A review of Caribbean Copepoda associated with reef-dwelling cnidarians, echinoderms and sponges

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A review of Caribbean Copepoda associated with reef-dwelling cnidarians, echinoderms and

sponges

Korzhavina, Oksana A.; Hoeksema, Bert W.; Ivanenko, Viatcheslav N.

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Contributions to Zoology DOI:

10.1163/18759866-20191411

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Korzhavina, O. A., Hoeksema, B. W., & Ivanenko, V. N. (2019). A review of Caribbean Copepoda

associated with reef-dwelling cnidarians, echinoderms and sponges. Contributions to Zoology, 88(3), 297-349. https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-20191411

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A review of Caribbean Copepoda associated with reef-dwelling

cnidarians, echinoderms and sponges

Oksana A. Korzhavina

Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

Bert W. Hoeksema

Taxonomy and Systematics Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Viatcheslav N. Ivanenko

Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia

Taxonomy and Systematics Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

ivanenko.slava@gmail.com Abstract

This review of copepod crustaceans associated with reef-dwelling cnidarians, sponges and echinoderms of the Greater Caribbean is based on published records, systematically arranged by the classification of symbiotic copepods and their hosts, sampling sites, coordinates, depth and date of sampling, litera-ture sources, and three recent surveys (Cuba, St. Eustatius in the Eastern Caribbean and Curaçao in the Southern Caribbean). This resulted in totals of 532 records of 115 species of symbiotic copepods (47 gen-era, 17 families, three orders) hosted by 80 species of invertebrates, representing scleractinians (47%), octocorals (9%), echinoderms (3%), and sponges (1%). Among ten Caribbean ecoregions, the Greater Antilles (with 64 species of symbiotic copepods) as well as the Southern and Eastern Caribbean (with 46 and 17 species of copepods, respectively) are the most studied and best represented, whereas only six species of copepods are known from Bermuda, one from Southwestern Caribbean and none from the Gulf of Mexico. The absence of poecilostomatoid copepods (Anchimolgidae, Rhynchomolgidae and Xarifidae) on Caribbean stony corals as noted by Stock (1988) is confirmed. The results indicate that the diversity and ecology of Caribbean symbiotic copepods are still poorly investigated.

Downloaded from Brill.com02/21/2020 01:34:50PM via Universiteit of Groningen

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Introduction

Symbiotic copepods are a widespread, numer-ous and diverse group of crustaceans living in association (parasitism, commensalism, mu-tualism) with other marine animals (Gotto, 1979, 1993; Humes, 1985a, 1994; Ho, 2001). At least one third of all known copepods are symbionts of marine fish and invertebrates. Symbiotic copepods are the most diverse in the tropics, and only a small number of their potential marine invertebrate hosts has been explored so far (1.14% according to Humes, 1994). A high degree of endemism as well as a remarkable difference in taxonomic com-position of copepods living in a poorly stud-ied symbiosis with Caribbean stony corals is noticed in comparison with the Indo-Pacific (Stock, 1988). The paucity of knowledge of symbiotic copepods of the Greater Caribbe-an region has repeatedly been noted (Stock, 1973, 1975a, 1987, 1988; Humes & Hendler, 1972; Herriott & Immermann, 1979; Grygier, 1980; Ivanenko et al., 2017).

The first study of symbiotic copepods liv-ing on cnidarians, echinoderms and sponges of the Greater Caribbean was conducted by Edwards (1891), who discovered Diogenidium nasutum (fig. 1c), living on the sea cucumber Holothuria scabra, in the Bahamas (species authorities in tables 1–2). Taxonomic studies of the Caribbean symbiotic copepods were continued by a number of researchers, who described large numbers of new species, as reviewed by Gotto (1993). A number of cope-pods representing two families (the ectosym-biotic Asterocheridae and the endoparasitic Corallovexiidae) have been found living on and in stony corals (Hoeksema et al., 2017b). Very few are reports have been published about the Asterocheridae living and usually

abundant on sponges (Stock & Kleeton, 1964; Stock, 1967; Boxshall & Huys, 1994; Kim, 2010; Varela et al., 2005b, 2007a, b, 2008; Varela, 2010a, b, 2012). Twelve families of copepods have been reported on diverse Caribbean echinoderms (Edwards, 1891; Emson & Mlad-enov, 1987; Emson et al., 1985; Hendler & Kim, 2010; Humes & Hendler, 1972, 1999; Humes & Ho, 1970, 1971; Humes & Stock, 1973; Humes, 1969a, 1998, 2000; Kim, 2009, 2010; Stock & Gooding, 1986; Stock & Humes, 1995; Stock et al., 1962, 1963a, b; Stock, 1968; Varela et al., 2003, 2005b, 2008; Varela, 2010a, 2011a). Most of these studies on Caribbean invertebrate-associated copepods are from the last centu-ry and only 19 of them have been published since 2000 (Humes, 2000; Varela et al., 2003, 2005a, b, 2007a, b, 2008; Varela & Lalana, 2007; Kim, 2009, 2010; Hendler & Kim, 2010; Varela, 2010a, b, 2011a, b, 2012; Ivanenko et al., 2017; Shelyakin et al., 2018; Garcia-Hernandez et al., 2019).

Caribbean reef corals are under threat from climate change and local impacts (Carpen-ter et al., 2008; Hughes et al., 2017) and some symbiotic (including parasitic) copepods po-tentially may have an impact on the state of corals and other invertebrate hosts (Stock, 1975a; Butter, 1979; Herriott & Immermann, 1979; Burke & Maidens, 2004; Ivanenko et al., 2017; Shelyakin et al., 2018). Despite a long his-tory of marine biodiversity research in the Caribbean, our knowledge of microscopic symbiotic copepods does not satisfy the needs for defining priorities in conservation and the development of management plans (Miloslav-ich et al., 2010; Zeppilli at al., 2015, 2018). The goal of our review is to analyze all published data on copepods living in symbiosis with the Caribbean reef-dwelling anthozoans, echino-derms and sponges as important structural Keywords

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FIGURE 1 Poecilostomatoid Cyclopoida, dorsal view. a – Hemicyclops columnaris (Clausidiidae), b – Corallovexia

similis (Corallovexiidae), c – Diogenidium nasutum (Lichomolgidae), d – Macrochiron echinicolum

(Macrochironidae), e – Pseudanthessius deficiens (Pseudanthessiidae), f – Doridicola astrophyticus (Rhynchomolgidae), g – Eupolymniphilus occidentalis Kim, 2009 (Sabelliphilidae), h – Meomicola

amplectans, i – Presynaptiphilus amphiopli (Synapticolidae). After Stock et al. (1963b), Humes & Ho

(1969), Humes & Hendler (1972), Stock (1973, 1975a), Humes & Stock (1973), Kim (2009).Downloaded from Brill.com02/21/2020 01:34:50PM via Universiteit of Groningen

