Forest tenure in Indonesia : the socio-legal challenges of securing communities' rights
Safitri, M.A.
Citation
Safitri, M. A. (2010, December 15). Forest tenure in Indonesia : the socio-legal challenges of securing communities' rights. Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/16242
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Forest Tenure in Indonesia
The socio-Iegal challenges of securing communities' rights
PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden,
op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. rnr. P.F. van der Heijden, volgens besluit van het College voor Prornoties
te verdedigen op woensdag 15 decernber 2010 klokke 11.15 uur
door
Myrna Asnawati Safitri
geboren te Sarnarinda, Indonesie
in 1969
Promotiecommissie:
Promotor: prof. dr. J.M. OUo Overige leden: prof. dr. ir. P. Ho
prof. dr. T. Rahmadi (Universitas Andalas, Indonesie) dr. A.W. Bedner
dr. ir. J.A.C. Vel
To Indonesia
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Finishing this book means more than just completing a PhD project: it also means a partial fulfilment of my moral obligation to share lessons of facilitating a community in having their rights on land and forest resources legally recognized by the state. The village of Langkawana in Lampung is the place which offered me this experience. The institution which enabled me to do this was the Program for Research and Development of Ecological Anthropology, University of Indonesia (Program Penelitian dan Pengembangan Antropologi Ekologi-Universitas Indonesia, P3AE-UI), where I worked for almost a decade in research and community facilitation. The position of reseacher and program manager at this institute and the interaction with the Langkawana villagers have shaped my understanding about law and order, science, human beings and life. Thus, I would like to express my respect to all Langkawana villagers and my ex-colleagues at P3AE-UI: Iwan Tjitradjaja, Bediona Philipus, Keron A. Petrus, Prudensius Maring, Heriyanti O. Untoro, Slamet Riyanto, Joko Susilo, Dewi Yunita, Katijah, Nurmala and Boy.
The INDlRA Project (Indonesian-Netherlands Studies on Decentralization of the Indonesian'Rechtstaat' and its impact onAgraria) of the Van Vollenhoven Institute of Leiden University and its Indonesian partner Andalas University provided me with the opportunity to carry out professional research, while rethinking my past involvement in NGO networks and movements of legal reform in Indonesia. This project introduced me to a type of collaboration built upon sharing, learning and support among colleagues. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Jan Michiel OUo, as my promotor and team leader of INDlRA. I would like to thank the other researchers of the INDlRA project: the late Djaka Soehendera, Tristam Moeliono, Sandra Moniaga, Kurnia Warman, Gustaaf Reerink, Laurens Bakker, Saldi Isra, Sulastryono. Various means of communication and collaboration, listening and sharing inspired me to develop my research topic as well as to maintain our personal relations.
I would also like to thank those who were always willing to comment on my research design, articles and chapters: Adriaan Bedner, Jacqueline Vel, Daniel Fitzpatrick, Jamie Davidson, Marjanne Termorshuizen-Arts, Herman Slaats, and Karen Portier. Similarly,
I am much indebted to Albert Dekker for his amazing assistance in searching and providing literature and to Hannah Mason for her assistance in language editing. To Takdir Rahmadi, Jan van Olden, Marianne Moria, Kari van Weeren, Kora Bentvelsen I am most grateful for their administrative support as well as for the personal relationship during the last seven years. I am thankful to Laure, Stijn, Herlambang, Rikardo, Anton, Ken, Maria - all PhD researchers at Van Vollenhoven Institute.
In Lampung, I am grateful to Edi Sutanto who assisted me in collecting data. Also, I would like to express my appreciation of all my informants in the villages of Gedong Gajah, Kebagusan and Mataram Raja, activists of NGOs, mainly from Watala, officials of the Provincial Forestry Service and the Regional Office of the National Land Agency, officials of the Central Lampung Forestry Service, members of Provincial and District Councils and Armein Yasser of the Law School of the University of Lampung.
The Ford Foundation at Jakarta fully supported this PhD project and research. Steve Rhee and Ujwall Pradhan were very helpful and I am much indebted to them. At the initial phase of my research, a small research grant of the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) also supported me, thanks to Lini Wollenberg and Moira Moeliono. Konin7dijk Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen (KNAW) also supported several of my visits to Leiden for courses and seminars as part of the INDIRA project.
