Category Variables Explanation Rule Question Example Relevance Reference Date Date The date the article was
published
Please note the date the article was published [DD-MM-YY]
When was the article published? 03-04-98 Because my research focuses on changes or similarities over the years, publication date of the articles is relevant - Author Reporter from De Volkskrant Article is written by a journalist working for De
Volkskrant
Please select yes (1) when the article is written by a reporter from De Volkskrant, otherwise leave blank. Who is the author of the article?
Byline: By our reporter Bert Lanting (Byline: Van onze
correspondent Bert Lanting) = 1
It may prove relevant to cross reference in the later analysis, to see if some authors were more opinionated than others - Dutch news agency
Article is written by a Dutch news agency or has a Dutch news agency mentioned as
Please select yes (1) when the article is written by a Dutch
source news agency (ANP, Novum Nieuws), otherwise leave blank. Foreign news agency
Article is written by a foreign news agency or has a foreign news agency as a source
Please select yes (1) when the article is written by a foreign news agency (AP, Reuters, AFP), otherwise leave blank.
Source: Reuters; Byline: AP, Reuters, AFP = 1
Other All other authors that are not a reporter from De Volkskrant or a Dutch or foreign news agency
Please select yes (1) when the article has a different source or author then a reporter from De Volkskrant or a Dutch or foreign news agency, otherwise leave blank. Byline: J. Schaberg = 1
Unknown When there is no author or source mentioned in the article
Please select yes (1) when there is no author mentioned in
No byline and source mentioned = 1
the article, otherwise leave blank. Section and placing Front page (Voorpagin a)
The article is published on the first page of De Volkskrant
Please note yes (1) when the article is published on the front page, the only possibility is that it is page number 1. Otherwise leave blank. Where in the newspaper was the article published?
Section: Front page (Voorpagina); Pg. 1 = 1
It may prove relevant to cross reference in the later analysis, to see if section and page of an article have any relation to frame, tone or sources - Domestic news (Binnenlan d)
The article is published in the section Domestic news (Binnenland)
Please note yes (1) when the article is published in the domestic news section and note the page number. Otherwise leave blank.
Section: Domestic news (Binnenland); Pg. 2
Foreign news (Buitenland
The article is published in the section foreign news
(Buitenland)
Please note yes (1) when the article is published in the foreign news
) section and note the page number. Otherwise leave blank. Economics (Economie)
The article is published in the section economics (Economie)
Please note yes (1) when the article is published in the economics section and note the page number. Otherwise leave blank.
Section: Economics (Economie); Pg. 12
Unknown When it is unclear in which section an article is published
Please note yes (1) when it is unclear in which section an article was published or when there are multiple sections mentioned. Otherwise leave blank.
No section and page number mentioned
Words Amount of words
The length of the article, as mentioned by the amount of words
Please note the amount of words
there is a relation between the amount of words in an article and other variables such as tone, framing and sources Frames Military conflict frame
In this study a frame is defined as a central organizing theme that can be identified by the use of text. Here emphasis is on the military conflict or military action, focusing on troops, military equipment, strategies, etc.
It is possible to have more than one frame in the coverage of conflict in the same article. Select yes (1) or no (0) for each of the following items on the list to indicate the presence or absence of the frames. Which frames are apparent in the article?
Human interest frame
Emphasis is on the human participants in the event, including all participants. These “soft news” stories can focus on the troops or their families back home.
Please select yes (1) if the frame is apparent in the article, please select no (0) if the frame is not apparent in the article.
"Of Trudy uit Helmond, die een 22-jarige zoon in Irak heeft, dus niet een beetje overdrijft met haar bezorgdheid? Trudy: 'Het zal jouw kind maar zijn. Ik ben naar deze bijeenkomst gekomen om de ongerustheid weg te nemen. Maar de bezorgdheid neem je niet weg met zo'n thuisfrontdag.'" = Yes Responsibil
ity frame
Emphasis is on the
party/person responsible for the event. Any discussion of who caused the conflict is an example of the responsibility frame.
