The monkey's sworn oath : Cultures of engagement for reconciliation
and healing in the aftermath of the civil war in Mozambique
Igreja, V.
Citation
Igreja, V. (2007, June 5). The monkey's sworn oath : Cultures of engagement for
reconciliation and healing in the aftermath of the civil war in Mozambique. Retrieved from
https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12089
Version: Corrected Publisher’s Version
License: Licence agreement concerning inclusion of doctoral thesis in the
Institutional Repository of the University of Leiden
Downloaded from: https://hdl.handle.net/1887/12089
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Index
Acholi people, 363 Ackerman, Bruce, 35 acknowledgment, 22, 241 actual conflicts, 235
actualisations of individuals, 59 Adam, Barbara, 377
Adams, William, 65 Adjaye, Joseph, 377 administrative justice, 42 Administrator, 113 African historiography, 89 African nations, 53
African religious practices, 89 African societies, 89
agency, 91, 98
agricultural activities, 257 Agricultural activities, 360 agricultural calendar, 263 agricultural cycle, 262
agricultural cycle and reconciliation, 267 aldeamentos, 16
Alexander, Franz, 32 alienation, 17, 22, 57 Allen, Tim, 363 Amadiume, Ifi, 53 AMETRAMO, 121 amnesia, 48 Amnesties, 46
Amnesty International, 36 Amstutz, Mark, 35, 42, 50, 358 André, Catherine, 66
An-Na’im, Abdllahi, 53 anthropology of law, 68 Antze, Paul, 368 apology, 241
Arendt, Hannah, 34, 39, 49, 248, 352 Argenti-Pillen, Alex, 92
armed bandits, 136 art of everyday life, 247 authoritarian system, 177 availability of land, 257, 260 Bassiouni, Cherif, 42 Becker, Anne, 367 Behrend, Heike, 91 Bhabha, Homi, 356 blind alley, 296
Bloomfield, David, 37, 52 blot, 297
Boddy, Janice, 91, 376
bodies, 18, 44, 94, 150, 178, 349 Boleyn-Fitzgerald, Patrick, 49 Bolton, Paul, 76
Booth, W. James, 48 Boraine, Alex, 37, 41 Borneman, John, 37, 39, 369 Bourdieu, Pierre, 25, 63, 354
Bourguignon, Erika, 90 boys, 18
Bramsen, Inge, 89, 331 breasts, 170
Bronfenbrenner, Urie, 24, 61, 96 Brown, Karen, 91
Burundi, 255
Butler, Judith, 379, 380 buttocks of the old man, 291 Byerlee, Derek, 257 Cabrita, João, 183 Candib, Lucy, 87 Cann, John, 17 Casa Banana, 137 Catholic Church, 180 Chavunduka, Gordon, 88 Chi-Gorongose, 108
Christian religious groups, 19, 26 cipaios, 16
civil war, 19, 126, 348 civility, 364
clearing the hearts, 236 Cognitive social capital, 63 Cohen, Stanley, 20, 350, 374 collapse, 22
collective identity, 268 collective memories, 375 collective remembering, 374 collective-oriented cultures, 74 Colletta, Nat, 63
colonization, 15 Comaroff, John, 75, 374 community courts, 274
community formation, 188, 282 community rituals, 267 complementarity, 361
complementarity of resources, 360 Connnerton, Paul, 374
consciousness of death, 348 constitution, 37
contribution of traditional justice to transitional justice, 271
cooperation, 266 Copelon, Rhonda, 35 Cottingham, John, 38 Crapanzano, Vincent, 90 creativity, 239
crime, 288
crime of the sun, 18 crimes against humanity, 42 Criminal law, 39
Crocker, David, 369 crops, 262
Cruz e Silva, Teresa, 299 Csordas, Thomas, 75, 78, 93, 375 Cullen, Michelle, 63
cults of denial, 379 cultural defences, 83 cultural lags, 88 culture, 85