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and functional components of Caribbean coral reefs in order to identify the least-studied ecoregions and groups of hosts as well as to identify directions for further research. Characteristics of the Greater Caribbean The Greater Caribbean (The Caribbean s.l.) in the present review consists of the Caribbean Sea plus the Gulf of Mexico and Bermuda (Spalding et al., 2007; Hoeksema et al., 2017a). The Caribbean Sea (Caribbean s.s.) is a large semi-enclosed sea of the western Atlantic Ocean with clear and warm water (22–29°C) and low tidal amplitude (0.4 m) (Kinder et al., 1985). The Caribbean is enclosed by the land masses of Central and South America (Bra-zil) from the west and south. It is separated by island arcs of the Great and Lesser Antilles in the north and east (Bayer, 1961; Spald-ing et al., 2004; Alvarado, 2011). The Carib-bean is a unique biogeographic region with a number of endemic species (Rivera-Monroy et al., 2004; Alvarado, 2011). It is recognized as a global marine biodiversity hot spot and an important biogeographic coral reef province (Spalding et al., 2001; Roberts et al., 2002; Milo-slavich et al., 2010; Alvarado, 2011). The Greater Caribbean includes ten marine ecoregions: Northern Gulf of Mexico, Southern Gulf of Mexico, Floridian, Western Caribbean, Great-er Antillean, SouthwestGreat-ern Caribbean, South-ern Caribbean, EastSouth-ern Caribbean, Bahamian, and Bermudian (Burke & Maidens, 2004; Spalding et al., 2007; Hoeksema et al., 2017a). The Bahamian and Bermudian are adjacent to the temperate northwestern Atlantic. The ma-rine ecoregions of the Southern and Eastern Caribbean are affected by biota from adjacent Brazilian waters (Alvarado, 2011). The Gulf of Mexico has colder and more isolated water, which is relatively poor in species (Felder & Camp, 2009).

Material

The data are combined in the originally designed Database on Caribbean copepod crustaceans associated with reef-dwelling cor-als, echinoderms and sponges. This database includes five main tables: Hosts, Symbionts, Samples, Sites, and Publications linked with each other and two combined tables Litera-ture Records and Sample Records; each record contains data on the taxonomy of the host and its symbiont, the references to unique records in the World of Copepods (Walter & Boxshall, 2019), the number of associates per host, the nature of the association, the name and coor-dinates of the collection site, the depth and the date of collection, as well as their refer-ence (Korzhavina & Ivanenko, 2019). In addi-tion, data on samples of symbiotic copepods and their hosts collected at St. Eustatius (in 2015, with 104 samples), Curaçao (in 2017, with 77 samples) and Cuba (in 2019, with 56 sam-ples) preserved in 96% ethanol and including underwater photographs have been added to the table Sample Records.

Results and discussion

The database includes 532 records from 154 lo-calities and 54 references published since 1891 (Edwards, 1891). There are 115 species of cope-pods (47 genera, 17 families, 3 orders) found in symbiosis with 80 invertebrate host species representing 58 genera, 39 families, 22 orders and 7 classes of corals, sponges and echino-derms (figs. 1–7, tables 1–7). Only one species of copepods, the poecilostomatoid cyclopoid Hemicyclops columnaris (syn Hemicyclops geminatus) was found in the area under con-sideration (Bahamas, Barbados, Curaçao, and Jamaica, associated with a burrowing ghost shrimp, a sponge, an ophiuroid, hermit crabs) and on the Pacific coast of Panama (on a stony

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TABLE 1 Copepod crustaceans r ecor ded as associat ed with Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

, echinoderms and spong

es Copepod Host species: v alid name (and as in original r ecor d) Host abbr eviation * Sit e abbr eviation ** Refer ence Copepoda Clathr ina lut ea Az ev edo et al., 201 7 Po PR Gar cia-Hernandez et al., 201 7 Calanoida Pseudocy clopidae Ridg ew ayia fosshag eni

Humes & Smith, 1

97 4 Bartholome a annulat a (Le Sueur , 181 7) Ac t Pa n

Humes & Smith, 1974

Cy clopoida Clausidiidae Hemicy clops c olumnar is Humes , 198 4 Ophioc oma w endtii Müller & Tr oschel, 18 42 (as Ophioc oma r iisei Lütk en, 185 6) Op Bah Kim, 2009 Hemicy clops c olumnar is Humes , 198 4 Porifer a Po Bah Kim, 2009 Cor allo ve xiidae Cor allono xia baki St ock, 1 97 5 Dendr ogyr a cy lindrus Ehr enberg, 18 34 Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allono xia baki St ock, 1 97 5 Eusmilia fastigiat a (P allas , 17 66) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allono xia longic auda St ock, 1 97 5 Dendr ogyr a cy lindrus Ehr enberg, 18 34 Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allono xia longic auda St ock, 1 97 5 Me andr ina me andr ites (Linnaeus , 17 58) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a ; But -ter , 197 9 Cor allono xia sp. Dichoc oenia st ok esii Milne Edw ar ds & Haime, 18 48 Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allo ve xia br evibr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 18 46) (as Diplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 18 46)) Sc VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1 97 9 Cor allo ve xia br evibr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Diplor ia lab yr inthiformis (Linnaeus , 17 58) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allo ve

xia dorsospinosa minor

St ock, 1 97 5 Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 17 67) (as Mont astr ae a br asiliana (V errill, 1 901)) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allo ve xia dorsospinosa St ock, 1 97 5 Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 17 67) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a

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Cor allo ve xia kr ist enseni St ock, 1 97 5 Colpoph yllia nat ans (Hout tuyn, 1 77 2) (as Colpoph yllia nat ans (Müller)) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allo ve xia longibr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 18 46) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allo ve xia longibr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Colpoph yllia nat ans (Hout tuyn, 1 77 2) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allo ve xia longibr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Manicina ar eolat a (Linnaeus , 17 58) (as Manicina ar eolat a f. m ayo ri W ells , 19 36) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allo ve xia me diobr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Colpoph yllia nat ans (Hout tuyn, 1 77 2) Sc VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1 97 9 Cor allo ve xia me diobr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Manicina ar eolat a (Linnaeus , 17 58) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allo ve xia me diobr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Pseudodiplor ia cli vosa

(Ellis & Solander

, 17

86) (as

Diplor

ia cli

vosa

(Ellis & Solander

, 17 86)) Sc Cur , VI St ock, 1 97 5a ; Herri -ot t & Immermann, 19 79 Cor allo ve xia me diobr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 18 46) (as Diplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 18 46)) Sc Cur , VI St ock, 1 97 5a ; Herri -ot t & Immermann, 19 79 Cor allo ve xia mixtibr achium St ock, 1 97 5 Colpoph yllia nat ans (Hout tuyn, 1 77 2) Sc Cur , VI St ock, 1 97 5a ; Herri -ot t & Immermann, 19 79 Cor allo ve xia similis St ock, 1 97 5 Acr opor a palmat a (Lamar ck, 1816) Sc Cur , VI St ock, 1 97 5a ; Herri -ot t & Immermann, 19 79 Cor allo ve xia similis St ock, 1 97 5 Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 18 46) Sc VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1 97 9 Cor allo ve xia sp. Acr opor a palmat a (Lamar ck, 1816) Sc VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1 97 9 Cor allo ve xia sp. Me andr ina me andr ites (Linnaeus , 17 58) Sc VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1 97 9 TABLE 1 Copepod crustaceans r ecor ded as associat ed with Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

es ( cont. ) Copepod Host species: v alid name (and as in original r ecor d) Host abbr eviation * Sit e abbr eviation ** Refer ence

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Cor allo ve xia sp. Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 17 67) Sc VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1 97 9 Cor allo ve xia sp. My cet oph yllia lamar ckiana Milne Edw ar ds & Haime, 18 49 Sc VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1 97 9 Cor allo ve xia sp. Or bic ella annular

is (Ellis & Solander

, 17 86) (as Mont astr ae a annular

, 17 86)) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Cor allo ve xia sp. Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 18 46) Sc VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1 97 9 Cor allo ve xia v entr ospinosa St ock, 1 97 5 Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 17 67) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5a Lamippidae Enalcy onium sp. Ple xaur ella nut ans

