A: Factors determining the quality of hides and skins.

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1 APPENDICES

A: Factors determining the quality of hides and skins.

Factors arising during the lifetime of the animals

Factors arising after the death of the animals

Species

Gender Age Nutrition Purpose of keeping Climate

Season

Flaying

Curing Storing

Transporting Factors determining

the quality of hides and skins

Goad marks Brands Scratches

Fallen

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2 B: Livestock Population in Bangladesh (heads)

Buffalo Cattle Goat Sheep Total

Year Stocks (head) Stocks (head) Stocks (head) Stocks (head) Stocks (head)

1980 475,000 21,556,000 9,208,000 588,000 31,827,000

1981 476,000 21,863,008 9,420,000 600,000 32,359,008

1982 478,000 22,174,000 9,636,000 615,000 32,903,000

1983 479,000 22,490,000 9,858,000 628,000 33,455,000

1984 578,209 21,920,176 13,558,000 667,000 36,723,385

1985 605,000 22,132,000 14,800,000 709,000 38,246,000

1986 634,000 22,348,000 15,878,000 739,000 39,599,000

1987 664,000 22,567,008 17,034,000 770,000 41,035,008

1988 698,000 22,789,008 18,274,000 803,000 42,564,008

1989 733,000 23,015,008 19,604,000 837,000 44,189,008

1990 772,000 23,244,000 21,031,008 873,000 45,920,008

1991 807,000 23,259,008 22,352,000 902,000 47,320,008

1992 832,000 23,480,000 23,979,008 940,000 49,231,008

1993 866,000 23,569,000 25,979,008 989,000 51,403,008

1994 874,000 23,769,000 28,050,000 1,030,000 53,723,000 1995 882,000 23,977,000 30,330,000 1,070,000 56,259,000 1996 860,000 23,573,000 33,312,000 1,124,000 58,869,000 1997 854,000 23,962,000 34,478,000 1,158,000 60,452,000 1998 820,000 23,400,000 33,500,000 1,110,000 58,830,000 1999 828,000 23,652,000 33,800,000 1,121,000 59,401,000 2000 830,000 23,900,000 34,100,000 1,132,000 59,962,000 2001 830,000 24,000,000 34,400,000 1,143,000 60,373,000 2002 830,000 24,000,000 34,400,000 1,143,000 60,373,000

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Statistical Databases

http://apps.fao.org/page/form?collection=Production.Livestock.Stocks&Domain=Production&servlet=1&language=E N&hostname=apps.fao.org&version=default (accessed November 2003)

0 5000000 10000000 15000000 20000000 25000000 30000000 35000000 40000000

1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Time (y ears)

Stock (heads)

Goat Buffalo Cattle Sheep

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3 C: Fresh hides production (Mt = Metric tons = 1000 kg)

Year

Production Buffalo Hides

(Mt)

Production Cattle Hides

(Mt)

Production Goat Skins

(Mt)

Production Sheep Hides

(Mt) Total Hides Production (Mt)

1984 1,350 24,833 11,134 297 37614

1985 1,530 27,670 16,576 307 46,083

1986 1650 27,940 17,784 321 47,695

1987 1,680 28,220 19,078 335 49,313

1988 1,800 28,480 20466 349 51,095

1989 1,950 28,790 22,028 368 53,136

1990 2,070 29,050 23,556 378 55,054

1991 2,040 29,080 25,034 392 56,546

1992 2,130 29,250 26,858 407 58645

1993 2,190 29,460 29,084 428 61,162

1994 2,370 29,710 31,400 486 63,966

1995 2,370 29,970 34,000 525 66,865

1996 2,250 29,470 37,200 550 69,470

1997 2310 29950 38600 567 71,427

1998 2,220 29,250 37,600 543 69,613

1999 2,250 29,565 38,000 549 70364

2000 2,250 29,875 38,400 554 71,079

2001 2,250 30,000 38,800 560 71,610

2002 2,250 30,000 38,800 560 71,610

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Statistical Databases

http://apps.fao.org/page/form?collection=Production.Livestock.Stocks&Domain=Production&servlet=1&language=E N&hostname=apps.fao.org&version=default (accessed November 2003)