Please select yes (1) if the frame is apparent in the article, please select no (0) if the frame is not apparent in the article.
"Hij stelde dat de Nederlandse militairen alles hadden gedaan om de 'nobele' motieven van Nederland, namelijk de
Diagnostic frame
Emphasis is in this frame on the broader discussion of what caused the event. For example, it may include a summary of UN sanctions against Iraq and the conclusion of the UN inspectors in the dawn of the war. The emphasis is on the diagnosis of the reasons for the event.
Please select yes (1) if the frame is apparent in the article, please select no (0) if the frame is not apparent in the article.
"Tot nu toe weigerde de regering inzage te geven in de informatie over
massavernietigingswapens in Irak. Het kabinet heeft steeds gesteld dat die informatie niet de reden was voor politieke steun van Nederland aan de oorlog, maar de weigering van Saddam Hussein om aan VN-resoluties te voldoen." = Yes Prognostic
frame
Emphasis is in this frame on a broader discussion of the possible consequences of the event. It is expected that such discussion will be missing in the early coverage and will emerge once the end of the war is close. The emphasis is on the prognoses, the outcome of the event. This can
manifested by either political, economic, or social
consequences so discussion about future government or
Please select yes (1) if the frame is apparent in the article, please select no (0) if the frame is not apparent in the article.
" 'Er is nog geen dag geweest dat we ons maar enigszins bedreigd hebben gevoeld', zegt een Nederlandse officier die sinds oktober is gelegerd in Baghlan. Hij maakt deel uit van een zogeheten provinciaal reconstructieteam. Dat moet het centrale gezag in Kabul ondersteunen en, mede
daardoor, de wederopbouw van het land mogelijk maken. Op de conduitestaat van de
economic rebuilding after the war would be examples of this frame.
van een politiebureau, een moskee en een televisiemast." = Yes
Violence of war frame
Emphasis is on the destruction caused by war. This could include statements about the aftermath of bombing and predictions about
injury/casualty totals. The frame revolves around the cost of war. It can be centred on the personal stories of those affected by war, either Dutch or Serbian, Afghan or Iraqi. Stories about spouses/families of soldiers killed in combat, as well as stories about victims of war. Orphaned children or destroyed infrastructure are examples of this frame.
Please select yes (1) if the frame is apparent in the article, please select no (0) if the frame is not apparent in the article.
Anti-war protest frame
The emphasis here is on existing opposition to the war. Discussions of war protestors and demonstrations against the war either in the Netherlands or abroad will be examples of this frame.
Please select yes (1) if the frame is apparent in the article, please select no (0) if the frame is not apparent in the article.
"Tienduizenden Serviers zijn dinsdag in Leskovac opnieuw de straat op gegaan om het vertrek van president Milosevic te eisen. Ook in de stad Uzice, 200 kilometer ten zuidwesten van Belgrado, riepen
demonstranten 'Vertrek Slobo, vertrek'." = Yes
Unknown When none of the above mentioned frames is present in an article, the framing is unknown.
Please select yes (1) if there is no (0) apparant frame in the article. This can only be the case if none of the above mentioned frames is present.
No apparent frame.
Sources Governmen t official
Every person that is mentioned in the article as a source of information should be noted. A government official is everyone associated to a government, whether it is the Dutch government or a foreign government. A
More than one source can be coded in one article. Please select yes (1) if this source is mentioned in the article, please select no (0) if this source
Which sources are quoted in the article?
"Nederlandse militairen zullen waarschijnlijk de komende dagen al naar Kosovo vertrekken, om daar onder Duitse leiding deel te nemen aan handhaving van het
vredesakkoord met Servie. Dat zegt minister Van Aartsen van
minister or member of a political party can be coded as government official.
is not mentioned. Buitenlandse Zaken." = Yes
Military personnel
Military personnel are all sources related to the military, which can be Dutch military or foreign military.
