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The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/55949 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation
Author: Iverson, Jens Muir
Title: The function of Jus Post Bellum in international law Date: 2017-09-21
The Function of Jus Post Bellum in International Law
Jens Muir Iverson
The Function of Jus Post Bellum in International Law
PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 21 september 2017
klokke 11:15 uur door
Jens Muir Iverson
geboren te Phoenix, Arizona, U.S.A.
in 1976
Promotores: prof. dr. C. Stahn
prof. dr. L.J. van den Herik
Promotiecommissie: prof. dr. E.C.P.D.C. de Brabandere
prof. dr. K.E. Boon (Seton Hall University, Newark USA) prof. dr. R.C.H. Lesaffer (Tilburg University)
prof. dr. C. Bell (The University of Edinburgh, UK) dr. G. Molier
This research was possible thanks to the financial support of The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research.
Acknowledgements
I am extremely grateful to my supervisors and promoters, Professor Carsten Stahn and Professor Larissa van den Herik. It has been a privilege to receive your support, encouragement, and patience.
Carsten, thank you.
Larissa, thank you.
I am also very grateful to the reading committee for their helpful comments and constructive criticism. The time, knowledge, and expertise brought to bear to improve this work is much appreciated.
My thanks also to the entire faculty of the Grotius Centre for Legal Studies. I think there is no better place to do research on the frontiers of international law.
On a more personal note, words cannot express my gratitude to my family.
For Kate
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Table of Contents
Introduction ... 1
A. Introducing the Theme of Jus Post Bellum ... 1
B. Problematization ... 3
C. Research aims ... 8
D. Research questions ... 9
E. Explanation of Structure ... 11
F. Propositions ... 12
G. Conceptual framework: Introducing the law and principles regarding armed conflict and the transition to peace ... 19
H. Addressees of jus post bellum ... 22
I. Method and Approach ... 30
Part I: Foundations and Functions ... 35
1. Past – The Deep Roots of Jus Post Bellum ... 36
A. Introduction ... 36
B. Historical Development ... 44
1. Augustine of Hippo (354-430) ... 44
a) Introduction ... 44
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 45
c) Conclusion ... 58
2. Institutes of Justinian (533) ... 58
a) Introduction ... 58
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 59
c) Conclusion ... 62
3. Raymond of Penafort (1175-1275) (Decretals of Gregory IX) ... 62
a) Introduction ... 62
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 63
c) Conclusion ... 64
4. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) ... 64
a) Introduction ... 64
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 65
c) Conclusion ... 71
5. Baldus de Ubaldis (1327-1400) ... 72
a) Introduction ... 72
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 74
c) Conclusion ... 76
6. Francisco de Vitoria (1492 – 1546) ... 76
a) Introduction ... 76
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 78
(1) Peace as the aim of armed conflict—and the problems that can cause ... 78
(2) Post-conflict justice ... 80
(3) An integrated view of jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and jus ad bellum ... 82
(4) Post bellum tribute ... 83
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(5) Post bellum regime change ... 84
c) Conclusion ... 86
7. Francisco Suarez (1548-1617) ... 86
a) Introduction ... 86
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 87
c) Conclusion ... 89
8. Alberico Gentili (1552- 1608) ... 90
a) Introduction ... 90
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 90
c) Conclusion ... 104
9. Petrus Gudelinus (1550-1619) ... 106
a) Introduction ... 106
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 107
c) Conclusion ... 112
10. Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) ... 113
a) Introduction ... 113
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 114
c) Conclusion ... 118
11. Christian Wolff (1679-1754) ... 118
a) Introduction ... 118
b) Writings and relation to jus ad bellum and jus in bello ... 119
c) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 121
d) Conclusion ... 124
12. Emer de Vattel (1714-1767) ... 125
a) Introduction ... 125
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 126
c) Conclusion ... 131
13. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) ... 131
a) Introduction ... 131
b) Writings and relation to jus post bellum ... 132
c) Conclusion ... 135
C. Conclusion ... 136
2. Exploration of Sister Terms ... 141
A. Jus in bello ... 141
B. Jus ad bellum ... 162
C. Import for jus post bellum and the trichotomy ... 167
