ONE in press.

Fuller, A. K. and Harrison, D. J. 2010. Movement paths reveal scale-dependent habitat decisions by Canada lynx. - J. Mammal. 91: 1269–1279.

Fusco, G. and Minelli, A. 2010. Phenotypic plasticity in development and evolution: facts and concepts. - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 365: 547–556.

G

Galipaud, M., Gillingham, M. A. F. and Dechaume‐Moncharmont, F.-X. 2017. A farewell to the sum of Akaike weights: The benefits of alternative metrics for variable importance estimations in model selection. - Methods Ecol. Evol. 8: 1668–1678.

Garza, V., Suárez, F., Herranz, J., Traba, E., García de la Morena, E. L., Morales, M. B., González, R. and Castañeda, M. 2005. Home range, territoriality and habitat selection by the Dupont’s Lark Chersophilus Duponti during the breeding and post breeding periods. - Ardeola 52: 133–146.

Germain, R. R., Schuster, R., Delmore, K. E. and Arcese, P. 2015. Habitat preference facilitates successful early breeding in an open-cup nesting songbird. - Funct. Ecol. 29: 1522–1532. Götmark, F. 2002. Predation by sparrowhawks favours early breeding and small broods in great

tits. – Oecologia 130: 25–32.

Goymann, W. and Wingfield, J. C. 2014. Male-to-female testosterone ratios, dimorphism, and life history—what does it really tell us? - Behav. Ecol. 25: 685–699.

Grant, P. R. and Boag, P. T. 1980. Rainfall on the Galápagos and the demography of Darwin’s finches. – Auk 97: 227–244.

Grant, T. A., Shaffer, T. L., Madden, E. M. and Pietz, P. J. 2005. Time-specific variation in passerine nest survival: new insights into old questions. – Auk 122: 661–672.

Griesser, M., Barnaby, J., Schneider, N. A., Figenschau, N., Wright, J., Griffith, S. C., Kazem, A. and Russell, A. F. 2009. Influence of Winter Ranging Behaviour on the Social Organization of a Cooperatively Breeding Bird Species, The Apostlebird. - Ethology 115: 888–896. Grueber, C. E., Nakagawa, S., Laws, R. J. and Jamieson, I. G. 2011. Multimodel inference in

ecology and evolution: challenges and solutions. – J. Evol. Biol. 24: 699–711.

Guenther, A. and Trillmich, F. 2013. Photoperiod influences the behavioral and physiological phenotype during ontogeny. - Behav. Ecol. 24: 402–411.

Gunnarsson, G. and Elmberg, J. 2008. Density-dependent nest predation – an experiment with simulated mallard nests in contrasting landscapes. – Ibis 150: 259–269.

H

Haff, T. M. and Magrath, R. D. 2011. Calling at a cost: elevated nestling calling attracts predators to active nests. – Biol. Lett. 7: 493–495.

Hahn, T. P. and MacDougall-Shackleton, S. A. 2008. Adaptive specialization, conditional plasticity and phylogenetic history in the reproductive cue response systems of birds. - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363: 267–286.

Haley, K. L. and Rosenberg, D. K. 2013. Influence of food limitation on reproductive performance of burrowing owls. – J. Raptor Res. 47: 365–376.

Hanssen, S. A., Hasselquist, D., Folstad, I. and Erikstad, K. E. 2005. Cost of reproduction in a long-lived bird: incubation effort reduces immune function and future reproduction. - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 272: 1039–1046.

Hau, M. 2001. Timing of Breeding in Variable Environments: Tropical Birds as Model Systems. - Horm. Behav. 40: 281–290.

Hau, M., Wikelski, M., Gwinner, H. and Gwinner, E. 2004. Timing of reproduction in a Darwin’s finch: temporal opportunism under spatial constraints. - Oikos 106: 489–500.

Hegemann, A., Matson, K. D., Both, C. and Tieleman, B. I. 2012. Immune function in a free-living bird varies over the annual cycle, but seasonal patterns differ between years. - Oecologia 170: 605–618.

Helm, B. and Gwinner, E. 1999. Timing of Postjuvenal Molt in African Saxicola torquata axillaris and European Saxicola torquata rubicola Stonechats: Effects of Genetic and Environmental Factors. - The Auk 116: 589–603.