(Duchassaing & Michelot

ti, 1860) Oc Cub Var ela et al., 2005b Enalcy onium eunic eae St ock, 1 97 3 Eunic ea mammosa Lamour oux, 1816 Oc PR St ock, 1 97 3 Enalcy onium nudum St ock, 1 97 3 Ple xaur a homomalla (Esper , 17 94) (as Ple xaur a homomalla f. homomalla Esper , 17 94) Oc PR St ock, 1 97 3 Enalcy onium r amosum St ock, 1 97 3 Ple xaur a homomalla (Esper , 17 94) Oc PR St ock, 1 97 3 Enalcy onium v ar iic auda St ock, 1 97 3 Br iar eum asbestinum (P allas , 17 66) Oc PR St ock, 1 97 3 Lamippina ae qualis St ock, 1 97 3 Antillog or gia Ba yer , 1951 (as Pseudopt er og or gia Kük enthal, 1 91 9) Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 3 Lamippina ae qualis St ock, 1 97 3 Antillog or gia ac er osa (P allas , 17 66) (as Pseudop -ter og or gia ac er osa (P allas , 17 66)) Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 3 Linar esia boulig andi St ock, 1 97 9 Plac og or gia sp. Oc Flo St ock, 1 97 9 Magnippe c aputme dusae St ock, 1 97 8 These a s p. Oc Flo St ock, 1 97 8 Sphaer ippe c aligic ola Gry gier , 1980 Callog or gia sp. Oc Bah Gry gier , 1980 Sphaer ippe sp. Gor gonia v ent alina Linnaeus , 17 58 Oc SE Iv anenk o et al., 201 7 Lichomolgidae Diog enella deichmannae Humes & Ho , 197 0 Holothur ia ( Th ymios ycia) ar enic ola Semper , 1868 Hol Bar Humes & Ho , 197 0 Diog enella impar Humes & Ho , 197 0 Holothur ia ( Th ymios ycia) ar enic ola Semper , 1868 (as Br andt othur ia ar enic ola (Semper)) Hol Bar Humes & Ho , 197 0

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Diog enella setic auda St ock, 1 968 Holothur ia ( Th ymios ycia) ar enic ola Semper , 1868 Hol MI Humes & Ho , 197 0 Diog enella setic auda St ock, 1 968 Holothur ia ( Th ymios ycia) impatiens (F orsskål, 17 75) (as Holothur ia impatiens (F orskål, 1 77 5)) Hol PR St ock, 1 968 Diog enella setic auda St ock, 1 968 Holothur ia ( Semper othur ia) sur inamensis Lud -wig, 18 75 (as Halodeima sur inamensis (Ludwig)) Hol MI, PR St ock, 1 968 ; Humes & Ho , 197 0 Diog enella spinic auda St ock, 1 968 Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 18 75 (as Lud wig othur ia me xic ana (Ludwig)) Hol Bah, Cur , Jam, MI, PR St ock, 1 968 ; Humes & Ho , 197 0 Diog enidium deforme St ock, 1 968 Holothur ia ( Selenk othur ia) glaberr ima Selenka, 186 7 Hol PR St ock, 1 968 Diog enidium deforme St ock, 1 968 Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 18 75 Hol Bah, PR

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Diog enidium deforme St ock, 1 968 Holothur ia ( Th ymios ycia) ar enic ola Semper , 1868 Hol Bar

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Diog enidium nasutum Edw ar ds , 1891 Actinop yg a ag assizii (Selenka, 186 7) (as Mueller ia ag assizi Selenka, 186 7) Hol Bah

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Diog enidium nasutum Edw ar ds , 1891 Holothur ia ( Halodeima) gr ise a Selenka, 186 7 Hol Ja m

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Diog enidium nasutum Edw ar ds , 1891 Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 18 75 Hol Cur , Jam, MI, PR St ock, 1 968 ; Hen

-dler & Kim, 2010

Diog enidium nasutum Edw ar ds , 1891 Holothur ia ( Metr iat yla) sc abr a J aeg er , 18 33 Hol Bah Edw ar ds , 1891 Diog enidium spinulosum St ock, 1 968 Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 186 7) Hol Jam, PR St ock, 1 968 ; Hen

-dler & Kim, 2010

Diog enidium t ectum Humes & Ho , 1971 Actinop yg a ag assizii (Selenka, 186 7) Hol Bah, J am

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Macr ochir onidae Macr ochir on e chinic olum Humes & St ock, 1 97 3 Echinometr a vir idis A. Ag assiz, 186 3 Ec Cur Humes & St ock, 19 73 TABLE 1 Copepod crustaceans r ecor ded as associat ed with Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

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Macr ochir on e chinic olum Humes & St ock, 1 97 3 Lyt echinus v ar ieg atus (Lamar ck, 1816) Ec Bah, Bar , Bon, Cur , Jam, MI, PR Humes & St ock, 19 73 Macr ochir on sar gassi Sars , 1916 Renilla r eniformis (P allas , 17 66) Oc SM Humes & St ock, 19 73

Pseudanthessiidae Pseudanthessius acutus

Kim, 2009 Porifer a Po Ja m Kim, 2009 Pseudanthessius deficiens St

ock, Humes & Good

-ing, 1 96 3 Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 18 75 Hol Cur St ock et al., 1 96 3b Pseudanthessius deficiens St

ock, Humes & Good

-ing, 1 96 3 Ophioderma br evispina (Sa y, 18 25) (as Ophioder -ma br evispinum (Sa y, 18 25)) Op Bel

Humes & Hendler

,

1999

Pseudanthessius deficiens

St

ock, Humes & Good

-ing, 1 96 3 Ophioderma ciner ea Müller & Tr oschel, 18 42 (as Ophioderma ciner eum Müller & Tr oschel, 18 42) Op Bel, Cur , MI, SM St ock et al., 1 96 3b ;

Humes & Hendler

, 1999 Pseudanthessius e xilic ornis St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Me oma v entr icosa (Lamar ck, 1816) Ec Cur St

ock & Humes

,

1995

Pseudanthessius pe

ctinifer

St

ock, Humes &

Gooding, 1 96 4 Clype ast er r osac eus (Linnaeus , 17 58) Ec Bah, J am, MI St ock et al., 1 96 3b Rh ynchomolgidae Ac anthomolgus ae quiset a St ock, 1 97 5 Mur ice a lax a V errill, 186 4 Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus affinis St ock, 1 97 5 Eunic ea fle xuosa (Lamour oux, 18 21) Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus affinis St ock, 1 97 5 Ple xaur a s p. Oc Cub Var ela, 2011a Ac anthomolgus affinis St ock, 1 97 5 Ple xaur a homomalla (Esper , 17 94) Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus ba yer i Humes , 197 3 Gor gonia v ent alina Linnaeus , 17 58 Oc Ber Humes , 197 3 Ac anthomolgus ba yer i Humes , 197 3 Pseudople xaur a s p. Oc Cub Var ela et al., 200 3 Ac anthomolgus ba yer i Humes , 197 3 Pseudople xaur a por osa (Hout tuyn, 1 77 2) Oc Ber Humes , 197 3 Ac anthomolgus bilobipes Humes & St ock, 1 97 3 Antillog or gia ac er osa (P allas , 17 66) Oc Bar , Cur , Jam Humes & St ock; 19 73 ; St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus bilobipes Humes & St ock, 1 97 3 Antillog or gia elastic a Biescho wsk y Oc PR Humes & St ock, 19 73