culture of dishonesty, 350 cultures of denial, 20, 350 cultures of engagement, 356, 358 danger zone, 111
dangerous oath, 284 Das, Veena, 23, 298, 349
de Brito, Alexandra Barahona, 371 de Girolamo, Giovani, 80, 82 de Jong, Joop, 82, 85, 381 de Vries, Marteen, 171 Decree Law (15/2000), 185 dependent variable, 88 der Kolk, Bessel, 78 Devereux, Georges, 83, 193 Diamond, Jared, 66, 70, 256 dictatorship, 20
dignity
through labour, 248 Dimock, Susan, 68 disabled, 218
divorce, 167, 179, 281
domestic violence, 280, 293, 295 Dreier, Ole, 94
drought, 15, 147 DSM-III, 79
Dugard, John, 45, 48, 370 durability of resources, 353 Duvenage, Pieter, 35 Dwyer, Susan, 40 early marriage, 161 East Timor, 256
ecological environment, 96, 254 ecological model, 96
ecological perspective, 367 ecological transition, 98 economic practices, 171 economy, 172
efficacy of healing, 76 Elias, Norbert, 377 elites, 48
Elster, Jon, 34, 54 Eltringham, Nigel, 34 embodiment, 93, 375 embodiment of debt, 375 enemy territory, 131 Englund, Harri, 76 ethnicity, 107 ethnocides, 22 Europe, 371 European states, 59
Evans-Pritchard, Eduard, 254 everyday forms, 188, 282 everyday life, 23, 351 evil eye, 53
evil tongue, 370
Fabian, Johannes, 116, 117 Fabrega, Horacio, 74 fair play theory, 39
fallacy of composition, 25, 356 false reconciliation, 371 family, 174, 241, 307 Feher, Michael, 36 Feierman, Steven, 74 Feio, Manuel, 193 Ferrándiz, Francisco, 349 financial compensation, 22 Fletcher, Laurel, 46, 364 Foa, Edna, 79, 81 forced marriage, 18 forest, 163
forgiveness, 49, 225, 227 Foucault, Michel, 379 Frelimo, 16, 207 Friedman, Matthew, 82 Fry, Douglas, 385 gacaca, 34, 69 Galtung, Johan, 372 gamba, 94
gandira, 153, 167, 259 Garrison, Vivian, 90 Geffray, Christian, 88
gender, 22, 23, 55, 73, 84, 94, 169, 172, 222, 258 gender inequalities, 376
gendered socialization, 175
General Peace Agreement (AGP), 19 Geneva Convention, 33
genocide, 70 Gibson, James, 198 Gibson, Lauren, 34, 47 Giddens, Anthony, 360, 372 Gillies, Eva, 75
Gluckman, Max, 24 Goa, 192
God’s justice, 215 Godard, Marie-Odile, 378 Gorongosa, 157
Gorongosa district, 107
Gorongosa National Park, 156, 257 government, 36
government-controlled areas, 131 Govier, Trudy, 64
Green, Linda, 76, 254 Guatemala, 254 Guinea Bissau, 381 Gulliver, Philip, 68 Gunther, Klaus, 47, 369 habitus, 354
hallucinations of death, 18 Hardimon, Michael, 57, 58, 59 Harrell-Bond, Barbara, 92 Hayner, Priscilla, 35, 44, 45, 46 healing, 73, 75
healing efficacy, 73 healing space, 342
health-seeking behaviour, 85 Hegel, 62, 361, 372
Hegel’s approach, 358 Hegelian’ approach, 57 Heisey, Paul, 257 Herman, Judith, 80 Hiegel, Jean, 90 Hirofumi, Hayashi, 349 Hobfoll, Stevan, 65 Hodgson, Geoffrey, 355
Honwana, Alcinda, 53, 76, 92, 375 Honwana-Welch, Gita, 274 hope, 249, 251, 260, 269 human potential for peace, 385 human rights, 296
Human Rights Watch, 36 humanitarian assistance, 259 humiliation, 48
Huntington, Samuel, 62 Hussein, Saddam, 42 Huyse, Luc, 40, 55 Ian Smith, 17
identity of the spirits, 308 Igreja, Victor, 76, 94, 222 illness, 73
impunity, 46
incremental efficacy, 76 independent variable, 88 India, 245
indifference, 247 Indonesia, 256
international community, 34 International Criminal Court, 35 international law, 47