Hemborg, C. 1999. Sexual Differences in Moult-Breeding Overlap and Female Reproductive Costs in Pied Flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca. - J. Anim. Ecol. 68: 429–436.

Herremans, M. and Herremans-Tonnoeyr, D. 1997. Social Foraging of the Forktailed Drongo Dicrurus adsimilis: Beater Effect or Kleptoparasitism? - Bird Behav. 12: 41–45.

Hijmans, R. J. 2017. raster: Geographic Data Analysis and Modeling. R package version 2.6-7. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster

Holland, A. E., Byrne, M. E., Bryan, A. L., DeVault, T. L., Rhodes, O. E. and Beasley, J. C. 2017. Fine-scale assessment of home ranges and activity patterns for resident black vultures Coragyps atratus and turkey vultures Cathartes aura. - PLoS ONE 12: 1–16.

Holmes, T. R. 2011. Avian population and community processes in forest ecosystems: long-term research in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. – For. Ecol. Manage. 262: 20–32 Horrocks, N. P. C., Hegemann, A., Matson, K. D., Hine, K., Jaquier, S., Shobrak, M., Williams, J.

B., Tinbergen, J. M. and Tieleman, B. I. 2012b. Immune indexes of larks from desert and temperate regions show weak associations with life history but stronger links to

E

Echeverry-Galvis, M. A. and Hau, M. 2013. Flight Performance and Feather Quality: Paying the Price of Overlapping Moult and Breeding in a Tropical Highland Bird. - PLOS ONE 8: e61106. Ekman, J. B. and Hake, M. K. 1990. Monitoring starvation risk: adjustments of body reserves in

greenfinches (Carduelis Chloris L.) during periods of unpredictable foraging success. - Behav. Ecol. 1: 62–67.

Elmberg, J., Folkesson, K., Guillemain, M. and Gunnarsson, G. 2009. Putting density dependence in perspective: nest density, nesting phenology, and biome, all matter to survival of simulated mallard Anas platyrhynchos nests. – J. Avian Biol. 40: 317–326.

Emmering, Q. C. and Schmidt, K. A. 2011. Nesting songbirds assess spatial heterogeneity of predatory chipmunks by eavesdropping on their vocalizations. – J. Anim. Ecol. 80: 1305– 1312.

Ezenwa, V. O. and Worsley-Tonks, K. E. L. 2018. Social living simultaneously increases infection risk and decreases the cost of infection. - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 285: 20182142.

F

França, L. F., Silva, C. M. da and Paiva, L. V. de 2016. Effects of intrinsic and time-specific factors on daily nest survival of birds in a semiarid area of South America (Caatinga). – Braz. J. Ornithol. 24: 228–234.

Freed, L. A. and Cann, R. L. 2012. Changes in Timing, Duration, and Symmetry of Molt of Hawaiian Forest Birds. - PLoS ONE in press.

Fuller, A. K. and Harrison, D. J. 2010. Movement paths reveal scale-dependent habitat decisions by Canada lynx. - J. Mammal. 91: 1269–1279.

Fusco, G. and Minelli, A. 2010. Phenotypic plasticity in development and evolution: facts and concepts. - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 365: 547–556.

G

Galipaud, M., Gillingham, M. A. F. and Dechaume‐Moncharmont, F.-X. 2017. A farewell to the sum of Akaike weights: The benefits of alternative metrics for variable importance estimations in model selection. - Methods Ecol. Evol. 8: 1668–1678.

Garza, V., Suárez, F., Herranz, J., Traba, E., García de la Morena, E. L., Morales, M. B., González, R. and Castañeda, M. 2005. Home range, territoriality and habitat selection by the Dupont’s Lark Chersophilus Duponti during the breeding and post breeding periods. - Ardeola 52: 133–146.

Germain, R. R., Schuster, R., Delmore, K. E. and Arcese, P. 2015. Habitat preference facilitates successful early breeding in an open-cup nesting songbird. - Funct. Ecol. 29: 1522–1532. Götmark, F. 2002. Predation by sparrowhawks favours early breeding and small broods in great

tits. – Oecologia 130: 25–32.

Goymann, W. and Wingfield, J. C. 2014. Male-to-female testosterone ratios, dimorphism, and life history—what does it really tell us? - Behav. Ecol. 25: 685–699.