D: Market shares in total cattle hides and goatskins production

1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 Cattle hides

Mt % Mt % Mt % Mt % Mt %

World 5654775 100,0% 5990591 100,0% 6309193 100,0% 6839261 100,0%7371307 100,0%

Developed

Countries 3367069 59,5% 3525909 58,9% 3461991 54,9% 3346191 48,9% 2915228 39,5%

Developing

Countries 2287706 40,5% 2464682 41,1% 2847201 45,1% 3493070 51,1% 4456078 60,5%

Bangladesh 27000 0,5% 27670 0,5% 29050 0,5% 29970 0,4% 30000 0,4%

1980 1985 1990 1995 2002 Goat skins

Mt % Mt % Mt % Mt % Mt %

World 390157 100,0% 465596 100,0% 579714 100,0% 721430 100,0% 894934 100,0%

Developed

Countries 24038 6,2% 26594 5,7% 24504 4,2% 30660 4,2% 30729 3,4%

Developing

Countries 366119 93,8% 439002 94,3% 555210 95,8% 690770 95,8% 864205 96,6%

Bangladesh 12076 3,1% 16576 3,6% 23556 4,1% 34000 4,7% 38800 4,3%

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Statistical Databases

http://apps.fao.org/page/form?collection=Production.Livestock.Stocks&Domain=Production&servlet=1&language=E

N&hostname=apps.fao.org&version=default (accessed November 2003)

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4 E: Trade of hides and skins in Bangladesh (Mt = Metric Tons)

Year

Domestic hides Manufactured

(Mt) Imports of

hides (Mt) Exports of hides (Mt)

Total hides present in Bangladesh

(Mt) Share of

imports (%) Share of exports (%)

1990 55054 11 5 55060 0,02% 0,01%

1991 56546 203 6 56743 0,36% 0,01%

1992 58645 85 7 58723 0,14% 0,01%

1993 61162 85 6 61241 0,14% 0,01%

1994 63966 77 5 64038 0,12% 0,01%

1995 66865 56 4 66917 0,08% 0,01%

1996 69470 101 2 69569 0,15% 0,00%

1997 71427 815 5 72237 1,13% 0,01%

1998 69613 258 1 69870 0,37% 0,00%

1999 70364 258 1 70621 0,37% 0,00%

2000 71079 258 1 71336 0,36% 0,00%

2001 71610 258 0 71868 0,36% 0,00%

2002 71610 258 0 71868 0,36% 0,00%

Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Statistical Databases

http://apps.fao.org/page/form?collection=Production.Livestock.Stocks&Domain=Production&servlet=1&language=E

N&hostname=apps.fao.org&version=default (accessed November 2003)

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5 F: Context of Hides and Skins Manufacturing

Implications for:

Drivers for Change of hides and skins

manufacturing Possible Outcome

P ^rocess P ^ollution M arket & T ^rade P ^roduct

Measures to promote the use vaccines and veterinary drugs against livestock diseases

Decrease of livestock mortality and live stock

diseases - - Increase in domestic

manufacturing of hides and skins. Higher quality due to less deficiencies

Measures to promote the use and production of agricultural machinery

Increasing mechanically slaughtering

More efficient slaughtering and flaying processes

Less production of solid waste due to

higher efficiency - Less flay-cuts resulting in

higher quality of hides Measures to promote the import of

hides and skins More supply of hides and

skins from abroad - - Increasing foreign trade resulting in

more foreign supply More differentiation in quality of hides

Export ban on hides and skins No export of hides and

skins - - More domestic consumption of

hides -

Investment in physical

infrastructure Improving state of the

infrastructure - - Improving and increasing trade Shorter transport leading

to less loss in quality

P

Integration of the world trading

system More foreign trade of hides

and skins. - - Increasing import of hides and

skins More differentiation in

quality of hides

Growing wage rate and standard of

living Changing dietary habits and

increasing labor costs - - More demand for meat resulting in

more supply of hides Changing costs structure

E

Increasing foreign investment Introduction of foreign machines, techniques and exchange