My colleagues at the Learning Centre HuMa (now called Episterna) took over part of my responsibilities while I was finalizing the thesis manuscript in Leiden in June 2010.I am grateful to Bernadinus Steni, Susilaningtias, Yance Arizona, Mumu Muhajir, Andi Sandhi, Sri Sudarsih, Wiwin Widayanti, Alexander Juanda Putra and Nunu Rais dos Santos. To those who at that time were the board of Perkumpulan HuMa, Julia Kalmirah, Rival G. Ahmad and again, Rikardo Simarmata and Herlambang Perdana, I thank them for allowing me to leave the Learning Centre for a while to finalize the manuscript. I would also like to express my thanks to Asep Y. Firdaus and Susi Fauziah who assisted in managing the administration of the INDIRA Project in 2006- 2009.
I especially appreciate the sincerity of my husband, Hanief, and my children: Aisha Nadha Audina, Fardhian Danieal Firdaus, Bary Ali Irhamni. I apologise to them whose rights of husband and children could often not be realised during the process of writing this book. My father, Muhammad Fuad Arieph, and my mother, Rukmini, never cease to encourage in whatever I do. I am thankful to them. Similarly, my thanks also go out to my brother, Otto Syahruzah, my sister-in law, Numl Palupi, and my sister, Ade Miranti for taking care of my children, while I was in Leiden. Finally, I recognize a very important role of two other women in my life: Ipat and Umi, who greatly supported me in domestic work. I consider them as heroes, they who have provided me with the liberty to work in the public sphere.
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CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, TABLES XV
ABBREVIATIONS XVII
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1THE GLOBAL AND NATIONAL DIMENSIONS 1
1.2RESEARCH QUESTIONS...••••.•...•..•••.••.••.•....••....•..•.••.•••••••...•..••••..•...•..•.•.•...•....•••••.7 1.3RESEARCH METHOD ••.•••.•••••...•.••.•.••..•.•.•...•••••••.••.••..•.•...•..•••.••...•••...••..••••..•....8
(a) Lampung as research site 8
(b) Data gathering: Opportunities and limitations 11
1.4SlRUCTURE OF THE BOOK 16
2. FOREST TENURE SECURITY: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK. 19
2.1INlRODUCTION 19
2.2COMMUNITY, FOREST COMMUNITY AND DWELLERS 21
2.3FOREST TENURE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, ACCESS 23
(a) Forest tenure systems and arrangement 23
(b) Property rights 24
(c)Access to forest, rights and power 26
2.4THE SECURITY OF COMMUNITY FOREST TENURE 28
(a) Normative tenure security 28
(b) Actual tenure security 30
(c)Perceived tenure security 30
2.5THE DYNAMICS OF COMMUNITY FOREST TENURE SECURITY 31
(a) Policy, legislation and projects 31
(b) State officials 32
(c)Local institutions and authorities 32
(d) Social, political and economic forces and actors 33 (e) Physical and social conditions regarding forest utilization 33 2.6CONCLUSION...•..•.•••...•...•••.•.••..••.••••...•...•.•.••••••...•.•....•...•...•.•..•...••.••.•••.•••.•...•.34 3. COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA: SOLVING TWO
CENTURIES OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE? 37
3.1INTRODUCTION 37
3.2FOREST DESTRUCTION, POVERTY AND CONFLICT IN COLONIAL AND PRESENT INDONESIA ...38
3.3FOREST AREAS: MALDISTRIBUTION AND INSECURITY 45
