Management for ecosystem services

(1)

Management for ecosystem services in an estuary

Annelies Boerema & Patrick Meire

(2)

2

 Challenge

Water Framework Directive

Habitat Directive

Bird Directive

Fishing Agriculture

Flood risk

Cities

Harbour

Recreation

(3)

 How to tackle this challenge?

How can we optimise the management of an estuary?

Which management measures are effective/efficient for specific goals in the estuary?

• Which management measures are implemented?

• What are the effects of these measures?

• Which effects are known/described? Pos/neg?

• Effects of the measures versus goals for the estuary?

3

(4)

• Review: 280 papers/reports

 Reports: EU TIDE project and measures in the Schelde

 International literature about the management measures

• 40 specific types of management measures

• 4 broad measure categories (= main targets)

• Output:

4

 How to tackle this challenge?

(5)

Results

1. Hydrology measures main target: flood safety

5 1) Flood control

2) Flood control + Habitat development

3) Improve river hydrology

Hard defence: dike Quay walls (e.g. Antwerp)

Managed

realignment FCA-CRT Storm surge barrier

Shoreline nourishment Ecol-friendly dikes Vegetated foreshore Dam

Flood control

area

Vegetation removal River structure (meandering) Storage basin upstream

Which management measures?

(6)

Results

2. Morphology measures main target: shipping

6 1) Improve shipping opportunities

2) Reduce need for dredging

3) Useful applications dredged material

Underwater disposal

(dredged material)

Habitat creation

(dredged material)

Current deflecting wall

e.g. flexible relocation strategy e.g. in deep parts channel

Dredging

Sediment trap

Land disposal Training wall

Harbour docks and sluices

Current direction control

Nauthical depth

Agro-measures

4) Sand extraction

Which management measures?

(7)

Results

3. Biology measures main targets: habitat and biodiversity

7 1) Habitat protection, Habitat restoration

2) Habitat development

3) Habitat for fish, birds

Tidal wetland development

Env. friendly shoreline

Wetland development

e.g. Durmevallei (Schelde) Groynes Riprap

Restore intertidal areas, improve marsh development

4) Recreation

Constructed shallow water area

Spawning pond

Bird habitat

Habitat + recreation

Remove bottlenecks

Which management measures?

(8)

Results

4. Measures for ecological quality

8 1) Water quality

2) Sediment quality

Oxygen (e.g. sluice management)

Mechanical treatment of dredged Material (e.g. METHA, Elbe) Water treatment plant

Remediate river sediment

Agro-measures River functionality

Which management measures?

(9)

• What are the effects of these measures?

• Which effects are known/described? Pos/neg?

• Effects of the measures versus goals for the estuary?

 Ecosystem services:

9

Results

Prov. Reg. Cult. Other effects

• Food (crops, livestock, fish)

• Water for industrial use

• Materials (e.g.

sand)

• Climate regulation

• Erosion and sedimentation regulation

• Flood protection

• Water current reduction

• Wave reduction

• Water quality regulation

• Drainage of river water

• Water quantity regulation for transportation

• Opportunities for recreation and tourism

• Aesthetic information

• Info. for cognitive development

• Inspiration for culture, art and design

• Habitat

• Biodiversity

• Infrastructure (houses, roads…)

Effects?

(10)

Results

Legend:

Number of papers/reports quantifying or mentioning effects/ES:

positive effect (main objective), other positive effects, negative effects,

effect not clearly positive or negative

Management measure groups:

specific measure types

P P P P P S S R R R R R R R R C C C C

# papers/reports Food: crops (e.g. freshwater supply) Food: animals (cattle, sheep) Food: animals (fish) Water for industrial use Materials (e.g. sand) Biodiversity (vegetation, birds, fish…) Habitat Climate regulation Erosion and sedimentation regulation Flood protection Water current reduction Wave reduction Water quality regulation Drainage of river water Water quantity regulation for transportation Aesthetic information Information for cognitive development Inspiration for culture, art and design Opportunities for recreation and tourism Infrastructure (houses, roads…)

Flood protection: Hard defences: Dikes 24 2 2 13 14 1 11 22 1 3 3 1 1 6 1

Flood protection: Hard defences: Quay walls 7 1 1 1 3 3 2 1

Flood protection: Storm surge barrier 7 1 1 3 1 6 1 2 2

Flood protection: Dam 5 1 4 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 Flood protection+Habitat: Flood control area 5 3 3 4 1 2 5 2 2 1 1 Flood protection+Habitat: Managed realignment 70 24 2 2 3 46 65 14 48 49 21 6 2 1 1 1 12 1 Flood protection+Habitat: Flood Control Area with Controlled Reduced Tide (FCA-CRT) 20 4 1 1 2 9 19 1 7 15 6 9 1 9 1 Flood protection+Habitat: Ecological-friendly dikes 12 10 12 7 4 1 2 1 4

