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Polysemy or monosemy: Interpretation of the imperative and the dative-infinitive
construction in Russian
Fortuin, E.L.J.
Publication date
2001
Link to publication
Citation for published version (APA):
Fortuin, E. L. J. (2001). Polysemy or monosemy: Interpretation of the imperative and the
dative-infinitive construction in Russian. Institute for Logic, Language and Computation.
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Contents s
Acknowledgementss xi LL Introduction 1 2.. The structure of meaning and the process of concept formation 4
2.11 Introduction 4 2.22 Concept formation on the experiential level 5
2.33 Linguistic example of concept formation 9 2.44 General meaning and context-dependent meaning 19
2.55 Case study: The meaning of open 24 2.5.11 Case 1: Path through Y to contents of Y 24
2.5.22 Case 2: Path to Y (by removing barrier) 26 2.5.33 Case 3: Path through Y (to Z) or removing Y 28
2.5.44 Case 4: Metonymy 29 2.5.55 Case 5: Abstract cases 30 2.5.66 Case 6: Marking of the beginning of phenomenon Y 32
2.5.77 Conclusion: The meaning of open 34 2.66 Further arguments for and against general meanings 37
2.6.11 Lack of empirical success and psychological evidence 38
2.6.22 Meanings are not definitions 41 2.6.33 The existence of usage types 44 2.6.44 General meanings abstract from features that play a part in
meaningg extension 47 2.6.55 Metaphor and metonymy 47
2.77 Conclusion 52
VI I Contents Contents
3.. T h e Russian imperative 55
3.11 Introduction 55 3.22 The directive use of the Russian imperative 74
3.2.11 Introduction 74 3.22 2 The meaning of the directive imperative 75
3.3.2.11 Controllability 77 3.2.2.22 Impulse to realize or impulse to keep on realizing 80
3.2.2.33 Speaker commitment 82 3.2.2.44 The notion of 'directivity' and oppositional forms 85
3.2.33 Semantic-syntactic features 87
3.2.3.11 Aspect 88 3.2.3.22 Valency structure, subjecthood and word order 88
3.2.3.33 Negation 94 3.3.3.44 The clitic -ka 95 3.2.3.55 Complement 97
3.2.44 Derived uses 97 3.2.4.11 Conditional-concessive use 99
3.2.4.22 Use of reinforcement 107 3.2.4.33 «Non-future' use 108 3.2.4.44 Uses with a generic agent: Borderline cases between
directivee use and necessitive use 109
3.2.55 Conclusion 113 3.33 Necessitive use of the imperative 114
3.3.11 Introduction 114 3.3.22 The meaning of the necessitive imperative 115
3.3.33 Semantic-syntactic features 118
3.3.3.11 Aspect 118 3.3.3.22 Tense 120 3.3.3.33 Subject 121 3.3.3.44 Lack of directive features , 123
3.3.3.55 Word order 124 3.3.44 The necessitive imperative use and other imperative use 125
3.3.55 Subjective modal features 131
3.3.66 Conclusion 133 3.44 Narrative use of the imperative 134
Contents Contents
3.4.11 Introduction 134 3.4.22 Tlie meaning of the narrative imperative 134
3.4.33 Semantic-syntactic features 138
3.4.3.11 Aspect 138 3.4.3.22 Subject 139 3.4.3.33 Co-occurrence of other forms 140
3.4.3.44 Absence of directive features 142
3.4.3.55 Word order 142 3.4.44 The narrative imperative and other imperative use 142
3.4.55 The ^ / - c o n s t r u c t i o n 149
3.4.66 Conclusion 161 3.55 Optative use of the imperative 162
3.5.11 Introduction 162 3.5.22 The meaning of die optative imperative 162
3.5.33 Semantic-syntactic features 166
3.5.3.11 Aspect 166 3.5.3.22 Subject 166 3.5.3.33 Word order 168 3.5.3.44 Presence of -ka. 171 3.5.3.55 The particle by. 171 3.5.3.66 Idiomaticity 174
3.5.44 Conclusion 174 3.66 Conditional use of the imperative 175
3.6.11 Introduction 175 3.6.22 The meaning of the conditional imperative 175
3.6.33 Semantic-syntactic features 179
3.6.3.11 Aspect 179 3.6.3.22 Subject 180 3.6.3.33 Word order 181 3.6.3.44 Absence and presence of directive-hortative features 186
3.6.3.55 Sentence structure 186 3.6.3.66 Particle £y 188 3.6.3.77 Lexical meaning of the imperative verbs 189
3.6.44 The conditional imperative and the other imperative uses 190 3.6.55 Subjective modal interpretations of the conditional imperative 196
3.6.5.11 Character of unexpectedness 198
VT11 1 Contents Contents
3.6.5.22 Character of restriction/immediate implication 200
3.6.5.33 Character of concession 203
3.6.66 Conclusion 206 3.77 Concessive use of the imperative 206