3.4BREAKING THE LOGJAM THROUGH COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT:
VARIOUS APPROACHES 47
3.5A SHORT HISTORY OF LEGISLATION AND PROJECTS ON COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST
MANAGEMENT..••.•••.•••..•.•.•...•.••..•.••.•.••...•....•••.•.•.•.••.•...•.•••••.••...•••••••..••••50
(a) From colonial times until the end of the New-Order period(1800-1998) 50
(b) Post-New Order period (1998-present) 52
3.6THE EMERGENCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL FOREST LEGISLATION 55
3.7CONCLUSION 61
4. FOREST TENURE AND MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA: THE NATIONAL LEGAL
FRAMEWORK 67
4.1INTRODUCTION 67
4.2LEGISLATION AND STATE INSTITUTIONS CONCERNING LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES ...69
4.3STATE CONTROL ON LAND AND FOREST 73
(a) The legal basis of state's right of controlling land and forest 74 (b) Different interpretations and purposes of the state's right of control 76 4.4THE STATE'S RIGHT OF CONTROL AND COMMUNITY PROPERTY RIGHTS ON LAND AND FOREST ..80
4.5STATE FOREST TENURE AND MANAGEMENT 87
(a) State and private forests 88
(b) Forest Areas 89
(c) The change of Forest Areas 98
(d) Forest functions 99
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(e) Forestry licensing 102
4.6 CONCLUSION 104
5. SOCIAL FOREST AND COMMUNITY PROPERTY RIGHTS
IN NATIONAL LEGISLATION 111
5.1 INlRODUCTION•.••.•.•.•.•..••...•.•••••••.•...•.•••••.••••.••.•.•...•.•.•.•••.•...•..•••••••••...•..•...•111
5.2 COMMUNITY RIGHTS IN FOREST AREAS:
MODELS OF COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT 112
(a) Adat Forest 112
(b) Forest Area with Special Purpose 116
(c) Village Forest 117
(d) People's Plantation Forest 118
(e) Company-community partnership in forest management 119
if)Collaboration of conservation management 121
5.3 WAYS OF LEGALIZING COMMUNITY PROPERTY RIGHTS: LICENCE AND AGREEMENT,
INCORPORATION AND INTEGRATION 121
5.4 SOCIAL FOREST LEGISLATION, FROM THE 1995 DECREE TO THE 2007 REGULATION 122
(a) The1995Ministerial Decree 123
b) The1998Ministerial Decree 124
(c) The 2001 Ministerial Decree 127
(d) The 2007 Ministerial Regulation 129
5.5 FOREST AREA: ANOTHER OBSTACLE TO SOCIAL FOREST. 132
5.6 CONCLUSION 132
6. MAN, LAND AND FOREST IN LAMPUNG 137
6.1lNlRODUCTION 137
6.2THESOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL LANDSCAPES 137
6.3 PRE-COLONIAL AND COLONIAL LAMPUNG 139
6.4MARGA: THE FORMATION AND MANIPULATION OF TRADITIONAL SOCIO-POLillCAL
ORGANIZATION 142
6.5 LOCAL ADMINISTRATION IN POST-COLONIAL LAMPUNG 146
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6.6KOLONISATIE,TRANSMIGRATION AND LAMPUNG MULTICULTIJRAL SOCIETY 148
6.7DEVELOPMENT, SAVES NEITHER FOREST NOR PEOPLE 151
6.8CONCLUSION 153
7.COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT IN LAMPUNG: REGIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION AND ITS SOCIO-LEGALOBSTACLES 155
7.1INTRODUCTION 155
7.2CHANGE AND CONTINUITYINFORESTRY POLICIES AND LEGISLATION AT REGIONAL LEVELS ...156 (a) Dutch colonial period(1856-1942):Forest for plantation and kolonisatie 156
(b) Japanese period(1942-1945):Wild forest occupation 158
(c) Early years of independence (1945-1950):