Flood protection+Habitat: Beach nourishment 10 2 4 1 8 6 2 1 Flood protection+Habitat: Foreshore defence 5 1 1 1 5 4 2 2 5 3 2 2 3

River hydrology: Vegetation removal for river drainage 3 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 Shipping: Dredging 42 1 1 8 9 12 1 19 7 13 7 36 2

Shipping: Training wall 7 2 6 2 4

Shipping: Harbour docks and sluices 5 1 1 3 1 4 1

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Current deflecting wall (CDW) 15 15 3

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Fluid mud (nauthical depth concept) 5 1 5 2 4

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Sediment trap 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 1 2 Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Current direction control 1 1

Shipping: Dredged material: Underwater disposal 12 3 4 1 9 2 6 4 1 Shipping: Dredged material: Habitat creation 11 6 9 1 8 1 4 1

Shipping: Dredged material: Land disposal 4 2 1 1 2 1 1 1

Sand collection 7 7 1 1 1 2 Habitat protection: Groynes 18 2 6 15 15 6 3 2 2 3 1 4

Habitat protection: Riprap (breuksteenbestorting) 11 1 7 8 8 3 2 2 1 1 2

Habitat protection: Bioengineering 5 5 4 5 1 4 1 1 2

Habitat protection: Beach nourishment 2 2 1 2 Habitat restoration: Ecological-friendly shoreline 13 1 9 12 10 3 1 5 2 4 5

Habitat restoration: Restore intertidal areas and improve marsh development 5 1 1 2 1 1 4 5 3 5 4 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 Habitat development: Tidal wetland 35 7 3 4 24 20 6 24 16 6 12 1 2 2 2 5 Habitat development: Constructed shallow water 1 1 1 1 1

Habitat development: Transplantation measures 9 8 3 1 Habitat for fish: Fish habitat 2 2 2 Habitat for fish: Removal fish bottlenecks 3 3

Habitat for birds 7 1 7 7 1 1 1 1

Habitat development+recreation 2 1 1 1 2 2 Water quality: agro-measures 20 10 1 3 4 2 11 4 15 1 1 Water quality: Water treatment plant 10 10

Water quality: oxygen improvement 2 1 1 2 1

Sediment quality: Land treatment plant dredged material 3 3 2 1

Sediment quality: Treatment, remediate river sediment 2 1 2

ES effects

Management measures

 Which measures to manage the estuary?

• Per measure: which effects are known?

• Per ES: which measures?

=> Many effects recognised

Effects?

(11)

Results

Legend:

ES effects Management measures

Legend: Number of papers/reports quantifying or mentioning effects/ES: positive effect (main objective), other positive effects, negative effects, effect not clearly positive or negative Management measure groups: specific measure types P P P P P S S R R R R R R R R C C C C # papers/reports Food: crops (e.g. freshwater supply) Food: animals (cattle, sheep) Food: animals (fish) Water for industrial use Materials (e.g. sand) Biodiversity (vegetation, birds, fish…) Habitat Climate regulation Erosion and sedimentation regulation Flood protection Water current reduction Wave reduction Water quality regulation Drainage of river water Water quantity regulation for transportation Aesthetic information Information for cognitive development Inspiration for culture, art and design Opportunities for recreation and tourism Infrastructure (houses, roads…) Flood protection: Hard defences: Dikes 7/24 3 3 1

Flood protection: Hard defences: Quay walls 2/7 1 1

Flood protection: Storm surge barrier 3/7 2 1

Flood protection: Dam 2/5 1 1

Flood protection: Flood control area 4/5 2 1 3 1 1 1

Flood protection+Habitat: Managed realignment 51/70 12 1 33 25 7 26 7 13 3 1

Flood protection+Habitat: Flood Control Area with Controlled Reduced Tide (FCA-CRT) 17/20 1 1 8 11 1 7 2 6 6 2 1 Flood protection+Habitat: Ecological-friendly dikes 4/12 4 2 1 1 1

Flood protection+Habitat: Beach nourishment 2/10 1 1

Flood protection+Habitat: Foreshore defence 3/5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

River hydrology: Vegetation removal for river drainage 3/3 1 1 3 2 1 2 Shipping: Dredging 17/42 1 3 2 6 4 3 8

