Picture cover: background is from capt. John Gabriel Stedman’s map of Suriname, 1772‐1777 (retrieved from: http://consecratedeminence.wordpress.com/2012/06/11/the‐narrative‐and‐the‐ narrative‐cultural‐detective‐work‐with‐special‐collections‐materials/), image of skeleton waving goodbye (retrieved from: http://www.wpclipart.com/holiday/halloween/skeleton/skeleton_waving_goodbye.png). Adjusted and designed by author. Picture footer: capt. John Gabriel Stedman’s map of Suriname, 1772‐1777 (retrieved from: http://consecratedeminence.wordpress.com/2012/06/11/the‐narrative‐and‐the‐narrative‐cultural‐ detective‐work‐with‐special‐collections‐materials/) Ellen Edens
Tracing the indigenous peoples of Suriname: an application of strontium
stable isotope analysis on prehistoric human material from coastal Suriname.
Ellen Edens Supervisor: S1461397 Dr. A.L. Waters‐Rist MSc Human Osteoarchaeology and Funerary Archaeology University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Enschede, 11th December 2015 Course: Master thesis ARCH 1044WY
Ta
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bi Ap Abable of Co
Introduction Historical co 2.1. Surinam 2.2 Prehisto 2.3. Dr. Geij 2.4. The Ge 2.5 Contribu Methods an Results ... 4.1 Results 4.2 Results 4.3 Results 4.4 Standar Discussion . 5.1. All sites 5.2. All sites 5.2.1. The 5.3. Discuss 5.4. Limitati 5.5 Contribu Conclusions ibliography . ppendixes ... bstract ...ontents
n ... ontext and b me: geology . ory and archa jskes and Su ijskes collect ution of this nd materials ... of all sample per site ... statistical te d error ... ... s: a brief com s: data in larg e Saramacca sion 87Sr/86Sr ions of this s ution of this s & Possibilit ... ... ... ... background ... aeology of Su riname ... tion at Leide study ... s ... ... es ... ... sts and data ... ... mparison ... ger context .. individual ... results com study ... study ... ties ... ... ... ... ... information ... uriname ... ... n University ... ... ... ... ... comparison ... ... ... ... ... pared with o ... ... ... ... ... ... ... n ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... n ... ... ... ... ... ... other data .... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 .. 7 17 17 20 24 25 32 33 41 41 42 49 53 55 55 56 60 70 72 75 79 85 93 01Th an to bi m iso as in th po an An pr st so va gu yo bo I a on co La Ge M his research w nd Dr. Jason opic. Stable is oarchaeolog yself, Andre otopes. And sking for a th troducing m his thesis. It c ossible aspec nalysis. nd, a big tha rocessing the ep of this res o much abou alues. Your e uide and help ou for provid one fragmen also want to n the Geijske ollection so c ast, a thank‐y eijskes collec May we never would not b Laffoon. I wo sotope analy gy which intr a made it po even though hesis topic in e to Jason, a certainly help ct; it certainl nk‐you to Ja e samples wh search mean t the proces nthusiasm a p me with ea ding addition nts of the Gei thank prof. d es collection, certain things you to every ction and its r see orange e possible w ould like to t ysis was, befo igued and fa ossible for m h collecting t this area of and especiall ped me to pu y helped to d son. This for hile explainin nt (and of co s of analyzin nd patience ach step of th al comment ijskes collect dr. Menno H , as well as h s could be cl one who had documentat glue on skul
without (a lot thank Andrea ore I started ascinated me e to focus m the samples bioarchaeol ly for all the ut this resea discuss the r r helping me ng to me in t urse, why ea ng stable isot – especially his research s and feedba tion will prov Hoogland for is help for tr arified. d to hear me tion (though lls again! of) help from a for providi with this the e. Wanting t my thesis subj was not alw ogy. I also w feedback, in rch in a large results of the collecting, c the most ent ach step was topes and ab with a wann is more than ack on this th vide some in allowing me rying to get t e complainin I hope this w m Dr. Andrea ng me with t esis, an aspe o conduct su ject on stron ays easy, I di would like to t put, and sug er context an e strontium s leaning, taki thusiastic wa s necessary). bout interpre nabe clumsy n appreciate hesis. I hope teresting dat e to conduct he documen g about the was not all to a Waters‐Ris this research ect in uch analysis ntium stable id not regret thank her fo ggestions for nd study eve stable isotop ing, and ay what each I have learn eting the lab rat – to d. And, than e the collecte ta! this researc ntation of th state of the oo often..). st h t or r ery pe h ed nk ed h e
1.
Hu co bi al in ba st un m co as in di ar W An pa in (K th A an el nu el bu th di st ne. Introduc
uman osteoa ontext. By an ological data lowing us to dividual will ased on pala udy, researc nderstanding igration and ontributes to s communica digenous ind fferent grou rea of the Gu What are isoto nalysis of sta ast life of an dications of Katzenberg 2 hese aspects, chemical ele n atom. Atom ectrons. It is ucleus consis ement of the ut the numbe herefore app fferent num able isotope eutrons (13C)ction
archaeology nalyzing vario a (though se gain data on also lead to eopathology ch on human g the past as mobility pat o understand ation and exc dividuals from ps derived fr uianas betwe opes? able isotopes individual. It past diet, m 008). Before , an understa ement, for ex ms consist of s the nucleus sts of proton e atom (e.g. er of neutro lied to chem ber of neutr es of this che . The mass o is the study ous aspects o lective) on th n demograph a better und y, and other skeletal rem stable isoto tterns. The s ding the deve change betw m Suriname rom the Arau een ca. AD 60 s in skeletal m t is based on igration and e going into d anding of wh xample carbo f a nucleus (t s that is of im ns and neutro carbon has 6 ns defines th mical element ons. For exa mical eleme of an atom co of human sk of human ske he age‐at‐de hy. Understa derstanding parameters mains will tak ope research study of migr elopment an ween cultures will be studi uquinoid Tra 00 and AD 14 material offe n the chemica mobility, en detail about hat isotopes on (C in the the core) wh mportance w ons. The num 6 protons an he isotope of ts that have mple, carbo ent: one with onsists of the keletal mate eletal remain eath, sex, and anding the bi of patterns o such as diet ke a more te will be cond ration and m d movemen s (Laffoon 20 ied. These in adition; a cul 492 (before ers insight to al variation i nvironment, how stable i are is neede periodic tab ich is surrou hen underst mber of proto nd therefore f the elemen the same nu n has 6 proto h 6 neutrons e protons an rial from an a ns, we can p d stature of a iological prof of health and and mobility chnical appr ducted to rec mobility patte t of past cult 012, 13). In t ndividuals are ture inhabiti Columbus). various aspe n bones, wh and life histo sotopes con ed. le of elemen nded by one anding isoto ons defines t its atomic nu nt. The term umber of pro ons and ther (12C) and one nd neutrons t archaeologic roduce an individua file of an d disease, y. For this roach to construct erns tures, as wel this thesis, th e from ing the coast ects of the hich gives ory tribute to nts), consists e or more opes; the the chemica umber is 6), ‘isotope’ is otons, but a re are two e with 7 together, thu cal l ‐ ll he tal of l usdi el ch at Th un us to th st st Th Er m in fo 19 co (D to 19 Th oc w 20 on de be va 16 pr fferent isoto ement has c hemical react tom with the here are two nstable isoto sed in stable o 14N (Katzen he isotopes t udy will cond able strontiu he applicatio ricson (1985) igration in th dications of or migration s 997; Haverko ombination w DeNiro and E o