invisible process, 284 Iraq, 41, 53
Isaacman, Allen, 181 Isaacman, Barbara, 181 Israel, 40
Italy, 19 Janes, Craig, 76 Janzen, John, 74, 77, 90 Jaranson, James, 82 Jenkins, Richard, 26 Jewish people, 40 Johnson, Thomas, 75 Joshua, Joshua, 320 judges, 181 jus ad bellum, 33 jus in bello, 33 jus post bellum, 34 Justice Minister, 275 justice of the spirits, 213 Kalahari Bushman, 83 Kansteiner, Wulf, 349 Kern, Anne-Brigitte, 380
Kirmayer, Laurence, 75 Kleijn, Wim, 222
Kleinman, Arthur, 23, 74, 75, 84, 88, 367 Kleinman, Joan, 84, 88
knot, 343
Kopytoff, Igor, 68 Kozak, Michael, 81 Kritz, Neil, 34 ku toera mabota, 164 Lambek, Michael, 90 land, 65
Land ownership, 258 land resources, 66 landmines, 147, 260 law no. 15/92, amnesty, 22 law no. 4/92, 274
lex talionis, 22, 34 Licklider, Roy, 19 Lind, Allan, 44
longitudinal approach, 304 longitudinal research, 106 Luig, Ute, 76, 91
Lundin, Irae, 53, 182 Machava, Francisco, 182 Machel, Samora, 17, 109, 136 macro-system, 98, 99 magamba, 94, 304 magamba spirits, 303 maize, 256
Malawi, 311
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 24 Maloney, Clarence, 53 Mandlhate, Custódia, 82 Marlene, 368
Marlin, Robert, 76, 94 marriage practices, 177 Marsella, Anthony, 78 Marshall, Tony, 43 Maruyama, Magoroh, 294 Marx, Karl, 60
Masquelier, Adeline, 91, 380 material resources, 268 Matsangaissa, Andre, 128 Mayan people, 254 Mazurana, Dyan, 23, 84 McFarlane, Alexander, 80, 82 meaning, 360
Medical anthropology, 76 memories as weapons, 351 Méndez, Juan, 55
mental health, 22 mental illnesses, 214 meso-system, 98 Messer, Ellen, 69 micro-system, 97, 98
Militarization by language, 134 military propaganda, 350 military proverb, 137
Minow, Martha, 40 Miracle, Marvin, 256 Molenaar, Arthur, 69
monkeys, 12, 15, 204, 287, 382 Moore, Sally, 68
Morin, Edgar, 380 Mueggler, Erik, 92 murmur, 343 mutarato, 16
Nagengast, Carole, 91 Nanda, Serena, 82 narratives, 21 Nathan, Tobie, 88 national laws, 99 national territory, 99 nation-state, 350 nation-states, 49 Nevins, Joseph, 256 new constitution, 185 Nhazonia Massacre, 234 nipa, 173
non-Western societies, 386 Nordstrom, Carolyn, 18 Nuremberg trials, 33 Ogburn, William, 88 Orth, Uli, 41
overcoming alienation, 59 partial forgiveness, 371 patrilineal, 174 Peletz, Michael, 26 people’s courts, 274
perceptions of restorative justice, 224 perceptions of retribution, 198 Perera, Sasanka, 93, 370 performative ethnography, 116 perspectivism, 25, 56
petit chefs, 243 Physical pain, 349 physical scars, 349 piça wega, 130
pistols in the vaginas, 350 Platteau, Jean-Phillipe, 66 politics of alienation, 186 Portes, Alejandro, 63 Portuguese colonizers, 16 postponement of revenge, 253 poverty, 218
power, 379
presumption of guilt, 278 presumption of innocence, 196 Pretty, Jules, 65
prevention of war, 233 procedural justice, 277 production system, 65 PTSD, 22, 73, 79, 80 Punishment, 39 Punjab, India, 298 Putnam, Robert, 63
qualitative and quantitative methods, 115 Rabinow, Paul, 379
Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred, 351 raiva, 352
Ranger, Terence, 89 rape, 150
Reconciliation, 35 red serpent, 284 Renamo, 18, 207
Renamo-controlled areas, 133 reparation, 198, 216
Reparation, 217
reparation is undesirable, 219 reproductive health, 306 resistance council courts, 70 resources, 79