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Ac anthomolgus dion yx St ock, 1 97 5 Antillog or gia amer icana (Gmelin, 1 791) (as Pseudopt er og or gia amer icana (Gmelin, 1 791)) Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus g or goniae Humes , 197 3 Gor gonia v ent alina Linnaeus , 17 58 Oc Ber , Cur , SE Humes , 197 3; St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus int erme dius St ock, 1 97 5 Eunic ea laciniat

a Duchassaing & Michelot

ti, 1860 Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus int erme dius St ock, 1 97 5 Mur ice a s p. Oc Cub Var ela et al., 200 3 Ac anthomolgus longidact ylus St ock, 1 97 5 Eunic ea fle xuosa (Lamour oux, 18 21) Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus longifur ca St ock, 1 97 5 Eunic ea t ourneforti Milne Edw ar ds & Haime, 185 7 Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus monon yx St ock, 1 97 5 Eunic ea cla vig er a Ba yer , 1961 Oc Cur St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus mur ice anus Humes , 197 3 Mur ice a atlantic a (K ük enthal, 1 911) Oc Ber Humes , 197 3; St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus setic ornis St ock, 1 97 5 Ple xaur ella dichot oma (Esper , 17 91) Oc SM St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus tr iangulipes St ock, 1 97 5 Gor gonia v ent alina Linnaeus , 17 58 Oc Cur , SE, SM St ock, 1 97 5c Ac anthomolgus tr iangulipes St ock, 1 97 5 Gor gonia mar iae Ba yer , 1961 Oc Cub Var ela et al., 2008 Ac anthomolgus v errucipes Humes , 197 3 Eunic ea c aly culat

a (Ellis & Solander

, 17 86) Oc Ber Humes , 197 3 Aspidomolgus st oichactinus Humes , 1969 Corynactis denticulosa (Le Sueur , 181 7) (as Ho -mostichanthus denticulosus (Le Sueur , 181 7)) Ac t Bar ad, PR, SM St ock, 1 97 5b Aspidomolgus st oichactinus Humes , 1969 Stichodact yla helianthus (Ellis , 17 68) (as St oichac -tis anemone (Ellis), St oichactis helianthus (Ellis , 17 68)) Ac t Bah, Bar , Bon, Cub , Cur , FK, Jam, MI, PR Humes , 1969a ; St ock, 1 97 5b ; Ortiz et al., 1 998 Calonast es impar ipes

Humes & Goenag

a, 1 97 8 Stichopathes sp. Anti PR Humes & Goenag a, 19 78 Calonast es impar ipes

Humes & Goenag

a, 1 97 8 Stichopathes lutk eni Br ook, 1889 Anti PR Humes & Goenag a, 19 78 Cr itomolgus Humes & St ock, 1 98 3 Astr oph yt on mur icatum (Lamar ck, 1816) Op Cub Var ela et al., 2008 TABLE 1 Copepod crustaceans r ecor ded as associat ed with Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

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Cr itomolgus astr oph yticus (Humes & St ock, 1 97 3) (as Dor idic ola astr oph yticus Humes & St ock, 19 73 ) Astr oph yt on mur icatum (Lamar ck, 1816) Op Bar , Jam, MI, PR Humes & St ock, 19 73 Cr itomolgus titillans (Humes , 198 2) (as Dor idic ola titillans Humes , 198 2) Cond ylactis gig ant ea (W einland, 1860) Ac t PR Humes , 198 2 Par amolgus antillianus St ock, 1 97 5 Ric or de a flor ida

Duchassaing & Michelot

ti, 1860 Cor PR St ock, 1 97 5c Sabelliphilidae Eupolymniphilus oc cident alis Kim, 2009 Porifer a Po Ja m Kim, 2009

Synapticolidae Caribulus

sp Actinop yg a ag assizii (Selenka, 186 7) Hol Bah, Cur , Jam Humes , 1969b Car ibulus sp Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 186 7) Hol Bar , Jam Humes , 1969b Car ibulus sculptus (Humes , 1969) (as Sc ambic ornus sculptus Humes , 1969) Actinop yg a ag assizii (Selenka, 186 7) Hol

Bah, Bon, Cur

, Ja m Humes , 1969b Car ibulus sculptus (Humes , 1969) Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 186 7) Hol Bah, Bar , Jam, MI, PR Humes , 1969b Car ibulus sculptus (Humes , 1969) Holothur ia me xic ana Ludwig, 18 75 Hol

Bah, Bon, Cub

, Cur , Jam Humes 1 969b ; Var ela et al., 200 3 Me omic ola ample ctans St

ock, Humes & Gooding,

19 63 Me oma v entr icosa (Lamar ck, 1816) Ec Cur , Jam St ock et al., 1 96 3b Synaptiphilidae Pres ynaptiphilus amphiopli

Humes & Hendler

, 19 72 Amphioplus sp. Op FK

Humes & Hendler

, 19 72 Thaumat opsyllidae Car ibe ops yllus cha wa yi Suár ez-Mor ales in Suár ez-Mor

ales & Cast

ellanos , 1998 Ophiothr ix angulat a (Sa y, 18 25) Op Bel

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Car ibe ops yllus cha wa yi Suár ez-Mor ales in Suár ez-Mor

ales & Cast

ellanos , 1998 Ophiothr ix oerst edii Lütk en, 185 6 Op Bel

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Car ibe ops yllus sp .A Ophiur oida Op SE Iv anenk o, unpublished

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Car ibe ops yllus sp .A Ophiothr ix angulat a (Sa y, 18 25) Op Bel

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Siphonost omat oida Ast er ocheridae Ast er ocher es sp. Cally spongia v aginalis (Lamar ck, 1814) Po Cub Var ela et al., 2005b Ast er ocher es antillensis Var ela, 2010 Cally spongia sp. Po Cub Var ela, 2010 Ast er ocher es bahamensis Kim, 2010 Porifer a Po Bah Kim, 2010 Ast er ocher es cr inoidic ola Humes , 2000 Crinoidea Cr Ja m Kim, 2010 Ast er ocher es cr inoidic ola Humes , 2000 Da vidast er rubiginosus (P ourtalès , 1869) Cr Bel, Cub Humes , 2000 ; Var ela, 2010 Ast er ocher es cr inoidic ola Humes , 2000 Nemast er gr andis AH Clark, 1 909 Cr Bel Humes , 2000 Ast er ocher es cubensis Var ela, 2010 Ag elas dilat at

a Duchassaing & Michelot

ti, 186 4 Po Cub Var ela, 2010b Ast er ocher es espinosai Var

ela, Ortiz & Lalana,

2007 Cally spongia v aginalis (Lamar ck, 1814) Po Cub Var

ela et al., 2007a

Ast er ocher es fernandezmiler ai Var ela, 2010 Ag elas wie denma yer i Alcolado , 198 4 Po Cub Var ela, 2010b Ast er ocher es g arr idoi Var

ela, Ortiz & Lalana,

2007

Ptiloc

aulis w

alpersii

(Duchassaing & Michelot

ti, 186 4) Po Cub Var ela et al., 2007 Ast er ocher es kimi Var ela, 2012 Niphat es digit alis (Lamar ck, 1814) Po Cub Var ela, 2012 Ast er ocher es lalanai Var ela, 201 3 Niphat es digit alis (Lamar ck, 1814) Po Cub Var ela, 2012 Ast er ocher es maxillatus St ock, 1 98 7 Manicina ar eolat a (Linnaeus , 17 58) Sc Cur St ock, 1 98 7 Ast er ocher es maxillatus St ock, 1 98 7 Or bic ella annular