indicate dis 998). he use of stro ccurring isoto ell as river a 006; Price et nly 87Sr is rad ecay is age re edrock (Faur arious geogra 6), creating a rocesses in ro opes vary in m onsequence tions the ato e ‘heavier’ iso o types of iso opes, which a isotope rese berg 2008, 4 hat are used duct researc um isotopes. on of strontiu ), using hum he past, inste migration. S studies (e.g. ort et al. 200 with other iso pstein 1978; stance from t ontium isoto opes. Stront nd ocean wa al. 2002). Of diogenic. It is elated, mean e and Mensi aphic areas h a local distinc ocks, the 87S mass (Katzen s for chemic om with the otope (e.g. 13 topes: stable are the radio earch. For ex 415). The sta d for analyses h on reconst um isotopes an bone and ead of using trontium is n Eckardt et a 08; Hodell et otopes; main ; Katzenberg the shore (O opes in migra ium is mostly ater) which g f the four na s the product ning that old ing 2005; Fry have differen ct strontium r/86Sr ratios nberg 2008, cal reactions. ‘lighter’ isoto 3C). e and unstab oactive isotop xample, the u ble isotopes s of past diet tructing patt in migration d enamel. It a artefacts an now one of t al. 2009; Evan al. 2004; Laf nly carbon a g 2008; Voge Oelze 2012, 1 ation studies y present in gets incorpor aturally occu t of radioact er bedrock h y 2006; Oelze nt, often cha ‘signature’ f are passed f 415). The ma . One oversim ope (e.g. 12C ble (or radioa pes, decay o unstable isot s, which do n t and mobilit terns of mob studies was allowed for a nd architectu the most freq ns et al. 2006 ffoon 2012; P nd nitrogen l and Van De 8; Pollard et s is based on rock, soil, an rated into pla rring isotope ive decay of has a higher e 2012, 16). aracteristic 87 for that area from the und ass of the ch mplified exam ) will react fa active) isotop ver time. Th tope of carbo ot decay ove ty and migra bility and mig s originally pr a direct appr re (cultural a quently anal 6; Giblin 200 Price et al. 20 to reconstru er Merwe 19 al. 2011; W two of the f nd water (gro ants and ani es (84Sr, 85Sr, 85Rb. This ra 87Sr value th This also me 7Sr/86Sr value . Because of derlying bedr hemical mple is that aster than th pes. The ey are not on, 14C, deca er time, are ation. This gration using resented by roach to stud aspects) as lyzed isotope 09; Grupe et 002) often in uct past diet 977) or oxyge hite et al. four naturally oundwater a mals (Bentle 86Sr, and 87S adioactive han younger eans that es (Oelze 201 f weathering rock into the in he ays g dy es al. n en y as ey Sr) 12, g e
th 87S be Th lo in th w co de to ca ra en en ch Th ho bi st ch ho w no M In cu in di de in Ho fo hese weather Sr/86Sr ratio edrock. he character cal individua dividuals wo han the local ill be discuss ontain the 87S eposited in b ooth mineral alcium in trac atio in either nvironment. namel. Most hemical com herefore, stro owever, rem oavailable st rontium valu hildhood (Gru owever, only as questiona ot be guaran Migration archaeology ultural group dividual from scussion poi efinition of m dicating mov owever, the orms of move ring processe present in p istic 87Sr/86Sr als (Evans et ould have a d strontium si sed later in th Sr/86Sr ratio bone and ena hydroxyapa ce amounts ( bone or ena The 87Sr/86Sr enamel form position doe ontium ratio odels contin trontium fro ues of bone a upe et al. 19 y focus on th able for the i teed. y, studies on ps. Migration m one locatio nt in some s migration, ho vement(s) fr term migrat ement or mo es because o lants and so r values of an al. 2009; Laf different 87Sr ignature; me his chapter. of the under amel (Ericson tite (Ca5(PO4 (Burton 2008 amel will the r ratio in bon mation occur es not alter s os in enamel nuously throu m the years and enamel t 97; Haverko e strontium ndividuals u migration a is often very on to anothe tudies (e.g. A owever, impl om, for exam tion implies a obility imply of the high at il reflects the n area can b ffoon 2012, 6 r/86Sr ratio in ethods to dis With the con rlying bedroc n 1985). Stro 4)3(OH)), whe 8, 444; Slova refore reflec ne can, howe rs during chi ubstantially reflect the c ughout life a before deat to determin ort et al. 2008 isotopes in e nder study, allow us to ga y broadly de er; but the de Adams et al. ies that all ty mple, traders a more perm a relocation tomic mass o e 87Sr/86Sr ra e used to dis 61; Wright 2 n either their stinguish loca nsumption o ck, the stron ontium is dep erein stronti ak and Payta ct the bioava ever, differ fr ldhood and a (Burton 200 childhood en nd will there h. Thus, som e if an indivi 8; Price et al enamel as th meaning reli ain insight in efined as any efinition and 1978; Kelly ypes of move s, would also manent reloca of a more te of Sr/ Sr. T tio of the un stinguish loca 005). The no bone or too al and non‐lo of local foods tium signatu posited in th um can subs n 2011, 744) ailable stront rom the 87Sr/ after comple 8, 455; Hillso vironment. B efore only re me studies us dual migrate . 1994). This he preservati iable 87Sr/86S to the devel y movement d concept of 1992). This b ement are m o be defined ation, where emporary na Therefore, th nderlying al and non‐ on‐local oth enamel ocal individu s, which ure is he bone and stitute for ). The 87Sr/86 tium of the /86Sr ratio in etion its on 1996). Bone, eflect the se the ed in s study will, ion of bone Sr results cou lopment of of an migration is broad migration; as ‘migratio eas any othe ature (Laffoo he als Sr uld a on’. r n
20 ex m co Ho ty es m co se Th an di pi La pr be Lig As st de di th te te in re th ge 012, 21). Laff xcluding any ovement of onsidered mo owever, it is ype of movem stablished by igration), log omplete cult easonal resid hese various nd definition fferent type oneering, am affoon 2012, rocesses invo etween migr ghtfoot 2008 s the term ‘m udy will use efined as a p scussed by K herefore indi emporary mo erm ‘mobility dividual or a elocation can herefore a sp eneral term o foon (2012) d temporary m a culture gro obility. difficult to d ment in‐betw y Binford (19 gistical mobi ure circulatin dential mobil types of mo of moveme s of migratio mong others 21‐23). All o olving mobili ration from m 8). movement’ is the term ‘m ermanent re Kelly (1992), cates migrat ovement (e.g y’ can therefo a culture grou n be definitel pecific type o of mobility. defines migr movement(s oup of an ind differentiate ween. Kelly (1 980); residen lity (e.g. trad ng among a s ity; cultures obility illustra nt(s). Furthe on related to (for discussi of these diffe ity are frequ mobility and s a general te obility’. The elocation of a ‘residential m tion. Further g. logistical m ore cover bo up. Therefor y concluded of mobility ca ration as a pe ) from the co dividual that between mi 1992) discus tial mobility ders), and lo set of areas) living for a s ate also the d ermore, diffe o processes, s ion of these erent types o ently interre movement i erm for any term ‘migra an individua mobility’, als rmore, the ot mobility and oth permane re, as neither d solely based annot be esta ermanent ch oncept of mi is without a igration and sses the diffe (i.e. movem ng‐term mob . In addition specific time difficulty in e erent authors such as colon different typ of migration, elated; there is difficult (K behavior inv tion’ is, as p l or culture g so implies a p ther forms o seasonal res nt and temp r a temporar d on strontiu ablished, thi hange of loca igration. The degree of p mobility, an erent types o ment of a com bility (i.e. mo , Kelly (1992 of the year e establishing t s have estab nization, inva pes of migrat movement, fore differen elly 1992; La volving reloca reviously me group. Howe permanent r f mobility all sidential mob porary movem ry nor a perm um stable iso s study will u ation, erefore, any permanence d any other of mobility as mplete cultur ovement of a 2) mentions elsewhere. the concept blished asions, and tion see , and other ntiating affoon 2012; ation, this entioned, ever, the term relocation an l imply bility); the ments of an manent otopes, and use the is s re; a m nd