3.7.11 Introduction 206 3.7.22 The meaning of the concessive imperative construction with xot'„. 207
3.7.33 Semantic-syntactic features of the concessive use with xot9 210
3.7.3.11 Aspect 211 3.7.3.22 Subject 211 3.7.3.33 Word order 212 3.7.3.44 Occurrence of -te 212 3.7.3.55 Sentence structure 212 3.7.3.66 Occurrence of embedded cases 213
3.7.44 The meaning of the concessive imperative construction with ni 213 3.7.55 Semantic-syntactic features of the universal concessive use with ni. 215
3.7.5.11 Aspect 216 3.7.5.22 Subject 216 3.7.5.33 Word order 218 3.7.5.44 Occurrence of the suffix -te 218
3.7.5.55 Sentence structure 218 3.7.5.66 Occurrence of embedded cases 220
3.7.66 The concessive imperative construction and the other imperative uses 220
3.7.77 Conclusion 225 3.8.. Conclusion and further remarks 225
4.. Meaning and interpretation of the dative-infinitive construction 236
4.11 Introduction 236 4.22 Method 245 4.33 The dative 255
4.3.11 Functions and meaning of the dative 255 4.3.22 The dative as a so-called 'subject' 263
4.44 The infinitive 267 4.4.11 Situation type 268 4.4.22 Infinitives versus nominalizations 273
4.4.33 Complement-specification or predicate 278 4.4.44 Overview and classification of the infinitive 282
Contents Contents
4.4.4.11 The infinitive as a complement of a finite predicate 283 4.4.4.22 The infinitive as goal specification of a finite predicate 284 4.4.4.33 The infinitive occurring with adverbial or adjectival predicates 284
4.4.44 4 The infinitive occurring with nouns 287
4.4.4.55 Infinitives as predicates 288
4.55 The verb byt («be3) 296
4.5.11 Impersonal use 297 4.5.22 The auxiliary status otbyt\ 298
4.66 Meaning and syntactic structure of the Dl-construction 313 4.6.11 The abstract meaning , 313 4.6.22 The modal nature of the Dl-construction 319 4.77 O n the interpretation of the Dl-construction 323 4.88 Usage types and classification of the Dl-construction 332
4.99 Necessity and absence of necessity: Cases of imposing 338
4.9.11 Deontic-ontic necessity 341 4.9.22 Epistemic-ontic necessity 365 4.9.33 The construction with %het negation and imperfective infinitives:
In-betweenn imposing and blocking 376 4.9.44 Sentences with imperfective infinitives that express the idea of
*beingg capable of 378 4.100 Impossibility' and 'possibility': Cases of blocking and deblocking 379
4.10.11 Impossibility' and related cases 379 4.10.22 'Possibility' and related cases 389
4.10.2.11 Perfective infinitives in a contrastive context 392
4.10.2.22 Sentences with tol'ko 393 4.10.2.33 Sentences with xot' 397 4.10.2.44 Sentences with a possibility interpretation and interrogatives 401
4.10.2.55 Sentences with a possibility interpretation and chtoby 401 4.10.2.66 Sentences without a dative subject that express possibility 402 4.111 The Dl-construction with the subordinated ^tera/ tem, kak, chtoby, and esli. 409
4.11.11 The Dl-construction withpervdtem, kak ('before') 410 4.11.22 The Dl-construction with chtoby ('(in order) to^) 413
4.11.33 The Dl-construction with esli ('if) 417 4.122 Optative sentences without by or to/'ko 420
4.133 The Dl-construction with by 422 4.13.11 Type I: Sentences where the external force is 'the way things go'.... 423
xx Contents
4A3.24A3.2 Type II Sentences where the external force is the speaker 425
4.13.33 Type III: Sentences with tof'ko or vse where the external force
iss the dative participant 438 4.144 Directive infinitive use 441 4.155 Interrogatives without interrogative adverbs and pronouns 449
4.166 Related constructions 452 4.16.11 Sentences with a quantificational modification {dolgó) 452
4.16.22 The existential construction 456 4.16.33 Infinitives + dative as complements to nouns or predicates 464
4.177 The second dative 471 4.17.11 Introduction 471 4.17.22 Motivation for the second dative in formal frameworks 483
4.17.33 Semantic motivation for the second dative 488 4.17.3.11 Objective infinitives and subjective infinitives 488
4.17.3.22 Passives and modal infinitives 490 4.17.3.33 Infinitive with subordinators 491 4.17.3.44 Infinitive specifications to nouns and predicates 492
4.17.3.55 Complement-Specification to an adverbial predicate 495
4.17.3.66 Complement 496 4.17.44 Concluding remarks 496 4.188 Conclusion and further remarks 498
5.. Conclusion 501 Referencess 505 Samenvattingg 516 Abstractt 520