, 17 86) Sc Cur St ock, 1 98 7, 1 989 Ast er ocher es or icurvus Kim, 2010 Porifer a Po Ja m Kim, 2010 Ast er ocher es peniculatus Kim, 2010 Porifer a Po Bah Kim, 2010 Ast er ocher es plumosus Kim, 2010 Porifer a Po Bah Kim, 2010 Ast er ocher es r eginae Bo

xshall & Huys

, 1994 Ag elas sp. Po Cub Var ela et al., 2008 Ast er ocher es r eginae Bo

xshall & Huys

, 1994 Ag elas clathr odes (Schmidt, 18 70) Po Bel Bo

xshall & Huys

, 1994 TABLE 1 Copepod crustaceans r ecor ded as associat ed with Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

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Ast er ocher es simulans (T . Scot t, 1898) (as Asc o-m yz on simulans T. Scot t, 1898) Lyt echinus v ar ieg atus (Lamar ck, 1816) Ec Cur St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Ast er ocher es tr iset atus Kim, 2010 Porifer a Po Bah Kim, 2010 Ast er ocher es unio vig er Kim, 2010 Eucidar is tr ibuloides (Lamar ck, 1816) Ec Bah, PR Kim, 2010 Ast er ocher es unio vig er Kim, 2010 Echinoidea Ec Ja m Kim, 2010 Ast er opont ella foliat a St ock, 1 989 Or bic ella annular

, 17 86) Sc Cur St ock, 1 989 Ast er opontius c apillatus Kim, 2010 Me andr ina sp. Sc Bar Kim, 2010 Ast er opontius iuxtus St ock, 1 989 Me andr ina me andr ites (Linnaeus , 17 58) Sc Cur St ock, 1 989 Ast er opontius longipalpus St ock, 1 97 5 Ric or de a flor ida

Duchassaing & Michelot

ti, 1860 Cor PR St ock, 1 97 5b Ast er opontius m yc etoph ylliae Var

ela, Ortiz &

Lalana, 2005 My cet oph yllia lamar ckiana Milne Edw ar ds & Haime, 18 49 Sc Cub Var ela et al., 2005 Ast er opontius parvipalpus St ock, 1 97 5 Cond ylactis gig ant ea (W einland, 1860) Ac t Bah, Cur , Jam, MI, PR St ock, 1 97 5b ; Humes , 198 2 Ast er opontius pr oximus St ock, 1 98 7 Colpoph yllia nat ans (Müller)) Sc Cur St ock, 1 98 7 Ast er opontius ung ellatus St ock, 1 97 5 Ph ymanthus crucifer (Le Sueur , 181 7) Ac t MI St ock, 1 97 5b Ast er opontius ung ellatus St ock, 1 97 5 Stichodact yla helianthus (Ellis , 17 68) Ac t Jam, PR St ock, 1 97 5b ; Kim, 2010 Ast er opont opsis fa viae St ock, 1 98 7 Fa via fr agum (Esper , 17 95) Sc Cur St ock, 1 98 7 Chelacher es longipalpus St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Echinometr a lucunt er (Linnaeus , 17 58) Ec Bah, Cub , Cur , Jam, PR, SM St

ock & Humes

, 1995 ; V ar ela, 2011a Chelacher es longipalpus St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Tr ipneust es v entr icosus (Lamar ck, 1816) Ec Cur St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Chelacher es opt ans St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Echinometr a lucunt er (Linnaeus , 17 58) Ec PR St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Collocher es lunulifer Humes , 1998 Ophiothr ix ( Ophiothr ix) angulat a (Sa y, 18 25) Op Bar Humes , 1998 Collocher es lunulifer Humes , 1998 Ophiothr ix (A canthophiothr ix) suensoni Lütk en, 185 6 Op Bar Humes , 1998 Hermacher es diplor iae St ock, 1 98 7 Pseudodiplor ia cli vosa

(Ellis & Solander

, 17 86) Sc Cur St ock, 1 98 7 Hermacher es mont astr eae St ock, 1 98 7 Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 17 67) Sc Cur St ock, 1 989

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Het air os ynella acule at a Kim, 2010 Porifer a Po Bah Kim, 2010 Het air os ynella angulat a Kim, 2010 Porifer a Po Ja m Kim, 2010 Het air os ynella bifur cat a Kim, 2010 Porifer a Po Ja m Kim, 2010 Kimcher es fastig atus (Kim, 2010 ) (as Ast er ocher es fastig atus Kim, 2010 ) Porifer a Po Bar Kim, 2010 Me andr om yz on c or onatum St ock, 1 989 Me andr ina me andr ites (Linnaeus , 17 58) Sc Cur St ock, 1 989 Ne oast er ocher es humesi (V ar ela, 2012 ) Cally spongia v aginalis (Lamar ck, 1814) Po Cub Var ela, 2012 On ychocher es alatus St

ock & Gooding, 1

986 Diadema antillarum Philippi, 18 45 Ec Cub , Cur St

ock & Gooding, ₁₉₈₆; V

ar ela et al., 2005b Or ecturus antillensis Var ela, 2011 Eunic ea mammosa Lamour oux, 1816 Oc Cub Var ela, 2011b Or ecturus ortizi Var

ela & Lalana, 2007

Br iar eum asbestinum (P allas , 17 66) Oc Cub Var

ela & Lalana,

2007 Ophiur ocher es bellulus Humes , 1998 Ophiom yx a flac cida (Sa y, 18 25) Op MI Humes , 1998 Pelt om yz on r ostr atum St ock, 1 97 5 Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 17 67) Sc Cur St ock, 1 97 5d Sc ot tocher es elong atus (Scot t T . & Scot t A., 1894) Iotr ochot a bir otulat a (Higgin, 18 77) Po Cub Var ela et al., 2008 Set acher es par aboe cki (J ohnsson, 1 998) Cally spongia v aginalis (Lamar ck, 1814) Po Cub Var ela, 2012 St enom yz on e dent atum Kim, 2010 Porifer a Po PR Kim, 2010 Cancerillidae Ophiops yllus latus

Humes & Hendler

, 1999 Ophioc omella ophiact oides (Clark, 1 900) Op Bel

Humes & Hendler

,

1999

Ophiops

yllus latus

Humes & Hendler

, 1999 Ophioc oma pumila Lütk en, 185 6 Op Bel, FK

Humes & Hendler

,

1999

Ophiops

yllus latus

Humes & Hendler

, 1999 Ophioc omella ophiact oides (Clark, 1 900) Op Bel

Humes & Hendler

, 1999 TABLE 1 Copepod crustaceans r ecor ded as associat ed with Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

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Ophiops

yllus r

eductus

St

19 63 Ophioc oma e chinat a (Lamar ck, 1816) Op Bel, Cur St ock et al., 1 96 3a ;

Humes & Hendler

, 1999 Ophiops yllus r eductus St

19 63 Ophioc omella ophiact oides (Clark, 1 900) Op Bel, Ber , Jam Emson et al., 1 985 ;

Emson & Mlad

-eno v, 1 98 7 Par ophiops yllus lig atus

Humes & Hendler

, 197 2 Amphioplus sp. Op FK

Humes & Hendler

, 19 72 Ent omolepididae Parmulodes v erruc osa Wilson C.B ., 1 944 Chondr illa nucula Schmidt, 186 2 Po PR St ock, 1 992b Parmulella emar ginat a St ock, 1 992 Chondr illa nucula Schmidt, 186 2 Po Cur St ock, 1 992b Parmulodes v erruc osa Wilson C.B ., 1 944 (as Pa r-mulodes v erruc osus Wilson C.B ., 1 944) Chondr illa nucula Schmidt, 186 2 Po Aru, Cub , Cur , PR St ock, 1 992b ; Va -rela et al., 2008 Micr opontiidae Micr opontius glaber St