Please select yes (1) if this source is mentioned in the article, please select no (0) if this source is not mentioned.
"'Deze aanval was een zeer duidelijk
waarschuwingssignaal', zegt Willem Leunissen, oud-commandant van het Korps Commando Troepen, de elite-eenheid uit Roosendaal. 'Maar laten we nu vooral nuchter en terughoudend reageren.'" = Yes Individual Individuals are all persons
who are not associated in the article to either a government, military, media or opposition group. They can be either civilians or for example family members.
Please select yes (1) if this source is mentioned in the article, please select no (0) if this source is not mentioned.
" 'Kosovo is ons land en zal dat altijd blijven', zegt Igor onder bijval van zijn vrienden. 'Dat verandert niet.'" =Yes
Journalist A journalist is part of a medium, such as television, radio or a newspaper. A journalist can be referred to as
Please select yes (1) if this source is mentioned in the article, please select
for example a correspondent. no (0) if this source is not mentioned.
aanwezigheid in Irak is belangrijk voor de lokale bevolking en het politieke proces. Deze week nog hebben de Irakezen een eigen parlement gekozen." = Yes
Opposition
group member
Opposition group member is someone who is part of the opposition against the Dutch military, but is not part of the military itself. A member of the Taliban is for example an opposition member, but also Serbian militia can be coded as opposition group member.
Please select yes (1) if this source is mentioned in the article, please select no (0) if this source is not mentioned.
"Tegen wie vecht het Westen eigenlijk in Afghanistan? En welke vijand hebben
Nederlandse militairen straks, mocht een nieuwe
trainingsmissie in Afghanistan doorgaan? Die vraag legden we voor aan Zabiul-lah Mujahed, de hoogste
Tone Positive The tone of the article is the attitude that is expressed in the article towards the Dutch military. It is possible that an article contains both positive and negative tone, but then it cannot be neutral in tone. When an article is coded as neutral it cannot be positive or negative as well. A positive tone towards the Dutch military can be for example the use of positive moral terms to relate to actions of the Dutch military, with words such as justice
(gerechtigheid), salvation (bevrijding), freedom (vrijheid), and victory (overwinning). When the Dutch military is directly associated with a positive event, such as the liberation of a village or the rescue of a civilian the article should also be noted as having a positive
Please note yes (1) when the article is positive towards the Dutch military. Otherwise leave blank.
What was the tone of the article towards the Dutch military?
"Op de Nederlandse basis bij Bugojno, op een halfuur vliegen per helikopter van het Bosnisch-Servische bolwerk Banja Luka, treurt bataljonscommandantGijs van Keulen niet om de geringe aandacht voor de Bosniemissie. 'Het is logisch dat de nadruk nu ligt op andere uitzendingen, zoals Irak. Maar zo'n duizend man doen nog heel goed werk hier.'" Whether De Volkskrant is overall supportive, neutral or unsupportive of the Dutch military
tone.
Negative When there are mostly negative moral terms used to describe the actions of the Dutch military, an article should be coded as having a negative tone. Negative moral terms can be horrible
(verschrikkelijk), monstrous (monsterlijk), heinous (gruwelijk), disgusting (walgelijk), and vicious (kwaadaardig). When the Dutch military is directly associated with negative events, such as the killing of several people or a failed
Please note yes (1) when the article is negative towards the Dutch military. Otherwise leave blank.
"'We leven in een soort fortje, het is een bizarre situatie die doet denken aan de Eerste Wereldoorlog', zegt kapitein Jeroen, wijzend op de
operation, the article should also be noted as having a negative tone.
Neutral The lack of any positive or negative moral terms, or the lack of associations of the Dutch miltary to positive or negative events means that an article should be coded as neutral.
Please note yes (1) when the article is neutral towards the Dutch military. Otherwise leave blank.
