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Amazon Deforestation in CFS
Edwin K. Schneider
George Mason University/COLA
Climate Test Bed Seminar Series April 2008
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Abstract
Many simulations of the potential effects of tropical deforestation on climate have been made using atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) coupled to land models and forced by specified SST. We extend these results by examining the effects of Amazon deforestation on the coupled ocean-atmosphere-land climate system using the NCEP CFS. This CGCM has a good simulation of current Amazon climate compared to many other CGCMs.
Century length control and deforestation simulations are carried out with CFS. The model suggests that the impact of Amazon deforestation would be a warmer and drier Amazon, and warmer tropical Pacific and tropical North Atlantic. However, these changes are small.
ENSO is not noticeably affected. Sensitivities to changes in the land surface processes are diagnosed using GFS simulations, which suggest that albedo changes are the
controlling influence.
An unexpected change occurs in the North Atlantic region in the deforestation simulation.
We examine the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the simulations in an attempt to understand the origin of this change, which appears to be related to the treatment of sea ice.
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Collaborators
Meizhu Fan (PhD. 2009 George Mason University, now at NCEP)
Ben Kirtman (formerly GMU/COLA, now RSMAS, University of Miami) Paul Dirmeyer (COLA)
Bohua Huang (GMU/COLA)
Hua Chen (GMU PhD candidate)
Ioana Colfescu (GMU PhD candidate)
Thanks also to Hua-Lu Pan (NCEP) for help with the CFS land surface model
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Scientific Motivation
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References
• Schneider, E. K., M. Fan, B. P. Kirtman and P. A.
Dirmeyer, 2006: Potential Effects of Amazon
Deforestation on Tropical Climate. COLA Technical Report 226, 41 pp.
• Voldoire, A. and J.-F. Royer, 2005: Climate sensitivity to tropical land surface changes with coupled versus
prescribed SSTs. Climate Dyn., DOI 10.1007/s00382- 005-0014-7.
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Voldoire and Royer 2005
Coupled Simulation (20 years) of Deforestation of Global Tropics
SST DJF SST JJA
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Why (relative) Neglect of the Continental Heat Sources?
• W. Pacific heat source is by far the biggest and most important
– Easily controlled by modifying SST in W. Pacific – Important component of ENSO variability, some
predictability
– Obvious teleconnections to CONUS
• Land based heat sources thought to be much less predictable, difficult to control in AGCM simulations except via SST elsewhere.
• CGCMs have large biases in precipitation over Amazon
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Research Question: What is the Response of the Climate System to Land Use Change?
• Complete Amazon deforestation has a large
local effects on rainfall and surface temperature in some AGCM simulations. What are the effects on the coupled climate system?
– “New” question: what is sensitivity of coupled climate system to land influences, if any?
• CGCM experiment: replace Amazon rain forest with grassland type vegetation and do long simulations.
– Pure sensitivity experiment, extreme scenario.
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Societal Motivation
• Pressures from population and economic growth will be associated with important changes in land use and surface
properties.
• These land surface property changes are expected to affect mean climate and
perhaps climate variability and predictability.
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Models
• NCEP Coupled Forecast System (CFS) – Coupled atmosphere-ocean-land CGCM – T62L64 AGCM (GFS: NCEP NWP model) – MOM3 (non-polar)
– OSU land model
– Specified sea ice distribution
• GFS stand alone – As in CFS
– Specified observed SST evolution
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Basic Experiment
• 100 year current climate control
simulations (1st 50 years run by Kathy Pegion, we extended to 100 years).
• 100 year deforestation simulations
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Topics
• CFS Amazon climatology
• Sensitivity to deforestation
– CFS results
– GFS diagnosis
– Effects outside of tropics
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Why CFS?
• Many CGCMs simulate very dry conditions over the Amazon.
– COLA CGCM (Schneider et al. 2006)
– ARPEGE/ISBA (Voldoire and Royer 2005) – CCSM
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Amazon Climatology
Land 80°W-40°W; 15°S-8°N
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COLA
CFS
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5
0 10
5
0
P (mm/day)
Obs Deforest
P (mm/day)
T(ºC)
T(ºC)
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22 26
30
26
22
Jan Jun Dec Jan
Jan Jan
Jun
Jun Jun
Dec
Dec Dec
Control
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CFS Precipitation Climatology
DJFMAM JJASON
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Model Changes
Only surface data over Amazon is changed
–sfcsub.f: original data is read in and overwritten with new values (need to be careful with lat-lon indexing, which is different for different fields).