Shipping: Training wall 2/7 2

Shipping: Harbour docks and sluices 1/5 1

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Current deflecting wall (CDW) 14/15 14 1

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Fluid mud (nauthical depth concept) 4/5 3 1 2

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Sediment trap 2/3 2

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Current direction control 1/1 1

Shipping: Dredged material: Underwater disposal 8/12 2 1 6 1

Shipping: Dredged material: Habitat creation 8/11 5 4 1 4 Shipping: Dredged material: Land disposal 2/4 1 1 Sand collection 2/7 2

Habitat protection: Groynes 12/18 6 4 5 1 1 1 1

Habitat protection: Riprap (breuksteenbestorting) 6/11 5 1 1

Habitat protection: Bioengineering 2/5 1 2 1 1

Habitat protection: Beach nourishment 1/2 1

Habitat restoration: Ecological-friendly shoreline 9/13 5 4 6 1 1 Habitat restoration: Restore intertidal areas and improve marsh development 3/5 1 1 2 1 1

Habitat development: Tidal wetland 30/35 1 13 12 1 11 6 4 5 1

Habitat development: Constructed shallow water 1/1 1 1

Habitat development: Transplantation measures 5/8 5 1 1 Habitat for fish: Fish habitat 2/2 2

Habitat for fish: Removal fish bottlenecks 0/3 Habitat for birds 4/7 2 4 Habitat development+recreation 0/2 Water quality: agro-measures 12/20 6 4 1 10

Water quality: Water treatment plant 5/10 5

Water quality: oxygen improvement 2/2 2

Sediment quality: Land treatment plant dredged material 2/3 1 1 Sediment quality: Treatment, remediate river sediment 0/2

Effects quantified

=> Only few quantified

=> Many effects recognised

Effects?

(12)

12

Results

Number of ES effects quantified / described for all measures together

Effects?

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Other effects (pos&neg) Negative effects Additional positive effects Development targets

Number of ES effects 54%

33%

37%

69%

Number of ES effects described

Number with quantification

(13)

Results

Legend:

ES effects Management measures

Legend: Number of papers/reports quantifying or mentioning effects/ES: positive effect (main objective), other positive effects, negative effects, effect not clearly positive or negative Management measure groups: specific measure types P P P P P S S R R R R R R R R C C C C # papers/reports Food: crops (e.g. freshwater supply) Food: animals (cattle, sheep) Food: animals (fish) Water for industrial use Materials (e.g. sand) Biodiversity (vegetation, birds, fish…) Habitat Climate regulation Erosion and sedimentation regulation Flood protection Water current reduction Wave reduction Water quality regulation Drainage of river water Water quantity regulation for transportation Aesthetic information Information for cognitive development Inspiration for culture, art and design Opportunities for recreation and tourism Infrastructure (houses, roads…) Flood protection: Hard defences: Dikes 7/24 3 3 1

Flood protection: Hard defences: Quay walls 2/7 1 1

Flood protection: Storm surge barrier 3/7 2 1

Flood protection: Dam 2/5 1 1

Flood protection: Flood control area 4/5 2 1 3 1 1 1

Flood protection+Habitat: Managed realignment 51/70 12 1 33 25 7 26 7 13 3 1

Flood protection+Habitat: Flood Control Area with Controlled Reduced Tide (FCA-CRT) 17/20 1 1 8 11 1 7 2 6 6 2 1 Flood protection+Habitat: Ecological-friendly dikes 4/12 4 2 1 1 1

Flood protection+Habitat: Beach nourishment 2/10 1 1

Flood protection+Habitat: Foreshore defence 3/5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

River hydrology: Vegetation removal for river drainage 3/3 1 1 3 2 1 2 Shipping: Dredging 17/42 1 3 2 6 4 3 8

Shipping: Training wall 2/7 2

Shipping: Harbour docks and sluices 1/5 1

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Current deflecting wall (CDW) 14/15 14 1

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Fluid mud (nauthical depth concept) 4/5 3 1 2

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Sediment trap 2/3 2

Shipipng: Reduce need for dredging: Current direction control 1/1 1

Shipping: Dredged material: Underwater disposal 8/12 2 1 6 1

Shipping: Dredged material: Habitat creation 8/11 5 4 1 4 Shipping: Dredged material: Land disposal 2/4 1 1 Sand collection 2/7 2

Habitat protection: Groynes 12/18 6 4 5 1 1 1 1

Habitat protection: Riprap (breuksteenbestorting) 6/11 5 1 1

Habitat protection: Bioengineering 2/5 1 2 1 1

Habitat protection: Beach nourishment 1/2 1

Habitat restoration: Ecological-friendly shoreline 9/13 5 4 6 1 1 Habitat restoration: Restore intertidal areas and improve marsh development 3/5 1 1 2 1 1