fro ha (S ap ap us of st co et th a f th be De To ar do m 20 Fi en pr ch in in w di An or di om 1950 on, as changed. O lovak and Pa pproaches ar pproach to id sed the meth f strontium is rontium stab onducted on thnographic he understan factor in the he scientific a eing used to efining local o indicate mo rea need to b o this, variou entioning th 002). rst, to disting namel can be reviously me hildhood, wh dividual’s life dividual cou ith different ffers from th nother appro r non‐skeleta stinguish loc , (Laffoon 20 Often, the ev aytan 2011, 7 re mostly bas dentify mobi hods applied sotopes for a ble isotopes two Native A data. More r nding within e current inte approach to place mobili and non‐loc obility patter be distinguis us methods e he work from guish local fr e compared t entioned, the hereas the 87S e. Comparin ld therefore 87 Sr/86Sr rat he 87Sr/86Sr r oach is to use al material (e cal from non 012, 14) but t vidence for m 743) or the d sed on cultu lity, a more s in other fiel archaeologic in human to American sit recently, the anthropolog erest in mobi identify mob ity into conte al individuals rns using sta hed from the exist and Laff m, among oth rom non‐loca to the stront e 87Sr/86Sr rat Sr/86Sr ratio g these 87Sr/ indicate wh ios after chil atio in bone. e 87Sr/86Sr ra e.g. bedrock ‐local individ the approach mobility relie disappearanc re‐history da scientific app lds (isotope g cal research o ooth enamel tes in Califor e scientific ad gy that mobil ility studies ( bility in past ext. ls able isotope d e individuals foon (2012) hers, Evans e al individuals tium signatu tio in ename in bone refle /86Sr ratios in ether or not ldhood; mea . atios availabl or water) (E duals. These h to identify es on artifact ce of a cultur ata. After the proach was d geochemistr on mobility; and bone. T nia (AD 700‐ dvances in bo lity is dynam (Laffoon 201 cultures, wit data, the ind s that are not summarizes et al. (2009) a s, the stronti ure from bon el reflects die ects that dur n both enam t the individu aning the 87Sr e from eithe vans et al. 20 87Sr/86Sr valu mobility in p ts and/or arc re (Mans 201 e initial cultu developed. E ry) to focus o specifically t he results of ‐1000), corre oth bioarcha ic and comp 12, 18). This s th cultural‐h dividuals from t from the ‘lo these metho and Price et a ium signatur e (Price et al et and enviro ring the last p el and bone ual migrated r/86Sr ratio in er fauna (Pric 009; Wright ues from fau past cultures chitecture 12, 6). These ure‐history Ericson (1985 on the analys the analysis f his research elated with aeology and plex, has bee study will us istorical data m the ‘local’ ocal’ area. To ods; al. (1994; re from l. 1994). As onment durin period of an of the same to an area n enamel ce et al. 2002 2005) to una or non‐ s e 5) sis of h, n e a o ng 2)
sk us sig ex of pl (S Ho no sig pr w lo m al ag di es Th in th (in 20 La ‘b Th hu be Th dr keletal mater sed to disting gnificantly d xample, refle f course limit ant and wat cotland), an owever, map on‐skeletal m gnature in lo resented 87Sr as difficult to cally. These apping these l. 2009; Laffo ges, will have agenesis (Ne stablishing lo he last appro dividuals are he 87Sr/86Sr ra ndividuals w 005). affoon (2012 ioavailable s his is because uman bone, e established hough the us rawbacks exi rial will reflec guish the no ifferent 87Sr/ ect the range ted to fauna er samples t d could corre pping local st material can ocal bedrock, r/86Sr values o establish a variations in e signatures oon 2012; Pe e distinct 87Sr elson et al. 1 ocal strontium oach is to com e locals, and atios would t ith significan , 61) mentio strontium’, h e the fauna s and the faun d. se of stable is ist in using st ct the local s n‐locals from /86Sr ratio tha e of 87Sr/86Sr that have a o map the 87 elate these d trontium sig be problema , soil, and wa from faunal local stronti n local stront occur most estle et al. 20 r/86Sr ratios. 986; Price et m signatures mpare the va are buried in therefore res ntly different ns that the a has the most samples are na is general sotopes to in trontium sta strontium sig m the locals; an the local ratios of a sp small habita 7Sr/86Sr biosp data to lithol natures base atic. Price et ater samples material wh ium signatur tium signatur frequently in 013), as diffe In addition, t al. 1992), w s. alues of the s n the area w sult in the ‘o t 87Sr/86Sr rat approach usi advantages often more ly local; ther ndicate mob able isotopes gnature of a the aforeme strontium si pecific area ( at. Evans et a phere variati logical data. ed on 87Sr/86S al. (2002) in s can vary; Be hich had a wi re as there w res and the c n areas with rent types o (faunal) bon which results samples und where they liv outliers’ bein tios) (Bentley ing fauna, m compared to abundant an refore a loca ility is a dire s to study mo specific area entioned will gnature. Loc (Price et al. 2 al. (2009) use on in the Isle Sr values fro dicated that entley et al. ide range, in was a small va correlating p complex geo f bedrock, w ne can be aff in a limited der study. As ved, a compa g the non‐lo y et al. 2002; eaning estim o the other a nd more acce l strontium s ct approach, obility. First o a, and can be l have a cal fauna, for 2002); this is ed a variety o e of Skye om fauna or t the strontiu (2004) ndicating tha ariation problems wit ology (Evans with different fected by use for ssuming mos arison of all ocals ; Wright mating the approaches. essible than signature can , a few of all, there e r s of um t it h s et t st n
in ra th To co m Re Fo m Ar ex of W A pr As in th Fig Sa Mi dividuals livi atio (Slovak a herefore only o overcome t ombined with entioned ca esearch outli or this study, aterial from rchaeology. T xcavated in t f “Kwatta Tin Waterkant/M detailed des resented in c s the ename dividuals wa he research o gure 1.1. Locati ramacca (exact irandastaat. ing in a terre and Paytan 2 y usable if all these drawb h the analysi rbon, nitroge ine , strontium s the Geijskes This collectio he 1950s an ngiholo”, “Sa irandastraat scription of t chapter 2. l of the teeth as inventorie on mobility fo ions of the sites t location unkn estrial area w 011, 744). St l, or at least backs, isotopi is of strontiu en, and oxyg stable isotop s collection w on, from five d 1960s. A t ramacca”, “H ”. All are pre he cultures r h is needed t d. Based on or this thesis s included in th own) 3= Kwatta with a marine trontium sta a vast major ic analysis of um stable iso gen stable iso e analysis w which is hous e archaeolog total of, at le Hertenrits”, ehistoric Ame represented to conduct th this invento s. his study (after G a Tingiholo; 4= e diet would ble isotopes rity of the co f other chem otopes – in p otopes. as conducte sed at Leiden ical sites in S east, 42 indiv “Okrodam”, erindian site in the archa his study, the ry, the indivi Google Earth 20 Okrodam; 5= P have a coast s in mobility s nsumed foo mical element articular, the d on human n University, Suriname (fig viduals are fr and “Param es (Van Duijve aeological sit e dental stat iduals were s 015). 1= Herten Paramaribo: Wa tal 87Sr/86Sr studies are ds, are local ts is often e previously skeletal , Faculty of g. 1.1), was rom the sites maribo: enbode 201 tes is tus of the selected for nrits; 2= aterkant/De . s 1).