–Vegetation type: tropical rain forest replaced by grassland over whole “Amazon.”
–Choices
•Change surface albedo
•Surface roughness consistent with vegetation change
•No change made to percentage vegetation coverage
•No change made to soil type.
All else unchanged
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Vegetation Type
In Amazon region, replace vegetation type 1 (tropical rainforest) with type 7 (ground cover perennial)
Effect: reduces vegetation resistance r to evaporation (I=V/r)
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Surface Albedo
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Control Deforest Deforest minus Control Take values appropriate to nearby vegetation type 7:
Albedo 1 (diffuse near ir): unchanged
Albedo 2 (beam near ir): 9% (small increase) Albedo 3 (diffuse sw): unchanged
Albedo 4 (beam sw): 30% (increased from about 23%)
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Surface Roughness
Reduced to 0.1m from rainforest value >2m
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Low Latitude Effects
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CFS Deforest Minus Control 2m Air Temperature Difference (C)
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Annual
DJFMAM JJASON
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CFS Deforest Minus Control
Precipitation Difference (mm/day)
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Annual
DJFMAM JJASON
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CFS Surface Wind Stress on Ocean
Deforest minus Control (dynes/cm2)
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Standard Deviation of SST
Anomalies (CFS Control Run)
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CFS Difference in Tropical SST Variability
NINO3.4 SSTA
SSTA Standard Deviation (C)
2030 2080
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GFS Simulations
• 5 year simulations with 1986-1990
observed SST and sea ice distribution
• Simulations
– Control
– Deforestation
– Vegetation change only
– Albedo and roughness changes only
• Annual means
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T2m
DEF-CTL VEG-CTL
ALBRGH-CTL (VEG-CTL)+(ALBRGH-CTL)
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Precipitation
DEF-CTL VEG-CTL
ALBRGH-CTL (VEG-CTL)+(ALBRGH-CTL)
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Cloud Cover
DEF-CTL VEG-CTL
ALBRGH-CTL (VEG-CTL)+(ALBRGH-CTL)
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Global Scale Effects
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CFS Global and Annual Mean 2m Air Temperature
Red: Control Black: Deforest
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CFS Annual Mean 2m Air
Temperature Difference
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200mb ‘Geostrophic Streamfunction’:
Rossby Wave Propagation Connects
Deforestation Region with Warm North Atlantic
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What is Happening in North Atlantic?
• Wave train from Amazon (x)
• MOC?
• Something else?
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MOC Diagnosis in CFS (courtesy of Bohua Huang)
• MOC in CFS Control
• Comparison to GODAS
• MOC in CFS Deforestation compared to Control
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Results from Analysis of Ocean Model Results
• AMOC in CFS is similar to that in GODAS.
• Huge “deforestation” temperature response in N.
Atlantic appears to actually be a problem with lack of coupling between ocean and sea ice.
– Did something happen to the model (e.g. sponge
layer) in setting up the deforestation experiment? Also, sea ice data are not identical.
• AMOC is insensitive to very large thermal anomaly in deforestation experiment. This is
consistent with it being primarily wind driven, as deduced from other considerations by Dr. Huang.
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Summary of Results
• Simulation of current Amazon climate by CFS is realistic compared to many
CGCMs.
• Local response to deforestation is weak warming and drying.
• This response appears to be explained by the Charney albedo mechanism, which is mitigated by the decrease in vegetation resistance.
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Summary of Results II
• Amazon deforestation in CFS leads to
warming and increased precipitation in the equatorial eastern Pacific (El Niño-like
response),
• warming in the tropical North Atlantic,
• and increased precipitation in central South America.
• CFS has a 0.5ºC commitment to global warming over about 70 years built in.
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Conclusions
• Results are not yet ready for publication because of the North Atlantic high latitude problem.
• Do over until we get it right.