Habitat development: Tidal wetland 30/35 1 13 12 1 11 6 4 5 1

Habitat development: Constructed shallow water 1/1 1 1

Habitat development: Transplantation measures 5/8 5 1 1 Habitat for fish: Fish habitat 2/2 2

Habitat for fish: Removal fish bottlenecks 0/3 Habitat for birds 4/7 2 4 Habitat development+recreation 0/2 Water quality: agro-measures 12/20 6 4 1 10

Water quality: Water treatment plant 5/10 5

Water quality: oxygen improvement 2/2 2

Sediment quality: Land treatment plant dredged material 2/3 1 1 Sediment quality: Treatment, remediate river sediment 0/2

Effects quantified

=> Only few quantified

=> Many effects recognised

Per measure: which effects?

(14)

14

Results Per measure: which effects?

0 5 10 15 20

Hydrodrology Flood+habitat Flood

Number of ES effects described

“Hydrology” measures

0 5 10 15 20

Sand extraction Useful disposal Reduce dredging Shipping

Number of ES effects described

“Morphology” measures

0 5 10 15 20

Habitat+recreation Habitat: birds Habitat: fish Habitat development Habitat restoration Habitat protection

Number of ES effects described

“Biology” measures

0 5 10 15 20

Sediment quailty Water quality

Number of ES effects described

"Ecological quality" measures

(15)

15

Results

Hard defences: Dikes (Flood protection) N=24

Per measure: which effects?

ES Qualitative # quant

/# refs Targets  Flood protection  Flood risk (1/x jaar)

 Flood map (area with flood risk)

 Flood damage function (properties, victims)

3/22

Pos.

effects

 Food crops  Makes agriculture possible (embankment) 0/2

 Food grazing  Dikes could be grazed 0/2

 Recreation  Dikes for walking, cycling ^0/6

 Infrastructure for living  Houses possible in lower areas (embankment) ^0/1

 Shipping  Hard construction shore for ships and industry ^0/1

Neg.

effects

 Habitat  Loss and fragmentation estuarine habitat; however artificial habitat

 Disturbance dynamic estuarine processes

0/14

 Biodiversity  Loss biodiversity associated with lost habitat; however artificial structure 3/13

 Aesthetics  Massive sea walls aesthetically displeasing ^0/1

Other effects

 Water level, tide  Change tidal regime estuarine river (link with flood risk) ^1/3

 Sedimentation and erosion processes

 +: prevention shoreline erosion

 -: disturbance sedimentation and erosion processes in the estuary

0/11

 Water quality  +: reduction contaminated runoff

 -: disturbance water quality regulation capacity estuary

0/3

(16)

16

Results

Tidal marsh restoration (Flood protection + habitat development) N=70

ES Qualitative # quant

/# refs Target  Safety  Water storage capacity (storm surge water), wave attenuation by vegetation

 Decrease extreme high water level estuarine river

 Decrease costs maintaining, heightening existing dikes/levees

7/49

 Habitat  ha per habitat type (marsh, mudflat, reed, grass, shallow water) 29/65

Pos.

effects

 Biodiversity  Vegetation, birds, fish, invertebrates; Species types, numbers, density… 33/46

 Water quality improvement  Nutrient storage; Water/soil characteristics (oxygen, pH,…) 13/21

 Food grazing  Grazing possible on grass, dikes, marshes 0/2

 Food fish  Improved fish productivity with increased fish nursery function 1/2

 Recreation  Leisure, walking, cycling (e.g. number of visitors) 1/12

 Materials  Sand, clay taken from the area and use elsewhere (dikes,…) 0/3

 Climate regulation  Carbon sequestration, carbon burial. Correction for GHG emissions 7/14

 Cultural  heritage, aesthetics, symbolic, education 0/4

Neg.

effects

 Food crops  loss ha crop land (expropriation) 12/24

 Infrastructure, housing  loss houses 0/1

Other effects

 Sedimentation and erosion processes

 Sediment storage (m³/y); Erosion for creek formation 26/48

 Hydrology, water level  in the area (inundation); in the estuary river (tidal propagation, water levels) 2/6

 Shipping  +: compensation for habitat loss harbour facilities, dredging

 -: reduction of (low) water levels could be a problem for shipping

0/2

 Groundwater  Groundwater table change (m) 1/2

Per measure: which effects?

(17)