Re Us Ca th es m as to Ge fo co us in Th es st be an Th th co lo do ar st es st Th st co su esearch goal sing stable is aribbean, foc here is a lack specially rega obility patte s well as faun o study mobi eijskes collec or the Geijske ollection, i.e. seful and inte sight into th his thesis con stablish if the rontium stab etween 87Sr/ nd research i he second go he approxima onducted in t st. During th ocumentatio rchaeologica udy is theref stablishing a udy (3) is to he main rese rontium, are ollection?’ To ub‐research q l and questio sotope analy cusing on site of isotope d arding bioav erns in this re na/flora are lity patterns ction will pro es collection cranial defo eresting add e mobility pa nsists of a nu ere are non‐ ble isotope a /86Sr results a if cultural da oal (2) is to re ate location the past, are he initial inve on regarding l sites was n fore to resea possible loc contribute t earch questio e there non‐l o reach the a questions ha ons yses, Laffoon es from both data for the G ailable stron egion. Both s needed to m in this regio ovide the firs itself. As oth ormation (Va ition to our atterns of its umber of res local individu analysis. This and osteolog ta can estab esearch how of archaeolo e either not w entory of the the context ot always su arch the cont ation of the he first stron on formulate ocals presen aforemention ave been form (2012) rese h the Greate Guianas (Guy ntium (Laffoo stable isotop map the bioav on. The stron st isotope da her studies h an Duijvenbo knowledge o s prehistoric earch goals. uals present s goal also ha gical as well a blish a point o w strontium s ogical sites. It well docume e Geijskes co of the indivi ufficient to pe tribution of s archaeologic ntium isotop ed for this stu nt among the ned goals, an mulated: arched mob r and the Les yana, Surinam on 2012, 263 pe analyses o vailable stro ntium stable ata for the Su have been co ode 2011), it of the prehis cultures. The first and in the Geijsk as sub‐goals: as cultural da of origin for stable isotop t must be no nted or docu llection, it be duals as wel erform a tho strontium an cal sites. Fina pe data for th udy is: ‘Base e individuals nd answer th ility patterns sser Antilles. me, and Fren 3), limiting re of human ske ntium for th isotope anal uriname regio onducted on would there tory of this a d main goal ( kes collection (1a) to analy ata, and (1b) non‐local ind es can help t oted that ofte umentation i ecame clear l as the locat orough study nalysis regard ally, the last he region of t d on stable i in the Geijsk he main rese s in the . However, nch Guiana), esearch on eletal materi e Guianas an lysis of the on and also the Geijskes efore be a area to gain (1) is to n, using yze variation ) to analyze dividuals. to establish en excavatio is (partially) that the tion of the y. A goal of th ding goal of this the Guianas sotopes of kes earch questio , al nd s n ons his . on,
Fo surrou surrou - What and do mean - Is ther - Does v death data? - Using cultur or the second - What under - What archae
-
Can st locatio lacking unding area, unding area? is the range o any individ plus/minus re any intra‐ variation in 8 ) and/or cult data on the ral backgroun d research go is the curren r study? do the 87Sr/8 eological site trontium sta on of archae g or insuffici and what is ? of 87Sr/86Sr r duals have a two standar or inter‐site 87Sr/86Sr ratio tural (i.e. inte bioavailable nd for the no oal, the follo nt excavation 86Sr ratios of es? Does this ble isotopes ological sites ent in this re the range o ratios in the 87Sr/86Sr rati rd deviations e variation in os correlate entional cran e strontium, on‐locals be owing sub‐re n data on the f the individu s correlate w contribute t s, especially egard? f the bioavai human skele o that is not s, indicating a the 87Sr/86Sr with osteolo nial deforma can the poss established? esearch ques e location of uals suggest with the curre to establishin when excav ilable stronti etal material within the r a non‐local? r ratios? ogical (i.e. sex ation and bur sible location ? tions are for f the archaeo as the locati ent data? ng the appro ation docum ium in the l under study range of the x and age at rial type) n of origin an rmulated: ological sites on of the oximate mentation isy nd
2.
Th as Ge co 2. Lo bo a Gu es Co ar (V w th ar Su Th Co co M an de 19 ot sh Su. Historica
his chapter p s the geology eijskes, his w ollection are 1. Suriname ocated in the ordered by F part of the G uiana, and G stuaries that ommenwije, rea. The coas Versteeg 200 ere formed i herefore a va re spread ove uriname and he Young Coa oastal Plain ( onsists of the Mara Subform nd Van Loon epositional p 989; Roeleve ther types of hield (Guiana uriname. Theal context
provides back y and locatio work in Surin discussed. e: geology e northern co French‐Guian Guianas; this Guyana. The n end in large and Surinam stal region of 8, 303; fig. 2 in different g ariation in th er the coasta their depos astal Plain (Y (OCP) was de e Demerara F mation and th 1979). The C phases, the W eld and Van L f landscape c a Shield). The e Guiana Shieand back
kground for t n of Surinam ame, as well oastal region na to the eas is the name northern are e rivers. The l me. The sout f Suriname is 2.1). These ge geological ag e strontium al region of S itional phase YCP) was dep eposited dur Formation, w he Coronie S Coronie Subf Wanica, Mole Loon 1979). T can be disting e cover lands eld covers mkground in
this research me are prese l as informat n of South Am st, Brazil to th e of the regio ea of Surinam largest rivers thern area of s composed eological for ges, which re signature. T Suriname. Th es are theref posited durin ring the Pleis which is subd ubformation formation is eson, and Co The OCP con guished; the scape can be most of Surinanformatio
h. The prehis nted. Also, in tion on the s merica, Surin he south, an on that consi me is a coast s are the Cop f Suriname is of both youn mations and esults in varia The locations he different g fore of impor ng the Holoce stocene (Vers divided into t n (Augustinu also divided omowine Me nsists of the C e cover lands e found in th ame, especiaon
story of Surin nformation o ites in the Ge name is a cou d Guyana to sts of Surina al region, wi ppename, Sa s a more mou ng and old co d their sub‐fo able 87Sr/86Sr s of the sites geological zo rtance for th ene, wherea steeg 1985, 6 two sub‐form s et al. 1989; into differen embers (Augu Coropina For cape and Pre e more cent ally the south name, as we on Dr. D.C. eijskes untry that is o the west. It me, French‐ th different aramacca, untainous oastal plains ormations r ratios and under study ones in his study. as the Old 660). The YC mations; the ; Roeleveld nt ustinus et al rmation. Tw ecambrian ral part of hern and ll is s y CP . oce Pr Ve Co ge entral region recambrian g enezuela, the olombia. The eological form . The Guiana geological fo e rest of the e sites analyz mations with a Shield is the rmation. It a Guianas, the zed in this th hin the YCP ( e northern p also stretche e northern p hesis are all lo fig. 2.1.). part of the Am s along the s part of Brazil, ocated on th mazonian cra southern reg , and the eas he YCP, but o aton, a gions of stern part of on different f