Political disorder and the state failure in forest protection 158 (d) The Old Order (1950-1966): Politics, peasant movements and access to state forests ... 159 (e) The New Order U966-mid1998):State domination offorest and people 162 if)Post-Suharto until decentralization period (mid 1998-2000) 169
(g) What continues, what changed? 174
7.3COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENTINLAMPUNG:
POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONIN2000-2005 177
(a) Provincial Regulation 7/2000 178
(b) Way Kanan District Regulation 29/2002 and East Lampung District Regulation 16/2002 .. 180
(c) West Lampung District Regulation 18/2004 181
(d) Central Lampung District Regulation 4/2004 183
7.4SOCIAL FOREST POLICY STAGNATING, OLD LEGAL CULTURE RETURNING? 185
7.5 THESOCIAL OBSTACLES 186
7.6CONCLUSION 187
8. COMMUNITY FOREST TENURE IN LANGKAWANA 191
8.1INTRODUCTION 191
8.2LANGKAWANA:ITS HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL LANDSCAPE 192
8.3TANAH KAWASANANDTANAH MARGA:LAND TENUREINFOREST AND NON-FOREST AREA ....196
8.4COMMUNITY PROPERTY RIGHTS AND ACCESS TO LAND AND RESOURCES 200
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(a) The emergence of land ownership 200 (b) Temporary land rights: Share-cropping, leasing, pledging, and free cultivation 202
(c) The power-based access to land and resources 204
8.5THE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY RIGHTS 204 8.6FOREST TENURE SECURITY: COMMUNITY NORMS AND PEOPLE'S PERCEPTIONS 208
8.7 NoLEGAL RECOGNITION OF COMMUNITY FOREST TENURE IN LANGKAWANA: SOME SURVNAL
STRATEGIES OF ACHIEVING ACTUAL TENURE SECURITY 210
8.8FORECASTING A CONFLICT: ANOTHER STRATEGY OF VILLAGERS 215
8.9CONCLUSION 216
9. SOCIAL FOREST IN LANGKAWANA: FROM LICENSE TO SUPERVISION 219 9.1INTRODUCTION•••••.•...•.•.••••.••...•••••...•••••••.•...••.••••.•...•...•••.•...•••...••...••..•..• 219 9.2THE DAWN OF HOPE: FOREST USER GROUPS AND THEIR RULES 220 9.3SOCIAL FOREST LICENSE AND AGREEMENT •...•...•.••..•..••.•.•.••.••••...•••..•...••...•..••.. 222 9.4THE GRANTING OF THE SOCIAL FOREST LICENSE: AN ART OF NEGOTIATING THE LAW? 225 9.5INCORPORATING COMMUNITY PROPERTY RIGHTS INTO SOCIAL FOREST LICENSE 227 9.6BETTER SECURITY AND BETTER LIVELIHOOD IN THE FOREST AREA 229 9.7LICENSE NO LONGER VALID: DID PEOPLE'S PERCEPTION OF FOREST TENURE SECURITY CHANGE?233
9.8CONCLUSION 237
10. RETHINKING FOREST TENURE SECURITY 239
10.1INTRODUCTION 239
10.2LOGGING IN LANGKAWANA 240
10.3LESSONS FOR CONSERVATION, DECENTRALIZATION AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ... 243
(a) People's responses, interests, and the failure to listen to them 244
(b) Unresponsive local bureaucracy 247
(c) Disempowered local institutions 253
(d) Dilemmas of community facilitation 255
10.4CONCLUSION 258
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11. LAND CONFLICTS AS A CHALLENGE TO SOCIAL FOREST POLICy 261
11.1INTRODUCTION 261
11.2THE CONFLICT CASE OF TANGKIT BUKU JADI: CHANGING STRATEGIES OF FOREST VILLAGERS262
(a) A briefhistory offorest, people and conflicts 262
(b) Law, identity and land claims 266
(c) The release of Forest Area and its impact on communal conflicts 266
(d) Dreaming of Social Forest license 268
(e) What can be expected from Social Forest license? 270
11.3THE CONFLICT CASES OF WAY KEJAYAAN: A POLICY FAILURE OF
