The international trade in launch services : the effects of U.S. laws,
policies and practices on its development
Fenema, H.P. van
Citation
Fenema, H. P. van. (1999, September 30). The international trade in launch services : the
effects of U.S. laws, policies and practices on its development. H.P. van Fenema, Leiden.
Retrieved from https://hdl.handle.net/1887/44957
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Author: Fenema, H.P. van
Title: The international trade in launch services : the effects of U.S. laws, policies and
practices on its development
THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE
IN
LAUNCH SERVICES
THE INTERNATIONAL TRADE
IN
LAUNCH SERVICES
The effects of U.S. laws, policies and
practices on its development
PROEFSCHRIFf
ter verkrijging van
de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden,
op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. W.A. Wagenaar, hoogleraar in de faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 30 september 1999 te klokke 16.15 uur
door
Hector Petrus van Fenema
Fenema, H. Peter van
The international trade in launch services
-The effects of U.S. laws, policies and practices on its development Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor
aan de Universiteit Leiden H. Peter van Fenema - Leiden Met noten en lit.opg.
ISBN 90-9013064-0 NUGI 698
trefw.: ruimterecht, lanceerdiensten, export controles, strategische goederen, intemationale handel,
Verenigde Staten
International Institute of Air and Space Law Faculty of Law
Leiden University P.O. Box 9520 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
Meijers Institute of Legal Studies Faculty of Law
Leiden University Witte Singel 103 2313 AA Leiden The Netherlands
© 1999 H. P van Fenema, The Netherlands Uitgever/publisher: H. Peter van Fenema pvanfenema @hotmail.com
http://surf.to/launchtrade
Promotion Commision/Promotie Commissie
Prof.dr. Henri A. Wassenbergh, promotor (Leiden University) Dr. Peter D. Nesgos, referent (New York)
Prof.dr. Peter P.C. Haanappel (Leiden University) Prof.dr. Carel J.J.M. Stolker (Leiden University)
Prof.dr. Armel Kerrest de Rozavel (Universite de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest) Prof.dr. Toshio Kosuge (University of Electrocommunications, Tokyo) Prof.dr. Nicolas Mateesco Matte (McGill University, Montreal)
Prof.dr. Vladlen S. Vereshchetin (International Court of Justice, The Hague) Dr. Olivier M. Ribbelink (Asser Institute, The Hague)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction . . . xi
Chapter 1 The global satellite launch market and the launch companies . . . 1
1. 1 The global satellite launch market . . . 1
1. 2 The launch companies and the spaceports . . . 6
1. 2. 1 The launch companies . . . 6
1.2.2 The spaceports . . . 23
1. 3 Factors affecting the development of the trade in launch services . . . 28
Chapter 2 United States law, policies and practices . . . . . . 35
35 35 2.1 The emergence of the U.S. private launch industry .. 2.1.1 Law, policies and practices in the pre-space shuttle era 2.1.1.1 Launch vehicle development in the 1960's: DOD, NASA and 2.1.1.2 2.1.1.3 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 2.2.3 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.1.1 2.3.1.2 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 the private manufacturers . . . 35
Early U.S. launch policy vis-a-vis Europe . . . 40
The development of the space shuttle . . . 4 7 The commercialization of expendable launch vehicles in the 1980's . . . 52
EL V regulation prior to the Commercial Space Launch Act The responsibilities of DOT under the CSLA and the 52 licensing regulations . . . 60
Liability and insurance . . . 67
The launch pricing (subsidization) issue . . . 73
The post -Challenger regulatory environment . . . 86 Satellite and missile technology export controls:
effects on launch market access . . . . The export controls of the Departments of State
and Commerce . . . . The International Traffic in Arms Regulations and the U.S. Munitions List . . . . The Export Administration Regulations and the Commerce Control List . . . . The role of CoCom and its successor, the Wassenaar Arrangement . . . . The Missile Technology Control Regime . . . . Liberalization of U.S. export controls . . . .
Table of contents
Chapter 3 The U.S. bilateral launch trade relations and agreements 183
3.1 China . . . 183
3.1.1 The Long March: China's entry into the launch market 3.1.2 3.1.3 -prologue to the U.S. -China launch trade agreement . . 183
The U.S. - China Agreements of 1989 . . . 199
Implementation of the Launch Trade Agreement and U.S. sanctions . . . 212
3. 1. 4 The revised Agreement of 1995 . . . 230
3.2 Russia . . . 240
3 . 2. 1 Introduction . . . 240
3.2.2 The U.S. -Russia Launch Trade Agreement of 1993 . . . 244
3.2.3 The 1996 Amendment . . . 249
3.2.4 The Satellite Technology Safeguards Agreement between Kazakhstan, Russia and the U.S. of 1999 . . . 250
3.3 Ukraine . . . 251
3. 4 Europe . . . 256
3.4.1 (ESRO, ELDO, ESA and) the development of the Ariane launch vehicle . . . 256
3.4.2 ESA's European launcher policy . . . 270
3.4.3 U.S. - European 'rules of the road' . . . 280
3.4.4 'Fly U.S.' versus 'fly Europe' . . . 289
3.5 Liberalization of U.S. (bilateral) launch trade controls . 297 Chapter 4 'Free and fair trade' in launch services: requirements and prospects . . . 303
4.1 U.S. parties' views and perspectives . . . 303
4.1.1 U.S. industry . . . 303 4. 1. 1. 1 Satellite operators . . . 303 4.1.1. 2 Satellite manufacturers . . . 305 4.1.1. 3 Launch providers . . . 313 4. 1. 1. 4 Spaceports operators . . . 316 4.1.2 U.S. Government . . . 318 4.1.2.1 Administration . . . 318
4.1.2.2 The U.S. GATS approach . . . 320
4.1.2.3 Congress . . . 328
4.1.2.4 The 'China affair' and the Strom Thurmond Act on satellite export controls . . . 332
4.2 The position of the main non-US 'market economy' launch providers . . . 353
4.2.1 Arianespace . . . 353
4.2.2 Japan . . . 357
4.2.3 India . . . 358
4.3 Legal remedies against the (effects of) U.S. controls? . 359 4.3.1 U.S. law . . . 359
4.3.2 Space law . . . 361
Table of contents
Chapter 5 Conclusions and recommendations . . . 367
Index . . . . Summary in Dutch .
Abbreviations and acronyms . . Bibliography . . . .
381 401
427 433 Membership international organizations and multilateral regimes . 465 1998 Worldwide Orbital Launch Events . . . 466 Space chronology
Curriculum vitae
469 473