Fig 1 = He Ok Cla cla Up 7, 2. Th ga w Ve co fir an Sa m (R ar La co Th tra Th Ve 20 ea pe m 20 w gure 2.1 (previo = Fluvial deposi ertenrits site / r krodam, and Pa ays and silty cla ays and fine to pper Coesewijn and 8. The OCP 2 Prehistory he prehistory athered: hun ith a perman ersteeg and olonial times rst sedentary nd‐burn met aladoid Tradi igrating tow Rostain 2008, re from the K ate Saladoid orrelating wit he Saladoid T adition had a he origin of t enezuela. Fin 008, 309). In arliest finding eriod, there i ounds to cul 008, 284). In as probably ous page). The its; 2 = Ombrog red rectangle A aramaribo: Wa ays, Moleson M medium sands, e Formation; 1 P consists of the y and archae y of Surinam nter‐gatherer nent cultivat Bubberman (AD 1492) w y agricultura hod to clear ition. This tr wards the eas , 284). The e Kaurikreek si Tradition (i.e th the migra Tradition is r a very differe the Barranco ndings of this this area, th gs of raised m is evidence f ltivate crops addition, th also an incre geology of the genous peat; 3 = A indicates site o terkant/de Mir Member; 7 = Cla , Coropina Form 1 = Crystalline e formations 9 eology of Sur e is divided i rs, agricultur ion system (V (1992), the v were mostly lists (2500‐1 areas of fore radition bega st and is ther earliest findin te, dating to e. the Wonot tion of this c eplaced by t ent material oid Tradition s culture in S hey are name mounds are for improved ; there were e networks b ease in socia coastal plain in = Pyrite clays, p of Saramacca, r randastraat; 5 ys and silty clay mation; 10 = Po Basement. Not and 10. riname into three ph ralists with s Versteeg an vast majority agriculturali 500 BC) wer est for cultiv an in the cen refore also fo ngs of the Sa o 2200‐1750 tobo site, AD culture to th the Barranco culture than appears also Suriname are ed the Maba from this cu d agricultural e also irrigati between site l complexity n Suriname (aft peaty clays, and rectangle B ind = Clays and silt ys, Comowine M oorly sorted san te: The YCP con hases, based hifting cultiv d Bubberma y of cultures sts with perm re hunters an vation. This c ntral region o ound in the a ladoid Tradit BC (Rostain D 70‐200) are e east (Rosta oid Tradition, n the previou o to be from e in the west ruma culture lture (Rostai l technology on systems t es became m (Rostain 200 er Versteeg 198 d peat. Mara Su icates sites of K y clays, Wanica Member; 8 = Ch ds, kaolinitic sa sists of the form d on how foo vation, and ag n 1992). Acc living from 2 manent culti nd farmers, u culture is nam of Venezuela area of West tion peoples 2008, 284). S e found in W ain 2008, 284 , around AD us one (Verst the central r tern region (V e (AD 300‐65 in 2008, 289 , as besides t to drain the f more intensiv 08, 284). 85, 660). Legen ubformation; 4 Kwatta Tingiho a Member; 6 = heniers; 9 = Silt ands and loams mations 2, 3, 5, od was griculturalist cording to 2500 BC unti ivation. The using a slash med the a (Orinoco), t Suriname s in Suriname Sites of the West Surinam 4). 250; this latt teeg 2003). region of Versteeg 50) and the 9). In this the raised fields (Rosta ve and there nd: = olo, ty s, , 6, ts il ‐ e me, ter ain
Ba 28 di Ar (B th Su Ar of als Ve Ar th Af on an (L Th re co (A Ho is da in (A th us An (A it arrancoid Tra 86). For some sappearance rauquinoid T Boomert 198 hree differen uriname. Ros rauquinoid T f West Surina so one of the ersteeg 1985 rauquinoid T he floodplain fter AD 1000 n there are a nd French Gu ate Hertenri hémire (Rost egion of Surin oastal region AD 1650) (Ve owever, othe not known o ata does not habited sites AD 1000‐1500 heir area, and sing the main nother cultu AD 1200 ‐ col appears this adition disap e other area e of one and Tradition is in 0; Rostain 20 t directions; stain (2008, 2 Tradition in t ame, from A e oldest Arau 5; Versteeg 2 Tradition to b s. 0 there was a also differenc uiana, four d ts, only in W tain 2008, 28 name (van B , up until ap rsteeg 1985) er cultures in of which cult indicate an s in central/s 0) was know d exported th n rivers as a t re that inhab onial period s culture mov ppears, and t s, there app appearance n the Orinoco 008, 288). Fr one of whic 288) mentio his area; the D 700 on. Th uquinoid cul 2008, 310). It build mound a population ces in the ma ifferent Arau West Surinam 89). The last t rakel 2012, 4 proximately ). n Suriname e ture the Brow origin in the south Surina wn for manuf hese to the c trade netwo bited the coa ) (Versteeg a ved from the the Arauquin ears to be a e of another o area (Vene rom here, th ch was towar ns two distin e first phase w he Hertenrits tures known t was also on s in this area increase in t aterial cultur uquinoid cult me), Kwatta (E two cultures 49). These cu AD 1250, w existed as we wnsberg cult Arauquinoid ame (Boomer facturing cut coastal area ork (Rostain 2 astal region o and Bubberm e south to th noid Traditio mixture of c (Boomert 19 ezuela), after e Arauquino rds the coast nct chronolo was specifica s culture is a n in this area ne of the first a; this becau the coastal a re. Along the tures occur s East Surinam s were mainl ultures inhab ith some cul ell, such as th ture derived d Tradition. T rt and Kroon ting tools fro (to the Kwat 2008, 292). of Suriname man 1992). T e north, and n appears (R ultures rathe 980). The orig r which peop id Tradition tal area of Gu gical phases ally clustered mong this ph (Rostain 200 t cultures of se of their ha area, and fro e coast betwe simultaneou me), Barbako y located in bited various tures existin he Brownsbe from, as arc The Brownsb nenberg 1977 om stone the tta peoples), was the Kor Their origin is d mixed with Rostain 2008 er than a gin of the ple moved ea moved in uyana and in the d in the area hase, and is 08, 289; f the abitation on m this perio een Guyana sly; Hertenri oeba, and the eastern s sites in the ng even longe erg culture. I chaeological berg culture 7). This cultu ey mined in , probably riabo culture s not clear, b the , ast d its er It ure but
Ar als w 20 er ar di de rauquinoid s so had an ex ith sites in W 004). An ove ras relevant t rchaeologica splayed in fig etail in parag ites (Verstee xtensive trad West Surinam rview of the to the Geijsk l sites of the gure 2.3. The graph 2.3. eg 2003). Fro e network w me (Late Hert se cultures a kes collection Arauquinoid e cultures re om archaeolo with the Kwa tenrits) (Rost and their tim n are highligh d Tradition f elevant to thi ogical finding tta culture, b tain 2008, 30 me span is illu hted. Furthe or the coasta is thesis will gs, it seems t but did not h 00; Rostain a ustrated in fig rmore, an ov al area of Su be discussed this culture have contact and Versteeg gure 2.2. The verview of th riname is d in more g e he
Fig the Fig (Ve gure 2.2. Overv e Geijskes colle gure 2.3. Map o ersteeg and Bu view prehistoric ection (after Ro of archaeologic bberman 1992 c cultures in the stain 2008, 281 al sites of the A , 42) e Guianas. Area 1). Arauquinoid Tra a in light‐red sh adition for the c ow the periods coastal area of s represented in Suriname n