19 63 Me oma v entr icosa (Lamar ck, 1816) Ec Ja m St ock et al., 1 96 3a Nanaspididae Nanaspis e xigua St

ock, Humes & Gooding, 1

96 2 Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 186 7) Hol Ja m St ock et al., 1 96 2 Nanaspis me dia St

96 2 Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 186 7) Hol MI, PR St ock et al., 1 96 2 Nanaspis pollens St

96 2 Holothur ia ( Th ymios ycia) ar enic ola Semper , 1868 Hol Ja m St ock et al., 1 96 2 Nanaspis pollens St

96 2 Holothur ia ( Semper othur ia) sur inamensis Lud -wig, 18 75 Hol MI St ock et al., 1 96 2 Nanaspis pollens St

96 2 Holothur ia ( Th ymios ycia) ar enic ola Semper , 1868 (as Br andt othur ia ar enic ola) and Holothur ia (Semper othur ia) sur inamensis Ludwig, 18 75 (as Semper othur ia sur inamensis) ( mix ed ) Hol PR St ock et al., 1 96 2 Nanaspis pollens St

96 2 Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 186 7) Hol Bah, J am St ock et al., 1 96 2 Nanaspis pollens St

96 2 Me oma v entr icosa (Lamar ck, 1816) Ec Ja m St ock et al., 1 96 2

(17)

Nanaspis trunc

at

a St

19 62 Holothur ia ( Plat yper ona) parvula (Selenka, 186 7) Hol MI, PR St ock et al., 1 96 2 Nanaspis trunc at a St

1962 Holothur ia ( Th ymios ycia) ar enic ola Semper , 1868 Hol MI St ock et al., 1962 * Host Abbr eviations: A ct – A

ctiniaria, Anti – Antipatharia, Cor – Cor

allimorpharia, Cr – Crinoidea, Ec – Echinoidea, Hol – Holothur

oidea, Oc – Oct ocor allia, Op – Ophiur oi -dea, P o – P orifer a, Sc – Scler actinia. ** Sit e Abbr

eviations: Aru – Aruba, Bah – Bahamas

, Bar – Barbados

, Bar

ad – Bar

adal, Bel – Beliz

e, Ber – Bermuda, Bon – Bonair

e, Cub – Cuba, Cur – Cur

acao , Flo – Florida, Jam – J amaica, MI – Maguey es Island, LK – Logg erhead K ey , P an – P anama, PR – Puert o Rico , SE – St. E ustatius , SM – St. Martin, VI – Virgin Islands . TABLE 1 Copepod crustaceans r ecor ded as associat ed with Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

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FIGURE 2 Cyclopoida. Lamippidae (a–d): a – Enalcyonium nudum, dorsal view; b – Linaresia bouligandi, dorsal view; c – Magnippe caputmedusae, ventral view; d – Sphaerippe caligicola, lateral view. Thaumatopsyl-lidae (e): nauplius (N1), metanauplius (MN), copepodid stages 1–5 (CI–CV) of Caribeopsyllus

(19)

TABLE 2 Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

es as hosts of copepod crustaceans In vert ebr at e Host (v alid name and as indicat ed in the original r ecor d)

Copepod species name

Copepod family abbr

eviation * Sit e abbr eviation ** Refer ence Cnidaria Antho zoa He xacor allia Actiniaria Cond ylactis gig ant ea (W einland, 1860) Ast er opontius parvipalpus St ock, 1975 Ast Bah, Cur , Jam, MI, PR St ock, 1975b ; Humes , 1982 Cond ylactis gig ant ea (W einland, 1860) Cr itomolgus titillans (Humes , 1982 ) (as Dor idic ola titillans Humes , 1982 ) Rhy PR Humes , 1982 Corynactis denticulosa (Le Sueur , 1817) (as Homostichanthus denticulosus (Le Sueur , 1817)) Aspidomolgus st oichactinus Humes , 1969 Rhy Bar ad, PR, SM St ock, 1975b Ph ymanthus crucifer (Le Sueur , 1817) Ast er opontius ung ellatus St ock, 1975 Ast MI St ock, 1975b Stichodact yla helianthus (Ellis , 1768) (as St oichactis anemone (Ellis , 1768) and St oichactis helianthus (Ellis , 1768)) Aspidomolgus st oichactinus Humes , 1969 Rhy Bah, Bar , Bon, Cub , Cur , FK, J am, MI, PR Humes , 1969a ; St ock, 1975b ; Ortiz et al., 1998 Stichodact yla helianthus (Ellis , 1768) Ast er opontius ung ellatus St ock, 1975 Ast Jam, PR St ock, 1975b ; Kim, 2010 Antipatharia Bartholome a annulat a (Le Sueur , 1817) Ridg ew ayia fosshag eni Humes & Smith, 1974 Psec Pa n

Humes & Smith, 1974

Stichopathes sp. Calonast es impar ipes Humes & Goenag a, 1978 Rhy PR

Humes & Goenag

a, 1978 Stichopathes lutk eni Br ook, 1889 Calonast es impar ipes Humes & Goenag a, 1978 Rhy PR

Humes & Goenag

a,

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Cor allimorpharia Ric or de a flor ida Duchassaing & Michelot ti, 1860 Ast er opontius longipalpus St ock, 1975 Ast PR St ock, 1975b Ric or de a flor ida Duchassaing & Michelot ti, 1860 Par amolgus antillianus St ock, 1975 Rhy PR St ock, 1975b Scler actinia Acr opor a palmat a (Lamar ck, 1816) Cor allo ve xia sp. Cor VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1979 Acr opor a palmat a (Lamar ck, 1816) Cor allo ve xia similis St ock, 1975 Cor Cur , VI St ock, 1975a ; Herriot t & Immermann, 1979 Colpoph yllia nat ans (Hout tuyn, 1772) (as Colpoph yllia nat ans (Muller)) Ast er opontius pr oximus St ock, 1987 Ast Cur St ock, 1987 Colpoph yllia nat ans (Hout tuyn, 1772) Cor allo ve xia kr ist enseni St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Colpoph yllia nat ans (Hout tuyn, 1772) Cor allo ve xia longibr achium St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Colpoph yllia nat ans (Hout tuyn, 1772) Cor allo ve xia me diobr achium St ock, 1975 (as Cor allo ve xia me diobr ahium St ock, 1975) Cor VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1979 Colpoph yllia nat ans (Hout tuyn, 1772) Cor allo ve xia mixtibr achium St ock, 1975 Cor Cur , VI St ock, 1975a ; Herriot t & Immermann, 1979 Dendr ogyr a cy lindrus Ehr enberg, 1834 Cor allono xia baki St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Dendr ogyr a cy lindrus Ehr enberg, 1834 Cor allono xia longic auda St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Dichoc oenia st ok esii Milne Edw ar ds & Haime, 1848 Cor allono xia sp. Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Diplor ia lab yr inthiformis (Linnaeus , 1758) Cor allo ve xia br evibr achium St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Eusmilia fastigiat a (P allas , 1766) Cor allono xia baki St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Fa via fr agum (Esper , 1795) Ast er opont opsis fa viae St ock, 1987 Ast Cur St ock, 1987 Manicina ar eolat a (Linnaeus , 1758) (as Manicina ar eolat a f . m ayo ri W ells , 1936) Ast er ocher es maxillatus St ock, 1987 Ast Cur St ock, 1987