POLmCO-ADMINISTRATIVE FOREST 271
(a) Forest and people in Way Kejayaan 271
(b) The politico-administrative processes of the designation ofWay Kejayaan Forest Area 273 (c) Conflicts between the Lampungese and private plantations 277 (d) Conflicts among migrants and different perspectives on Social Forest 280 (e) The2004Central Lampung District Regulation on Social Forest:
Who benefits from the law? 283
11.4CONCLUSION 284
12. CONCLUSION: REFORMING FOREST TENURE LAW IN INDONESIA; WHICH WAY
FORWARD? 287
12.1INTRODUCTION 287
12.2THE LIMITED LEGAL SECURITY OF COMMUNITY PROPERTY RIGHTS AND STATE RIGHTS ON FOREST AREAS ••..•.••...•.••.•••...•••...••••..•.•.•.••.•...•..••.•...•.•••..•...•..•.•••...•..•..•... 288
(a) Robustness 289
(b) Duration 290
(c) Legal protection 290
12.3SECURING COMMUNITY PROPERTY RIGHTS THROUGH PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LAW 292
(a) Legal tenure security in community-based forestry licensing 293 (b) Legal tenure security in agreements on community-based forest management 295 (c) Does contrasting public and private law and rights matter? 296
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12.4 SOCIAL FOREST IN POST-1998 INDONESIA: THE SOCIO-LEGAL FACTORS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT297
12.5 DECENTRALIZATION AS ENABLING AND CONSTRAINING FACTOR 300
12.6 REDEFINING FOREST TENURE SECURITY OF COMMUNITIES: LESSONS FROM LANGKAWANA 304
12.7 BEYOND LEGAliZATION OF COMMUNITY FOREST TENURE 306
12.8THEEND OF SOCIAL FOREST LICENSE, THE RISE OF POLffiCAL SECURITY IN LANGKAWANA 308 12.9 THE LIMIT OF SOCIAL FOREST LEGISLATION: LESSONS FROM CONFLICT-RIDDEN AREAS 309
12.10 CONCLUSION: SEEKING FOR A FUNDAMENTAL LEGAL REFORM OF FOREST TENURE 310
EPILOGUE 313
REFERENCES 321
SUMMARy 343
SAMENVATTING (SUMMARY IN DUTCH) 347
GLOSSARY 351
APPENDIX 1. LIST OF LEGISLATION 361
APPENDIX 2. LIST OF COURT DECISIONS 369
CURRICULUM VITAE 371
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LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS, TABLES
FIGURE2-1TENURE SECURITY AND DYNAMICS: DOMAINS, FACTORS, ACTORS 35
FIGURE3-1INDONESIAN FOREST AREAS AND FORESTED LAND1950-2008 42
FIGURE3-2THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL FOREST LEGISLATION 61
FIGURE4-1THE ESTABLISHMENT OF FOREST AREAS IN INDONESIA 95
MAP1-1LAMPUNG PROVINCE 17
MAP6-1MARGA TERRITORIES IN LAMPUNG,1930 145
MAP7-1LAMPUNG PROVINCE BY DISTRICTS/TOWNS,2008 185 MAP9-1SOCIAL FOREST AREA IN LANGKAWANA,1999 223
MAP9-2LAND PARCELS IN THE AREA OF FUG1 229
TABLE3-1FOREST-COVERED AREAS AND ITS PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL LAND AREA OF
JAVA AND MADURA1840 -1940 40
TABLE3-2MAJOR COMMUNITY-BASED FOREST MANAGEMENT MODELS IN INDONESIA...63
TABLE4-1LICENSES OF FOREST UTILIZATION IN INDONESIA ACCORDING TO GR6/2007.. 107
TABLE5-1SOCIAL FOREST LEGISLATION IN INDONESIA 134
TABLE7-1LAND USE IN LAMPUNG 172
TABLE7-2PROFILES OF DISTRICTS/TOWN AS CASE STUDIES 189
TABLE8-1LAND TENURE OF LANGKAWANA'S VILLAGERS IN THE FOREST AREA,2004 ... 197
TABLE8-2LAND TENURE IN NON-FOREST AREA IN LANGKAWANA,2003 198
TABLE9-1MAJOR VEGETATION TYPES AND NUMBERS IN LANGKAWANAAGRO-FOREST
GARDENS1998 -2004 232
TABLE9-2VILLAGE ECONOMIC INDICATORS IN LANGKAWANA1998 -2005 233
ABBREVIATIONS
AEP BAL BPS BPUPKI
BRN
BT!