2. In fo in ex of On Rij (th de m am Ti Fig Ge (G 3. Dr. Geijsk 1947, the St ounded. Dr. G dividuals ass xhibit excava f this museum ne of his ear jweg 4 (fig. 2 hese materia estroying the aterial from mong other i ngiholo agai gure 2.4. Overv eijskes; he exca eijskes 1991, 9 kes and Surin tichting Surin Geijskes, who sociated with ated artifacts m, and durin rlier excavati 2.4, #4). The als were use e archaeolog this site. At items (e.g. p n, but this ti view of archaeo vated #1, 4, 6, ). name naams Muse o had alread h this founda s, becoming a ng the years ons, conduct site was ‘fou d for road im gical materia the Kwatta T ottery, stone me on a larg ological sites in 7, and 9. The o eum (SSM, Su y excavated ation. In 195 a small muse 1957‐1963 le ted in Octob und’ because mprovement l, and Dr. Ge Tingiholo site e artifacts). I ger scale. Suriname. Not other sites were uriname Mu near Param 4 the SSM h eum. Dr. Gei ed various ex ber 1950, wa e sand and s ) (Versteeg 1 eijskes collect e, human bo n 1961‐62 h all illustrated s e excavated afte seum Found aribo, was o ad found a lo jskes was th xcavations in s in Kwatta T hell quarryin 1998). The qu ted the arch ones (fig. 2.5) e excavated ites were excav er Dr. Geijskes’ dation) was one of the ocation to e first direct n Suriname. Tingiholo, ne ng took place uarrying was aeological ) were found Kwatta vated by Dr. time in Surinam tor ear e s d me
F An Oc Be Pa di 19 w w re co 2. As sm (V Ta of An ex Figure 2.5. Hum Geijskes. Th nother early ctober 1957 esides these aramaribo, b strict), Comm 991; Verstee as stored an as continued esearch cond onsult Verste 4. The Geijs s noted, hum mall selection Van Duijvenb acoma for his f the sites. Th nthropology xcavations of man skeletal ma his material was large scale e . This excava two large‐sc but also at sm metewane K g 1998) (res d displayed d by membe ducted during eeg (1998) an kes collectio man skeletal n of this foun bode 2011, 4 s dissertatio he material f of the Royal f Hertenrits ( terial from Kwa s, however, nev excavation th ation also yie cale excavati mall locations reek, and in pectively nu at the SSM. rs of the SSM g and after D nd Boomert on at Leiden material was nd its way to ). The mater n in 1963, in from Kwatta l Tropical Ins (four skulls) atta Tingiholo, ver stored in th hat he led w elded materi ions, Dr. Geij s such as, am the Marowij mbers 6, 7, a Dr. Geijskes M board. For Dr. Geijskes’ (1975). University s found at va o the Netherl rial, mostly fr n which he al Tingiholo w stitute in Am and Okrodam 4 de Rijweg, ex e ‘Geijskes colle as in Herten al like potter jskes excavat mong others, jne district ( and 9 in fig. 2 left Surinam overviews o time in Surin arious Surina lands and int rom Kwatta T so discusses as first sent msterdam. Ma m (two skulls xcavated in Octo ection’ (Verstee rits (fig 2.4, n ry and huma ted at locatio , near Onver Bushmanhill 2.4). Most of me in 1965, an of all archaeo name, the re amese sites, to the ‘Geijsk Tingiholo, w the history a to the Depar aterial from s) was later a ober 1950 by D eg 1998, 17). number 1), i an bones. ons near rdacht (Para l) (Geijskes f the materia nd his work ological eader can but only a kes collectio was studied b and location rtment of the added, and Dr. n al n’ y n
th di (m of m w po at (T In Un sk in fro sit w nu el Ge he complete ssertation, h measuremen f the individu ostly based ere scarce. B ostcranial ske t death estim Tacoma 1991 2007, the ‘c niversity (Va keletal mater itially though om Paramar te was docum as labeled as umber of ind ements. Van eijskes collec Table Wate ‘collection’ w he focuses on ts). His study uals from Kw on features But when po eleton were mations were 1, 50). collection’ w n Duijvenbo rial, and conc ht. This inclu ribo and Sara mented as ‘W s ‘Sa’ and inc dividuals was n Duijvenbod ction (table 2 2.1. Overview Site Kwatta Tingi Hertenrit Okrodam Saramacc Paramarib erkant/De Mira ‘Aruba’ was used for n intentional y provides an watta Tingiho and morpho ssible, the ov also used fo e based on ec as transferre de 2011, 4). cluded that t udes a fragm amacca (both Waterkant/d cluded a note s based on do de (2011) cre 2.1). of the composi iholo ts m ca bo: andastraat r Tacoma’s d l cranial defo n overview o olo and Herte ological differ verall pelvic or sex estima ctocranial su ed to the Fac Van Duijven the collectio ented skull l h Surinamese de Mirandast e with partia ocumentatio eated a table ition Geijskes c Minim issertation (T ormation and of the sex an enrits. The es rences of the shape, and g ation (Tacom uture closure culty of Arch nbode (2011) n contained abeled with e sites). Mat traat’; and m al context inf on and occur e with the cu ollection (Van D mum number 25 8 3 4 2 1 Tacoma 1963 d the crania d age at dea stimation of e skull, as pe general robu a 1963, 65; 1 e and dental aeology at Le ) re‐analyzed more mater ‘Aruba’, but erial from th material from formation. T rrence of ske rrent compo Duijvenbode 20 of individua 3, 14). In his in general ath estimates sex was elvic remains usticity of the 1991, 50). Ag attrition eiden d the human rial than t also materi he Paramarib m Saramacca he minimum eletal osition of the 011, 5). als s e ge n al bo m e
In Su as ar Kw Th He m (in of On Ge (1 kn ar is He cle w an re lat dividuals fro urinamese sit s time period rchaeologica watta Tingih he site of Kw ertenrits); be entioned in n 1950), and f the site is b ne charcoal eijskes, the o 1140 ± 90 BP nown sites w rea (Versteeg not associat ertenrits cult ear forest ar hich had a ve nd Saramacc egion. This tr tter appeare om these site te, are includ d (and the re l site that is olo watta Tingiho etween AD 1 paragraph 2 was also exc based on radi layer (970 ± other two lay (GrN‐8250) where materi g and Bubbe ted with the ture. The Kw reas to live o ery extensive a) to trade t ade network ed in the regi es, except the ded in this st lated culture analyzed in t lo (fig. 2.6) is 1000 and app .3, the site w cavated by h iocarbon res 50 BP (GrN‐4 yers are from and 1050 ± 1 al of the Kwa rman 1992). use of raised watta Tingiho n and for ag e trade netw heir artifacts k was probab ion from abo e Aruba skul tudy. A short e group) will this study. s dated to th proximately A was one of th him again lat sults of three 4552)) is fro m a later exca 100 BP (GrN atta culture . The Kwatta d field moun olo culture us riculture (Ro work, using th s with other bly with the out AD 1200 ll, as this is o t description be presente he same age AD 1400 (Ro he earliest ex er in 1961‐6 e charcoal lay m the excava avation cond 8249)) (Geijs was found w are the only ds, in contra sed the tech ostain 2008, 2 he large Suri cultures to t Brownsberg on) (Rostain bviously not about the lo ed below for as the Late H stain 2008, 2 xcavations of 2 (Versteeg yers (Geijske ation conduc ducted by Ve skes 1991, 20 were located y Arauquinoi ast, for exam nique of slas 290). It was a name rivers the south and and Koriabo n 2008, 290‐2 t from a ocation as w each Hertenrits (s 289). As f Dr. Geijske 1998). Datin es 1991, 20). cted by Dr. ersteeg in 19 0). All of the in the coast id culture tha mple, to the sh‐and‐burn also a cultur (Coppenam d the coasta o cultures (th 292). well ee s ng 976 tal at to re e l he