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Manicina ar eolat a (Linnaeus , 1758) Cor allo ve xia me diobr achium St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Manicina ar eolat a (Linnaeus , 1758) Cor allo ve xia longibr achium St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Me andr ina sp. Ast er opontius c apillatus Kim, 2010 Ast Bar Kim, 2010 Me andr ina me andr ites (Linnaeus , 1758) Ast er opontius iuxtus St ock, 1989 Ast Cur St ock, 1989 Me andr ina me andr ites (Linnaeus , 1758) Cor allono xia longic auda St ock, 1975 Cor Cur But ter , 1979 Me andr ina me andr ites (Linnaeus , 1758) Cor allo ve xia sp. Cor VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1979 Me andr ina me andr ites (Linnaeus , 1758) Me andr om yz on c or onatum St ock, 1989 Ast Cur St ock, 1989 Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 1767) (as Mont astr ae a br asiliana (V errill, 1901)) Cor allo ve

xia dorsospinosa minor

St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 1767) Cor allo ve xia dorsospinosa St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 1767) Cor allo ve xia sp. Cor VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1979 Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 1767) Cor allo ve xia v entr ospinosa St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 1767) Hermacher es mont astr eae St ock, 1987 Ast Cur St ock, 1989 Mont astr ae a c av ernosa (Linnaeus , 1767) Pelt om yz on r ostr atum St ock, 1975 Ast Cur St ock, 1975b My cet oph yllia lamar ckiana Milne Edw ar ds & Haime, 1849 Ast er opontius m yc etoph ylliae Var ela,

Ortiz & Lalana, 2005

Ast Cub Var ela et al., 2005 My cet oph yllia lamar ckiana Milne Edw ar ds & Haime, 1849 Cor allo ve xia sp. Cor VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1979 Or bic ella annular

, 1786) (as Mont astr ae a annular

, 1786)) Ast er ocher es maxillatus St ock, 1987 Ast Cur St ock, 1989 Or bic ella annular

, 1786) Ast er opont ella foliat a St ock, 1989 Ast Cur St ock, 1989 TABLE 2 Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

es as hosts of copepod crustaceans (c ont. ) In vert ebr at e Host (v alid name and as indicat ed in the original r ecor d)

eviation * Sit e abbr eviation ** Refer ence

(22)

Or

bic

ella annular

, 1786) Cor allo ve xia sp. Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Pseudodiplor ia cli vosa

(Ellis & Solander

,

1786) (as

Diplor

ia cli

vosa

(Ellis & Solander

, 1786)) Cor allo ve xia me diobr achium St ock, 1975 Cor VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1979 Pseudodiplor ia cli vosa

(Ellis & Solander

, 1786) Hermacher es diplor iae St ock, 1987 Ast Cur St ock, 1987 Pseudodiplor ia cli vosa

(Ellis & Solander

, 1786) Cor allo ve xia me diobr achium St ock, 1975 Cor Cur , VI St ock, 1975a ; Herriot t & Immermann, 1979 Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 1846) (as Diplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 1846)) Cor allo ve xia br evibr achium St ock, 1975 Cor VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1979 Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 1846) Cor allo ve xia longibr achium St ock, 1975 Cor Cur St ock, 1975a Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 1846) Cor allo ve xia me diobr achium St ock, 1975 Cor Cur , VI St ock, 1975a ; Herriot t & Immermann, 1979 Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 1846) Cor allo ve xia similis St ock, 1975 Cor VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1979 Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 1846) Cor allo ve xia sp. Cor VI Herriot t & Immer -mann, 1979 Pseudodiplor ia str ig osa (D ana, 1846) Hermacher es diplor iae St ock, 1987 Ast Cur St ock, 1987 Oct ocor allia Alcy onacea Antillog or gia ac er osa (P allas , 1766) (as Pseudopt er og or gia ac er osa (P allas , 1766)) Ac anthomolgus bilobipes Humes & St ock, 1973 Rhy Bar , Cur , Jam Humes & St ock, 1973 ; St ock, 1975c Antillog or gia ac er osa (P allas , 1766) Lamippina ae qualis St ock, 1973 Lam Cur St ock, 1973 Antillog or gia amer icana (Gmelin, 1791) (as Pseudopt er og or gia amer icana (Gmelin, 1791)) Ac anthomolgus dion yx St ock, 1975 Rhy Cur St ock, 1975c Antillog or gia sp . (as Pseudopt er og or gia sp .) Lamippina ae qualis St ock, 1973 Lam Cur St ock, 1973 Antillog or gia ac er osa var . elastic a Biel -scho wsk y, 1929 (as Antillog or gia elastic a Bielscho wsk y, 1929) Ac anthomolgus bilobipes Humes & St ock, 1973 Rhy PR Humes & St ock, 1973

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Br iar eum asbestinum (P allas , 1766) Enalcy onium v ar iic auda St ock, 1973 Lam PR St ock, 1973 Br iar eum asbestinum (P allas , 1766) Or ecturus ortizi Var

ela & Lalana, 2007

Ast

Cub

Var

ela & Lalana, 2007

Callog or gia sp. Sphaer ippe c aligic ola Gry gier , 1980 Lam Bah Gry gier , 1980 Eunic ea c aly culat

a (Ellis & Solander

, 1786) Ac anthomolgus v errucipes Humes , 1973 Rhy Ber Humes , 1973 Eunic ea cla vig er a Ba yer , 1961 Ac anthomolgus monon yx St ock, 1975 Rhy Cur St ock, 1975c Eunic ea fle xuosa (Lamour oux, 1821) (as Ple xaur a fle xuosa Lamour oux, 1821) Ac anthomolgus affinis St ock, 1975 Rhy Cur St ock, 1975c Eunic ea fle xuosa (Lamour oux, 1821) Ac anthomolgus longidact ylus St ock, 1975 Rhy Cur St ock, 1975c Eunic ea laciniat a Duchassaing & Michelot ti, 1860 Ac anthomolgus int erme dius St ock, 1975 Rhy Cur St ock, 1975c Eunic ea mammosa Lamour oux, 1816 Enalcy onium eunic eae St ock, 1973 Lam PR St ock, 1973 Eunic ea mammosa Lamour oux, 1816 Or ecturus antillensis Var ela, 2011 Ast Cub Var ela, 2011b Eunic ea t ourneforti Milne Edw ar ds & Haime, 1857 Ac anthomolgus longifur ca St ock, 1975 Rhy Cur St ock, 1975c Gor gonia mar iae Ba yer , 1961 Ac anthomolgus tr iangulipes St ock, 1975 Rhy Cub Var ela et al., 2008 Gor gonia v ent alina Linnaeus , 1758 Ac anthomolgus ba yer i Humes , 1973 Rhy Ber Humes , 1973 Gor gonia v ent alina Linnaeus , 1758 Ac anthomolgus g or goniae Humes , 1973 Rhy Ber , Cur , SE Humes , 1973 ; St ock, 1975c Gor gonia v ent alina Linnaeus , 1758 Ac anthomolgus tr iangulipes St ock, 1975 Rhy Cur , SE, SM St ock, 1975c Gor gonia v ent alina Linnaeus , 1758 Sphaer ippe sp. Lam SE Iv anenk o et al., 2017 Mur ice a s p. Ac anthomolgus int erme dius St ock, 1975 Rhy Cub Var ela et al., 2003 TABLE 2 Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