Grant, P. R. and Boag, P. T. 1980. Rainfall on the Galápagos and the demography of Darwin’s finches. – Auk 97: 227–244.

Grant, T. A., Shaffer, T. L., Madden, E. M. and Pietz, P. J. 2005. Time-specific variation in passerine nest survival: new insights into old questions. – Auk 122: 661–672.

Griesser, M., Barnaby, J., Schneider, N. A., Figenschau, N., Wright, J., Griffith, S. C., Kazem, A. and Russell, A. F. 2009. Influence of Winter Ranging Behaviour on the Social Organization of a Cooperatively Breeding Bird Species, The Apostlebird. - Ethology 115: 888–896. Grueber, C. E., Nakagawa, S., Laws, R. J. and Jamieson, I. G. 2011. Multimodel inference in

ecology and evolution: challenges and solutions. – J. Evol. Biol. 24: 699–711.

Guenther, A. and Trillmich, F. 2013. Photoperiod influences the behavioral and physiological phenotype during ontogeny. - Behav. Ecol. 24: 402–411.

Gunnarsson, G. and Elmberg, J. 2008. Density-dependent nest predation – an experiment with simulated mallard nests in contrasting landscapes. – Ibis 150: 259–269.

H

Haff, T. M. and Magrath, R. D. 2011. Calling at a cost: elevated nestling calling attracts predators to active nests. – Biol. Lett. 7: 493–495.

Hahn, T. P. and MacDougall-Shackleton, S. A. 2008. Adaptive specialization, conditional plasticity and phylogenetic history in the reproductive cue response systems of birds. - Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 363: 267–286.

Haley, K. L. and Rosenberg, D. K. 2013. Influence of food limitation on reproductive performance of burrowing owls. – J. Raptor Res. 47: 365–376.

Hanssen, S. A., Hasselquist, D., Folstad, I. and Erikstad, K. E. 2005. Cost of reproduction in a long-lived bird: incubation effort reduces immune function and future reproduction. - Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 272: 1039–1046.

Hau, M. 2001. Timing of Breeding in Variable Environments: Tropical Birds as Model Systems. - Horm. Behav. 40: 281–290.

Hau, M., Wikelski, M., Gwinner, H. and Gwinner, E. 2004. Timing of reproduction in a Darwin’s finch: temporal opportunism under spatial constraints. - Oikos 106: 489–500.

Hegemann, A., Matson, K. D., Both, C. and Tieleman, B. I. 2012. Immune function in a free-living bird varies over the annual cycle, but seasonal patterns differ between years. - Oecologia 170: 605–618.

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Horrocks, N. P. C., Matson, K. D. and Tieleman, B. I. 2011. Pathogen Pressure Puts Immune Defense into Perspective. - Integr. Comp. Biol. 51: 563–576.

Horrocks, N. P. C., Matson, K. D., Shobrak, M., Tinbergen, J. M. and Tieleman, B. I. 2012. Seasonal patterns in immune indices reflect microbial loads on birds but not microbes in the wider environment. - Ecosphere 3: art19.

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I

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Illera, J. C. and Díaz, M. 2006. Reproduction in an endemic bird of a semiarid island: a food-mediated process. – J. Avian Biol. 37: 447–456.

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J

Jahanian, R. 2009. Immunological responses as affected by dietary protein and arginine concentrations in starting broiler chicks. - Poult. Sci. 88: 1818–1824.

Jahn, A. E., Bejarano, V., Guzmán, M. B., Brown, L. M., Carvalho Provinciato, I. C., Cereghetti, J., Cueto, V. R., Giraldo, J. I., Gómez-Bahamón, V., Husak, M. S., LePage, H. K., MacPherson, M., Marini, M. Â., Pizo, M. A., Quickle, A., Roeder, D. V., Sarasola, J. H. and Tuero, D. T. 2017. Molting while breeding? Lessons from New World Tyrannus Flycatchers. - J. Ornithol. 158: 1061–1072.

Jahn, A., Pinto-Ledezma, J., María Mamani, A., DeGroote, L. and Levey, D. 2010. Seasonal home range size of Tropical Kingbird Tyrannus melancholicus in the southern Amazon Basin. - Ornitol. NEOTROPICAL 21: 39–46.