Fig Mi Su Pro av int Ok Th be cle co ex Ok ot gure 2.6. Locati irandastaat site riname (also in ojects Supply S vailable. Locatio tersection of th krodam he site of Ok een found to ear if the Ok onsists of thr xcavated by krodam site ther informa ions of the Kwa e (after Google n figure). Locatio uriname N.V. (2 on of the Param hese two roads. rodam is clo o indicate a s krodam site is ree skulls; on Dr. Geijskes in his overvi tion is availa atta Tingiholo a Earth 2015). Th on of Kwatta Ti 2013). Location maribo: Waterka se to the Kw pecific cultu s from the sa ne was an acc in 1957. Ver ew of archae able on the O nd Okrodam sit he sites are nea ingiholo is base n of the Okroda ant/de Miranda watta Tingiho re, nor are a ame period. cidental find rsteeg (1998) eological res Okrodam site te, as well as th ar and in the cit ed on data from am site is only a astraat site is ba olo site (fig. 2 any dates ava The materia d (OK‐0‐1) an ), however, d search in Sur e. he Paramaribo: ty of Paramarib m Versteeg (200 an indication; no ased on the cur 2.6), but as n ailable for th al from the O d the other t does not me iname. Unfo Waterkant/De bo, capital of 03) and P‐all o exact location rrent data of th o objects ha his site, it is n Okrodam site two were ention any ortunately, n e n is he ave not e o
Th sit W th st cle at Kw th He Th 19 Ge ad ex Va th ca th (V oc alo Ar (R liv lo m m m He ob he site of Par te that is not Waterkant/de here are no r orage box as ear if it is rel t a later stage watta culture his point no m ertenrits he Hertenrits 998). The exc eijskes took dditional sam xcavated nea an Der Heide he division of alled Hertenr he Early Hert Versteeg 198 ccurs in the a ong the coas rauquinoid t Rostain 2008, ve on. Both h cation in the entions that ound; at oth ound at Her ertenrits gro bserved, bas ramaribo: W t very well do e Mirandastr adiocarbon d s the individu ated to the h e. According e, as the loca more detaile s site (fig. 2.7 cavation con a total of thr mples for rad ar Hertenrits e’s samples, f different He rits style, and enrits (AD 70 5, 708; see f area of Guian st of the Guia radition spre , 288). The E houses as we e floodplains t the Hertenr her sites mou tenrits migh oup (Versteeg ed on the in Waterkant/de ocumented. aat in Param dates availab uals, but this human skele to Van Duijv ation of the s d informatio 7) was excav nsisted of sev ree samples iocarbon da in 1970 (Ve in combinati ertenrits pha d can be divi 00‐1000) and fig. 2.3). Both nas from AD anas, and als ead from the arly Hertenr ell as crop cu of the Surin rits mound is unds were us t indicate th g 2008, 311) crease of site e Mirandastra It appears it maribo, led by ble. Material s seems to be etal material/ venbode (20 site might su on is availabl vated by Dr. G ven excavatio for radiocar ting were ta rsteeg 1985, ion with the ases. Pottery ded into two d the Late He h are part of 650 on. Find so specificall e Orinoco are rits is charact ultivation we namese coast s the largest, sually smalle at this area w . Around AD es from this aat (fig. 2.6) t is from an e y Dr. Geijske l such as pot e from the c /burial or wa 011, 7) the sit uggest Kwatt e for this site Geijskes in O on pits of 2‐3 bon dating (V ken by Van D , 708). The re variation in y from the He o phases acc ertenrits (AD the Arauqui dings from th ly the wester ea (Venezuel terized by th re on mound tal area. Ver , highest, an er. He therefo was a social D 1000 a pop area. This po is unfortuna excavation of s in 1960‐61 tery is prese olonial perio as added to t te is probabl a related ha e. October 1957 3 meters in d Versteeg 198 Der Heide wh esults of Dr. Hertenrits p ertenrits site ording to Ve D 1000‐1250) noid traditio he Hertenrits rn coast of S la) towards t he building of ds of clay, be steeg (2008, d also the m ore suggests or political c ulation grow opulation gro ately anothe f 1. For this sit ent in the sam od and it is n the collectio ly from the bitation. At 7 (Versteeg depth. Dr. 85, 708), but hen he Geijskes’ an pottery led to e is in the so‐ ersteeg (1985 ) style on, which s culture occ uriname. Th the east f mounds to ecause of the , 310) most impressi s that the center for th wth is owth along r e, me ot n t d o ‐ 5): cur e eir ive e
th (R cu Fig sit ind Sa Th in at co no he coastal are Rostain 2008, ultural group gure 2.7. Locati te is the red dot dented coast lin aramacca hough Van D dividual labe t least five in ontextual inf ote present w eas of Guian , 288). The L ps called Kwa ions of the arch t. Legend: 1= C ne Duijvenbode eled as ’Sa5’ dividuals com ormation is a with the indi as is the rea ate Hertenri atta, Barbako haeological site heniers; 2 = Clu (2011) repor was encoun me from the available abo viduals, but son for more its pottery gr oeba, and Th s in west Surina usters of raised rts four indiv ntered during e Saramacca out these ind the informa e cultural div roup falls int hémire. ame (after Vers fields; 3 = Arch viduals from g this study. site. Unfortu dividuals. Th tion does no versity in this o this period steeg 1985, 666 haeological site Saramacca ( It would app unately, only is is because ot provide an s period d, but also th 6). The Hertenr es; 4 = former (Sa1 ‐ Sa4), a pear then tha y partial e there is a n exact he rits an at
ex da co be no lo be Ho xcavation dat ate on the no onducted by efore Dr. Gei ot clear if any cation of the e assumed th owever, it is tes from site ote. Versteeg Dr. Geijskes ijskes conduc y human rem e Saramacca hat, based on not possible es in this area g (1998) doe , though he d cted excavat mains were f site is not cl n a flexed bu e to determin a do not cor es not even m does report tions in Surin found in this lear. Accordi urial position ne the time p respond with mention an e on archaeol name (time p earlier perio ing to Van D n, the individ period for th h the provide excavation in ogical resear period of 190 od. At this po uijvenbode ( uals are Ame hese individu ed excavatio n this area rch in this ar 00‐1945). It i oint, the exa (2011) it can erindian. uals. on ea is ct
2. As sk Co fin lo (tr Re th ch Ev Su tra tra m th Fo th ba pe st ar 5 Contributi s this chapte keletal mater olumbian pe ndings and re cations of th rade networ ecent resear hese individu hapter 4). ven though o uriname is co ade network ade or comm ay give more hese cultures or most of th he Kwatta Tin ackground in eriod/cultura rontium stab rchaeologica ion of this st er illustrates, rial from Geij riod, and als esearch resu hese cultures rks) (e.g. Rost ch (Van Duijv uals, as she st our current k onsiderable, ks are mainly munication, a e insight into s, and theref he material a ngiholo site o nformation is al group is un ble isotope a l sites, and t tudy the prehisto jskes collect o various loc ulted in know s, and also co tain 2008; Ve venbode 201 tudied the p knowledge o it is mostly b y based on ar as mentioned o mobility – a ore also give nalyzed, the or the Herten s lacking or li nknown. As a analysis may he use of the ory of Surina ion represen cations in th wledge on th ommunicatio ersteeg and 11) also gave resence of in n the differe based on arc rtifacts and a d in chapter and the prob e more insigh e contextual nrits site. Ho imited such t already men contribute t e data for th me is quite d nts various cu e coastal are e origin, mat ons between Bubberman e insight into ntentional cr ent cultures f chaeological architecture, 1. Strontium bable origin o ht into possib data is suffic owever, for t that the exac tioned in the to establishin is purpose is diverse. The ultures from ea. Previous terial culture n cultures in t 1992; Verste o a social‐cult ranial deform from pre‐Col findings. The , or findings m stable isot of any non‐lo ble trade net cient, as this he other sm ct location a e introductio ng the locatio s investigated human m the pre‐ archaeologic e, and the area eeg 2008). tural aspect mation (see lumbian e suggested indicating tope analysis ocals – in tworks. is from eithe aller sites th nd time on chapter, on of d. cal of s er e
3.