3. Three Approaches to Jus Post Bellum ... 171
A. Introduction ... 171
B. Temporal Approach ... 172
C. Functional Approach ... 173
D. Hybrid Approach ... 174
E. Lex Specialis and Lex Generalis ... 177
F. Interplay ... 178
G. Hybrid approach to jus post bellum ... 181
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4. Present – An Exploration of Contemporary Usage ... 189
A. The Existing Matrix of Definitions: A review of contemporary scholarship ... 189
1. Introduction ... 189
2. Identifying the Definitional Dichotomy — Functional vs. Temporal ... 192
3. Problems of the Dichotomy ... 198
a. The problem as a discourse community or interpretive community ... 198
b. The problem as law ... 199
c. The problem for research ... 200
4. Importance ... 201
5. Empirical Analysis ... 201
B. Contrasting Jus Post Bellum and Transitional Justice ... 205
1. Introduction ... 205
2. The Grotian Tradition ... 207
3. Basic Definitions ... 216
a. Transitional justice ... 216
b. Jus post bellum ... 217
4. Contrasting the Content of Transitional Justice and Jus Post Bellum ... 219
a. General contrast ... 219
b. Substance of Transitional Justice ... 222
c. More substantive in nature ... 226
d. More procedural in nature ... 232
e. Mixed substantive and procedural in nature ... 234
f. Summarizing the contrast in content ... 234
5. Temporal Contrast – the dynamics ... 235
a. Introduction: Time Within the Concepts ... 235
b. Dynamics of Transitional Justice ... 236
i. The double beginning of Transitional Justice ... 236
ii. Immediacy and Sequencing ... 239
iii. The unclear ending of the transition in Transitional Justice ... 245
c. Dynamics of Jus Post Bellum ... 246
i. Beginning with the effort to end conflict, not the end of conflict ... 246
ii. Peace Agreement as a Process ... 249
iii. Temporal Relation to jus ad bellum and jus in bello: Two examples of complications ... 250
iv. The Endpoint of Jus post bellum ... 252
d. Summarizing the Contrast in Temporal Aspects ... 253
6. Specific to Global Contrast ... 254
a. The national and international dimensions of transitional justice ... 254
b. Plotting the content of jus post bellum: specific to global ... 256
7. Legal Contrast ... 258
8. Historical Foundations ... 260
a. Transitional Justice ... 263
b. Jus post bellum ... 265
9. Going Forward – Continuing the Grotian Tradition ... 268
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Part II: Substance and Promise ... 273
5. Jus Post Bellum in the context of International and Non-International Armed Conflict ... 274
A. Introduction ... 274
B. Jus in bello in IAC and NIAC ... 276
C. Jus ad bellum in IAC and NIAC ... 282
D. Jus post bellum in IAC and NIAC ... 286
1. Complications ... 286
2. Prohibitions and facilitations ... 288
3. More procedural aspects ... 289
a) Treaty and agreement law... 289
b) Amnesty and aut dedere aut judicare ... 290
c) The Responsibility to Protect ... 291
4. Mixed procedural and substantive aspects ... 292
5. More substantive aspects ... 310
E. Conclusion ... 312
6. Contemporary Legal Content of Jus Post Bellum ... 315
A. Introduction ... 315
1. Chapter focus ... 315
2. Responses to critical approaches to jus post bellum ... 317
B. Procedural fairness and peace agreements ... 325
1. Article 52 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties ... 325
2. Other Considerations of procedural fairness... 328
a) Treaty and agreement law... 328
b) Amnesty and aut dedere aut judicare ... 330
C. The Responsibility to Protect ... 334
D. Territorial dispute resolution ... 341
1. Prohibition of annexation ... 341
2. Self-determination... 344
E. Consequences of an act of aggression ... 347
F. International territorial administration and trusteeship ... 348
G. The law applicable in a territory in transition ... 356
1. The law of state succession ... 356
2. Human rights law and the rights and interests of minorities ... 360
3. The laws of occupation ... 370
H. The scope of individual criminal responsibility ... 378
I. Odious Debt ... 381
J. Alternative structuring of Jus Post Bellum ... 388
K. Conclusion ... 396
Conclusions ... 397
Annex A ... 406
A. Introduction ... 406
B. Method ... 406
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C. Findings ... 409
1. Introduction ... 409
2. SSRN Analysis... 411
a) Summary Findings ... 411
b) Unclassifiable ... 412
c) Functional Definitions ... 414
d) Temporal Definitions ... 418
3. Westlaw and SSRN Analysis ... 423
D. Conclusion ... 431
1. Areas for Further Research ... 432
2. Implementing Further Research ... 434
Summary ... 436
Bibliography ... 440
A. Literature ... 440
B. Table of Cases ... 463
C. Table of Treaties ... 464
D. UN Documents ... 471
E. Miscellaneous Sources ... 478
F. Online Sources ... 479
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