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Mur ice a atlantic a (K uk enthal, 1911) Ac anthomolgus mur ice anus Humes , 1973 Rhy Ber Humes , 1973 ; St ock, 1975c Mur ice a lax a V errill, 1864 Ac anthomolgus ae quiset a St ock, 1975 Rhy Cur St ock, 1975c Plac og or gia sp. Linar esia boulig andi St ock, 1979 Lam Flo St ock, 1979 Ple xaur a s p. Ac anthomolgus affinis St ock, 1975 Rhy Cub Var ela, 2011a Ple xaur a homomalla (Esper , 1794) (as Ple x-aur a homomalla f. homomalla Esper , 1794) Ac anthomolgus affinis St ock, 1975 Rhy Cur St ock, 1975c Ple xaur a homomalla (Esper , 1794) Enalcy onium nudum St ock, 1973 Lam PR St ock, 1973 Ple xaur a homomalla (Esper , 1794) Enalcy onium r amosum St ock, 1973 Lam PR St ock, 1973 Ple xaur ella dichot oma (Esper , 1791) Ac anthomolgus setic ornis St ock, 1975 Rhy SM St ock, 1975c Ple xaur ella nut ans (Duchassaing & Michelot ti, 1860) Enalcy onium sp. Lam Cub Var ela et al., 2005b Pseudople xaur a por osa (Hout tuyn, 1772) Ac anthomolgus ba yer i Humes , 1973 Rhy Ber Humes , 1973 Pseudople xaur a W

right & Studer

, 1889 Ac anthomolgus ba yer i Humes , 1973 Rhy Cub Var ela et al., 2003 These a Magnippe c aputme dusae St ock, 1978 Lam Flo St ock, 1978 Pennatulacea Renilla r eniformis (P allas , 1766) Macr ochir on sar gassi Sars , 1916 Mac SM Humes & St ock, 1973

Echinodermata Crinoidea Crinoidea

Ast er ocher es cr inoidic ola Humes , 2000 Ast Ja m Kim, 2010 Comatulida Davidast er rubiginosus (P ourtales , 1869) Ast er ocher es cr inoidic ola Humes , 2000 Ast Bel, Cub Humes , 2000 ; V ar ela, 2010 Nemast er gr andis Clark, 1909 Ast er ocher es cr inoidic ola Humes , 2000 Ast Bel Humes , 2000 Echinoidea Echinoidea Ast er ocher es unio vig er Kim, 2010 Ast Ja m Kim, 2010 Camar odonta Echinometr a lucunt er (Linnaeus , 1758) Chelacher es longipalpus St ock & Humes , 1995 Ast Bah, Cub , Cur , Jam, MI, SM, PR St

ock & Humes

, 1995

;

Var

ela, 2011a

(25)

Echinometr a lucunt er (Linnaeus , 1758) Chelacher es opt ans St

ock & Humes

,

1995

Ast

PR

St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Echinometr a vir idis A. Ag assiz, 1863 Macr ochir on e chinic olum Humes & St ock, 1973 Mac Cur Humes & St ock, 1973 Lyt echinus v ar ieg atus (Lamar ck, 1816) Ast er ocher es simulans (T . Scot t, 1898) (as Asc om yz on simulans T. Scot t, 1898) Ast Cur St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Lyt echinus v ar ieg atus (Lamar ck, 1816) Macr ochir on e chinic olum Humes & St ock, 1973 Mac Bon, Cur , Jam, MI, PR Humes & St ock, 1973 Tr ipneust es v entr icosus (Lamar ck, 1816) Chelacher es longipalpus St

ock & Humes

,

1995

Ast

Cur

St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Tr ipneust es v entr icosus (Lamar ck, 1816) Macr ochir on e chinic olum Humes & St ock, 1973 Mac Bah, Bar , Cur , Jam, MI Humes & St ock, 1973 Cidar oida Eucidar is tr ibuloides (Lamar ck, 1816) Ast er ocher es unio vig er Kim, 2010 Ast Bah, PR Kim, 2010 Clypeast er oida Clype ast er r osac eus (Linnaeus , 1758) Pseudanthessius pe ctinifer St ock, Humes & Gooding, 1964 Ps e Bah, J am, MI St ock et al., 1963b Diademat oida Diadema antillarum Philippi, 1845 On ychocher es alatus St

ock & Gooding,

1986

Ast

Cub

, Cur

St

ock & Gooding, ₁₉₈₆; V

ar ela et al., 2005b Spatang oida Me oma v entr icosa (Lamar ck, 1816) Me omic ola ample ctans St

ock, Humes &

Gooding, 1963 Sync Cur , Jam St ock et al., 1963b Me oma v entr icosa (Lamar ck, 1816) Micr opontius glaber St

ock, Humes &

Gooding, 1963

Mic

Ja

m

St

ock et al., 1963a

TABLE 2 Caribbean r eef-dw elling antho zoans

(26)

Me oma v entr icosa (Lamar ck, 1816) Nanaspis pollens St

ock, Humes &

Gooding, 1962 Na n Ja m St ock et al., 1962 Me oma v entr icosa (Lamar ck, 1816) Pseudanthessius e xilic ornis St ock & Humes , 1995 Ps e Cur St

ock & Humes

, 1995 Holothur oidea Actinop yg a ag assizii (Selenka, 1867) (as Mueller ia ag assizi Selenka, 1867) Car ibulus sp. Sync Bah, J am Humes , 1969b Actinop yg a ag assizii (Selenka, 1867) Car ibulus sculptus (Humes , 1969) Sync Bah, J am Humes , 1969b Actinop yg a ag assizii (Selenka, 1867) Diog enidium nasutum Edw ar ds , 1891 Lic Bah

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Actinop yg a ag assizii (Selenka, 1867) Diog enidium t ectum Humes & Ho , 1971 Lic Bah, J am

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Holothur ia ( Halodeima) gr ise a Selenka, 1867 Car ibulus sculptus (Humes , 1969) Sync Ja m Humes , 1969b Holothur ia ( Halodeima) gr ise a Selenka, 1867 Diog enidium nasutum Edw ar ds , 1891 Lic Ja m

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 1875 Car ibulus sp. Sync Bah, Cur , Jam Humes , 1969b Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 1875 Car ibulus sculptus (Humes , 1969) (as Sc ambic ornus sculptus Humes , 1969) Sync

Bah, Bon, Cub

, Cur , Ja m Humes , 1969b ; V ar ela et al., 2003 Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 1875 Diog enella spinic auda St ock, 1968 Lic Bah, Cur , Jam, MI, PR St ock, 1968 ; Humes & Ho , 1970 Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 1875 Diog enidium deforme St ock, 1968 Lic Bah, PR

Hendler & Kim, 2010

Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 1875 Diog enidium nasutum Edw ar ds , 1891 Lic Cur , Jam, MI, PR St ock, 1968 ; Hendler & Kim, 2010 Holothur ia ( Halodeima) me xic ana Ludwig, 1875 (as Lud wig othur ia me xic ana (Ludwig)) Pseudanthessius deficiens St ock, Humes & Gooding, 1963 Ps e Cur St ock et al., 1963b Holothur ia ( Metr iat yla) sc abr a J aeg er , 1833 Diog enidium nasutum Edw ar ds , 1891 Lic Bah Edw ar ds , 1891 Holothur ia ( Plat yper ona) parvula (Selenka, 1867) (as Micr

othele parvula (Selenka))

Nanaspis trunc

at

a St

ock, Humes &

Gooding, 1962 Na n MI, PR St ock et al., 1962 Holothur ia ( Selenk othur ia) glaberr ima Selenka, 1867 Diog enidium deforme St ock, 1968 Lic PR St ock, 1968