Th st m Ge Th th pr To se te Fo pr fro w in Th ac (m up qu di 4. An th gl m. Methods
his chapter w udy, which i ethods for t eijskes collec he material u he stable stro reserved tee o gain more i elected, an in eeth. The col or the invent resent in the om the docu as recorded. dicate the el he notation o ccording the maxilla and m pper left (2), uadrant is as stal side. The 1) is the first nother rema he individuals ued togethe axillary or ms and mat
will present t ncludes the he isotopic a ction and sele under study ontium isoto th were sele insight in the nventory was lection is sto tory, the box e box is noted umentation). . The presen lement was of each tooth FDI system ( mandible) are and from th ssigned a sec e quadrant n t incisor of th rk that was i s in the Geijs r to keep the mandibular soterials
he methods methods for analysis. ection of ind is from the G pe analysis i ected. e state of the s made to es ored in differ x number is n d (of course, At the same ce of caries, not suitable h element us (Fédération e divided into he lower left ond number number and he lower righ included in t skes collectio e bones in po ockets). This and techniq r the selectio dividuals Geijskes colle s conducted e collection, stablish the n rent boxes, a noted. The fi when this in e time, the d dental attrit for sampling sed in the inv Dentaire Inte o four quadr (3), to the lo r, beginning tooth numb ht quadrant. the inventory on have bone osition (e.g. could of cou ques which w on of individu ection, as me on enamel, and which in number of in and each box nd number o nformation w dentition (if p tion, and oth g, were note ventory and ernationale) rants, from t ower right (4 from 1 at the er are comb y was the pre e fragments tooth eleme urse complic were used to uals under st entioned in c only individu ndividuals co ndividuals an x is labeled n of each indiv was possible present) of e her features t d. throughout . The comple he upper rig 4). Each tooth e mesial side ined; for exa esence of glu and teeth w ents glued int ate the extra conduct this tudy and the chapter 2. As uals with ould be nd preserved umerically. vidual(s) to extract ach individu that might this study is ete jaws ght (1), to the h in the e to 8 at the ample 41 (or ue. Many of which were to their action of the s e s al s e r eto se Af Fo pr ar lo lat co en se te th pr th va Ta ba ar of fo m ag T To Fir Se Fir Fir ooth, but also eparate the g fter the gene or each indiv remolars we re less mobil cation of ori ter age to a d orrelate with namel). If no econd molars eeth form rel he environme remolars, du he majority o alues formed able 3.1 disp ased on the s re based on E f enamel hyp ormation (rou olars). More ge ranges in t Table 3.1. Over ooth rst premolar ( econd premola rst molar (upp rst premolar ( o the stable i glue from the eral inventor vidual, one pe re extracted e than adult gin (Goodma different are h the strontiu premolars w s were extra atively late i ent during ea ring the inve of the individ d around the lays the age standard of H European po poplasia in sit ughly betwe eover, Laffoo table 3.1 can rview of the age (upper) ar (upper) per) (lower) isotope rese e enamel and ry, individual ermanent to as these tee s, the stront an et al. 200 ea, the local s um signature were present cted. The thi n life (Moor arly childhoo entory it bec uals; samplin same age of range of ena Holt et al. (2 opulations. H tes from Illin en 2‐6 years on (2012) use n be used for e range of enam Age of Enam Crown Initi 1.7 yrs 2.5-2.6 yrs 1.3 yrs 2.4-2.5 yrs earch. It was d if that was s with enoug ooth was sele eth form dur ium values i 04; Laffoon 2 strontium sig e of the locat t or not well ird molars w rees et al. 19 od. Besides t ame clear th ng mostly pr f the individu amel format 012) and Re However, Goo nois (AD 900‐ s for the prem ed these sam r this study. mel formation f and molars). mel ation Age Cro 4.8 4.7 3.0 4.2 noted if it w s the case the gh enamel fo ected. Prefer ring early chi n the premo 012, 83). If a gnature of th tion of origin enough pre were preferab 963; Ubelake he aforemen he premolars remolars wo uals under st ion for the te id and Dean odman et al. ‐1300) simila molars and 0 me age range for the analyzed e of Enamel own Complet 8-5.3 yrs 7-5.5 yrs 0 yrs 2-5.2 yrs as not possib e tooth was or analysis w rably, the pe ldhood. Assu lars are refle an individual his area wou n (the stronti served, then bly not taken er 1978) and ntioned reas s were well p uld also ensu tudy. eeth analyze (2006). Both (1980) used ar ages for en 0‐3.5 years fo es; meaning t d teeth in this s tion Refere Holt et Holt et Reid a Holt et ble to not sampled were selected ermanent uming childr ective of the relocated at uld not ium value in n the first or n, as these d do not refle son to sampl preserved fo ure strontium ed in this stu h standards d for the stud namel or the first the presente study (premola ence t al. (2012) t al. (2012) nd Dean (200 t al. (2012) d. d. en t a ect e r m dy dy ed rs 06)
Th te am th bu ex fra of re re Du in di Th re ve bo in Cu TH en sa Un co he extraction eeth were loo mount of glu he tooth. Nam ut with the u xtract the too agment wou f the teeth, n emnants wer emoved durin uring the pro dividuals (Th vided over tw h21 is a parti emains of the ertebrae and ones, which w cluded with urrently, it is H21/H21, rep namel was sa ame individu nlabeled ind onsists of 24 n of teeth wa ose already a e present on mely, the tee use of extract oth. In some uld then be u no glue remn re present in ng the samp ocess of extr h21 and Th21 wo different ially complet e individual w d rib fragmen would have Th21/H21 in s still not ent present the s ampled and al. ividuals and enamel sam as done with and could be n the maxilla eth were glu tion forceps e cases, only sed for samp nants were p the sample. le preparatio action, it bec 1/H21) were t boxes and l te skeleton ( with number nts. Between suggested tw ndicate that t tirely clear w same individ results will b unidentified mples, from 2 h different m e taken direc a and/or man ed by their r and smaller a fragment o pling. Becau present on th . Even so, an on processes came clear t e probably th abeled incon most of the r Th21/H21 w n these two i wo separate this ‘individu whether or no dual or two d be interprete d teeth were 23 or 24 indiv ethods. For ctly for samp ndible compl roots into the pliers it was of enamel w se the glue is he crown, en y possible pr s (see below hat previous he same indiv nsistently. Th bones are pr were found i ndividuals th individuals. ual’ was foun ot these num different indi ed keeping in e not sampled viduals, as pr some individ ling. In some icated the ex e maxilla and s usually poss ould fracture s only presen suring that n resence of gl ). sly document vidual, but h he individual resent), whe n a bag, con here are no d The docume nd near Th17 mbers, Th21 viduals. For n mind that it d. The final s resented in t duals, the e cases, the xtraction of d/or mandib sible to e and this nt on the roo no glue lue was ted separate ad been l with numbe ereas the taining most duplicate entation 7 and Th20. and both numbe t may be the sample table 1. le, ots e er tly ers, e
A Table 3.2. Indi columns indica Abbreviations s #code VU W168 W147 W164 W156 W170 W158 W161 W165 W153 W169 W155 W167 W157 W150 W154 W151 W160 W162 W152 W159 W148 W163 W166 W149 ividuals selecte ate the teeth ar sites: H= Herten Site # I H H H H H OK O P S S S Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th ed for stable Sr re probably the strontium nrits, OK= Okrod Individual H0532 H0394 H0402 H0393 H 0-1 OK-02-2 Pa1 Sa1 Sa5 Sa4 Th4 Th14 Th19 Th11 Th3 Th9 Th16 Th21 Th18 Th17 H20 H21 Th2 Th1 isotope analysi e same individu m stable isotope dam, Th= Kwat # Elemen 3.5 3.4 3.5 3.5 2.4 3.6 3.4 1.4 4.6 4.5 3.5 3.4 3.6 or 4.6 2.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 ??.4 3.5 or 4.5 4.4 4.5 4.5 1.4 3.5 is from the Geij al. The VU code e analysis. tta Tingiholo, Sa t Tooth premola premola premola premola premola first m premola premola first m premola premola premola 6 first m premola premola premola premola premola 5 premola premola premola premola premola premola skes collection e was the samp a= Saramacca, P name r (2nd) ar (1st) r (2nd) r (2nd) ar (1st) molar ar (1st) ar (1st) molar r (2nd) r (2nd) ar (1st) molar ar (1st) ar (1st) ar (1st) ar (1st) ar (1st) r (2nd) ar (1st) r (2nd) r (2nd) ar (1st) r (2nd) . The light‐blue ple code for the Pa= Paramaribo Enamel sample (mg) 3,5 4,7 3,4 5,1 4,5 5,3 3,5 3,1 3,3 3 3,4 4 6,4 4,1 3,5 3,1 3,1 3,1 3,3 3 3,6 4 3,2 3,4 e e o.