Restorative justice, 43 retribution, 38 reunification, 260
revenge, 21, 38, 48, 209, 210, 211 Rhodesia, 17
Richters, Annemiek, 69, 222 rituals, 53
Robben, Antonius, 88 Robertson, Geoffrey, 34, 42 Roht-Arriaza, Naomi, 34, 47, 373 Rwanda, 34
Sachs, Albie, 274
Santos, Boaventura de Sousa, 68, 185 Sargent, Carolyn, 75
Sarkin, Jeremy, 363 Scarry, Elaine, 18, 349 Schafer, Jessica, 53
Schivelbusch, Wolfgang, 369 Schutzenberger, Ancelin, 374 self-medication, 173
self-oriented cultures, 74 Sena political system, 181 sexual intercourse, 348 sexual slavery, 349
sexual violence, 18, 150, 160, 167 Shapiro, Francine, 81
Sharp, Lesley, 90 Shorter, Eduard, 85 Shriver, Donald, 35, 49 silence, 349, 379 Silove, Derrick, 85 sit down, 194 Smith, Philip, 25 snake, 136
social capital, 57, 63, 307, 333, 361 social distance, 267
social justice, 253 social practice, 26
social production of food, 255, 262 social reconstruction, 96, 100 social repair, 100
social suffering, 87, 92
social theory, 57 social time, 377
social transformation, 95 social world, 57
social world as a home, 59, 358 Somalia, 70
Somasundaram, Daya, 85 South Africa, 37
Spain, 385
Spanish civil war, 349 spirit of forgiveness, 219, 226 spirit possession, 90, 307 spirits, 90, 329
spirits of monkeys, 382 spiritual time, 377 Spring, Anita, 91 Sri Lanka, 370 stalemate, 240 Stoller, Paul, 93, 375 structural reparation, 220 structural social capital, 67 Structural social capital, 63 Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo, 88 Sub-Saharan Africa, 19 Summerfield, Derek, 80, 86, 87 suruma, 111
suspicious behaviour, 293 Sussman, Linda, 75 Tanzania, 34 Taylor, Telford, 33 territorial spirits, 182, 266 theories of forgiveness, 50
theory of the conservation of resources, 65 therapeutic management group, 77 time, 261, 377, 378
time in Africa, 377 togetherness, 360 togetherness in work, 268 Tokyo trials, 33
tradition, 298
traditional authorities, 181, 185
traditional judges and reconciliation, 282 traditional justice system, 68, 272 traditional laws, 284
traditional political system, 182 transformation, 75
transitional justice, 32, 35, 36 trauma, 79
Triandis, Harry, 74 trust, 64, 277 truth, 47
Truth and Reconciliation Commission, 41 Turner, Stuart, 81
Tusa, Ann, 33 Tusa, John, 33 Tyler, Tom, 44 Uganda, 70
Ugandan civil war, 70 understanding, 238
unilateral forgiveness, 50, 233 unilateral theories
Forgiveness, 50 United Nations, 34 United States, 41 unknown whereabouts
of perpetrators, 231 Unruh, Jon, 61 Uphoff, Norman, 63 Uvin, Peter, 66
van der Kolk, Bessel, 81 van Duijl, Marjolein, 368 Van Ness, Daniel, 39 Verwoerd, Wilhelm, 64 Vetlesen, Arne, 52 victimizers, 55 Vidmar, Neil, 38 Vietnam, 79 vinga
domestic violence, 179 virgin daughters, 18 vita activa, 248 voice, 44, 307 voices of spirits, 309 voices of victims, 52 Waldram, James, 76 Walker, Sheila, 91 Walzer, Michael, 42 Warms, Richard, 82 wars of aggression, 33, 35
Weinstein, Harvey, 46, 96, 100, 364 West, Harry, 370
WHO, 100
Widner, Jennifer, 41, 70 Wilson, Ken, 92
Wilson, Richard, 363, 365 wives, 179
working on the land, 261 World War II, 33, 349 Yehuda, Rachel, 82 Young, Allan, 79 Yugoslavia, 34
Zarowsky, Christina, 92 Zehr, Howard, 43
Zimbabwean soldiers, 136 Zyl, Paul van, 39