CF CIFOR COP CSO CTL CTN
DfID DNPI DPD DPR DPRD DTL
FAO FMK
Area for Exceptional Purpose(Kawasan dengan Tujuan Istimewa, seeKdT!) Basic Agrarian Law seeUUPA
Badan Pusat Statistik(Central Agency of Statistics)
Badan Penyelidik Usaha-usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia(The Committee for the Preparation of Indonesian Independence)
Biro Rekonstruksi Nasional (National Reconstruction Bureau), a government unit of providing sources of livelihood for ex-para military during Soekarno's administration
Barisan Tani Indonesia(Indonesian Peasants' Front), a wing organization of Indonesian Communist Party, seePKI
Community Facilitator
Center for International Forestry Research Conference of the Parties
Civil Society Organization
Comite Tani Lampung(Committee of Lampung Farmers)
Corps Tjadangan Nasional(National Reserve Corps), a unit of military services during Soekarno's administration
United Kingdom Department for International Development
Dewan Nasional Perubahan Iklim(The National Council on Climate Change) Dewan Perwakilan Daerah(Regional Representative Council)
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat(People's Representative Council)
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah(provincial and district/town councils) Dewan Tani Lampung(Lampung Peasant Organization)
Food and Agricultural Organization
Forum Musyawarah Kelompok(Group Advisory Forum of Forest User Gorups)
FUG FWI GDP GHG GKPPH
GOLKAR
GR HGB HGU HKTI
HPH HPK HPT HTR IPHHBK
IPHHK IUPHHBK
IUPHHK
IUPHHK Restorasi Ekosistem IUPJL
Forest User Grup Forest Watch Indonesia Gross Domestic Product Green House Gases
Gabungan Kelompok Pengelola dan Pelestari Hutan (The Association of Forest User Groups)
Golongan Kanja(Functional Group), a rulling party during Suharto's administration
Government Regulation
Hak Guna Bangunan(right to construct and possses building) Hak Guna Usaha(right to commercial land utilization)
Himpunan Kerukunan Tani Indonesia (The Association of Indonesian Farmer Organizations)
Hak Pengusahaan Hutan (Forest concesssion)
Hutan Produksi yang dapat Dikonversi(Convertible Production Forest) Hutan Produksi Tetap (Permanent Production Forest)
Hutan Tanaman Rakyat(People's Plantation Forest)
Izin Pemungutan Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu(License for harvesting of non-timber forest products)
Izin Pemungutan Hasil Hutan Kayu (License for harvesting of timber products) Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu (License for commercial utilization of non-timber products from natural and planted forests)
Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu(License for commercial utilization of timber products from natural and planted forests)
Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hasil Hutan Kayu restorasi elwsistem(License for commercial utilization of timber products for the purpose of ecosystem restoration in natural forests)
Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Jasa Lingkungan(License for commercial utilization of environmental services)
xviii
IUPK
Kamvil KanwilBPN
KdTI KHDTK KTP MPR NE!
NGO NTFPs P3AE-UI
PAD Perda PERPU
PHBM
PKI PMDH
PPF PPKI
PRONA
Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Kawasan Hutan(License for commercial utilization of Forest Area)
Kantor Wilayah(Regional Office of central government agencies)
Kantor Wilayah Badan Pertanahan Nasional(Regional Office of National Land Agency)
Kawasan dengan Tujuan Istimewa(Area with Exceptional Purpose, see AEP) Kawasan Hutan dengan Tujuan Khusus(Forest Area with Special Purpose) Kartu Tanda Penduduk(Citizen identification card)
Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (People's Consultative Assembly) Netherlands East-Indie
Non-Governmental Organization Non-Timber Forest Products
Program Penelitian dan Pengembangan Antropologi Ekologi-Universitas Indonesia (Program for Research and Development of Ecological Anthropology at the University of Indonesia)
Pendapatan Asli Daerah(local revenue) Peraturan Daerah(Regional Regulation)
Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-undang (Government Regulation in lieu of Law)
Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat (Perhutani-forestcommunities' join
forestmanagemen~
Partai Komunis Indonesia(Indonesian Communist Party)
Pembinaan Masyarakat Desa Hutan (Forest Villagers Development in logging concession areas)
People's Plantation Forest(see HTR)
Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia(the Committee on the Preparation of Indonesian Independence)
Proyek Nasional Agraria(National Agrarian Project, national systematic land registration project)
xix
REDD
REDD+
RePPProT RRI RT RW TAPMPR
TAP MPRS
TGHK UNFCCC UPTD UUDS 1950 UUPA
vac
WRI
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradationand enhancing carbon stocks from the forest in Developing Countries
Regional Physical Planning Project for Transmigration Rights and Resources Initiatives
Rukun Tetangga(Neighborhood Association) Rukun Warga(Ward)
Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat(Decree of People's Consultative Assembly)
Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara(Decree of Provisional People's Consultative Assembly)
Tata Guna Hutan Kesepakatan(Forest Land Use Agreement) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Unit Pelaksana Teknis Daerah(Regional technical operations unit)
Undang-undang Dasar Sementara1950 (The 1950 Provisional Constitution) Undang-undang Pokok Agraria(Basic Agrarian Law, see BAL)
Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie(East India Company) World Resources Institute
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