Jarjour, C., Frei, B. and Elliott, K. H. 2017. Associations between sex, age and species-specific climate sensitivity in migration. - Anim. Migr. in press.

Johnson, E. I., Stouffer, P. C. and Jr, R. O. B. 2012. The phenology of molting, breeding and their overlap in central Amazonian birds. - J. Avian Biol. 43: 141–154.

K

Kelly, J. P. and Weathers, W. W. 2002. Effects of feeding time constraints on body mass regulation and energy expenditure in wintering dunlin Calidris alpina. - Behav. Ecol. 13: 766–775.

Kentie, R., Both, C., Hooijmeijer, J. C .E .W. and Piersma, T. 2015. Management of modern agricultural landscapes increases nest predation rates in black-tailed godwits Limosa limosa limosa. – Ibis 157: 614–625.

Kidd, M. 2004. Nutritional modulation of immune function in broilers. - Poult. Sci. 83: 650–657. Kiringe, J. W. 1993. The Ecology of Large Herbivores in Hell’s Gate National Park, Naivasha,

Kenya. - University of Leicester.

Klaassen, M. 1995. Moult and basal metabolic costs in males of two subspecies of stonechats: the European Saxicola torquata rubicula and the East African S. t. axillaris. - Oecologia 104: 424–432.

Klare, U., Kamler, J. F. and Macdonald, D. W. 2011. The bat-eared fox: a dietary specialist? – Biol. Mamm. 76: 646–650.

Klenova, A. V. 2015. Chick Begging Calls Reflect Degree of Hunger in Three Auk Species Charadriiformes: Alcidae. - PLoS ONE in press.

Knowles, S. C. L., Nakagawa, S. and Sheldon, B. C. 2009. Elevated reproductive effort increases blood parasitaemia and decreases immune function in birds: a meta-regression approach. - Funct. Ecol. 23: 405–415.

Koczur, L., Munters, A., Heath, S., Ballard, B., Green, M. C., Dinsmore, S. and Hernández, F. 2014. Reproductive success of the American oystercatcher Haematopus palliates in Texas. – Waterbirds 37: 371–380.

Kolts, J. R. and McRae, S. B. 2017. Seasonal home range dynamics and sex differences in habitat use in a threatened, coastal marsh bird. - Ecol. Evol. 7: 1101–1111.

Kortet, R. and Vainikka, A. 2008. Seasonality of innate immunity; evolutionary aspects and latest updates. - In: New research on innate immunity. Nova Science Publisher, pp. 13–45.

L

Laake, J. L. 2013. RMark: an R interface for analysis of capture– recapture data with MARK. – AFSC Processed Rep. 2013-01, Alaska Fish. Sci. Cent., NOAA, Natl Mar. Fish. Serv., WA.

Labocha, M. K., Schutz, H. and Hayes, J. P. 2014. Which body condition index is best? - Oikos 123: 111–119.

Lack, D. 1947. The Significance of Clutch‐size. - Ibis 89: 302–352.

Lack, D. 1950. The Breeding Seasons of European Birds. - Ibis 92: 288–316.

Legagneux, P., Berzins, L. L., Forbes, M., Harms, N. J., Hennin, H. L., Bourgeon, S., Gilchrist, H. G., Bêty, J., Soos, C., Love, O. P., Foster, J. T., Descamps, S. and Burness, G. 2014. No selection on immunological markers in response to a highly virulent pathogen in an Arctic breeding bird. - Evol. Appl. 7: 765–773.

Lilliendahl, K. 1997. The effect of predator presence on body mass in captive greenfinches. - Anim. Behav. 53: 75–81.

Lima, S. L. 2009. Predators and the breeding bird: behavioral and reproductive flexibility under the risk of predation. - Biol. Rev. 84: 485–513.

Lofts, B. and Murton, R. K. 1968. Photoperiodic and physiological adaptations regulating avian breeding cycles and their ecological significance. - J. Zool. 155: 327–394.

Lopes, L. E. and Marini, M. Â. 2006. Home range and habitat use by Suiriri affinis and Suiriri islerorum (Aves: Tyrannidae) in the central Brazilian Cerrado. - Stud. Neotropical Fauna Environ. 41: 87–92.