More efficient slaughtering and flaying processes

Less production of solid waste due to higher efficiency

Increasing import of hides and skins

Higher quality (requirements) of hides

and skins Increasing Bangladesh population Increasing demand for meat - - More supply of livestock -

Growing public protest regarding

unhygienic outside slaughtering Ban on outside slaughtering

More slaughtering in mechanized

slaughterhouses

higher efficiency - Higher quality

S

Decreasing Hindu population in Bangladesh

Lower amount of ‘fallen hides’, and more

slaughtering - - Decreasing trade and

manufacturing of ‘fallen hides’ Less hides of lower quality

T

Modernization of manufacturing techniques

Increasing mechanization and specialization of production

More efficient slaughtering and flaying

higher efficiency - Higher quality

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6 G: Mass Balances Leather Manufacturing Activities according Ludvik, Reich, and Buljan

SOAKING

Component INPUT OUTPUT

Wet salted cattle hides 1000 kg

Water 8000 kg 7726 kg

Tenside 3,5 kg 3,5 kg

Curing salt (NaCl) 232 kg

Blood 4 kg

Dirt 2 kg

Wet ‘clean’ cattle hides 1036 kg

Total 9003, 5kg 9003,5 kg

LIMING/UNHAIRING

Component INPUT OUTPUT

Wet ‘clean’ hides 1036 kg

Water 5000 kg 4950 kg

Sodium Sulphur (Na

2

S) 28 kg 2,8kg

Sodium Hydrosulphide (NaHS) 17 kg 1,7 kg

Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)

2

) 45 kg 4,5 kg

Salts (NaCl) 10 kg 10 kg

Hair/epidermis 62 kg

Wet ‘clean and hairless’ hides (with chemicals) 1105 kg

Total 6136 kg 6136 kg

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7 DELIMING/BATING

Component INPUT OUTPUT

Wet ‘clean, hairless and fleshed’ hides (with chemicals) 1041 kg

Water 5000 kg 4950 kg

Sodium Sulphur (Na

2

S) 25,2 kg

Sodium Hydrosulphide (NaHS) 15,3 kg

Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)

₂

) 40,5 kg

Ammonium Salts 30 kg 30 kg

Weak acids 10 kg 10 kg

Enzyme products 6 kg 6 kg

Wet ‘clean, hairless and fleshed’ hides (without chemicals) 1010 kg

Total 6087 kg 6087 kg

CHROME TANNING

Component INPUT OUTPUT

Wet and clean hides 1010 kg

Water 1300 kg 1687,7 kg

NaCl 58 kg 58 kg

Sulphuric acids 16 kg

Basic chrome sulphate (25% Cr

₂

O

₃

) 96 kg 68 kg

Basic agent (Na

2

CO

3

) 12 kg

Reaction salts 28 kg

Wet Blue 650,3 kg

Total 2492 kg 2492 kg

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POST TANNING

Component INPUT OUTPUT

Wet Blue (after Splitting) 350 kg

Water 5900 kg 5900 kg

Organic Tannins 25,3 kg 5,0 kg

Fat liquors 21,2 kg 4,2 kg

Basic chrome sulphate (25% Cr

2

O

3

) 13,0 kg 9,0 kg

NaHCO3/HCOONa 10,6 kg 10,6 kg

Acids 5,3 kg 5,3 kg

Dyestuffs 5,3 kg 1,2 kg

Crust Leather 249 kg

Total 2492 kg 2492 kg

FINISHING

Component INPUT OUTPUT

Crust Leather 249 kg

Water 46 kg 46 kg

Dry Substances 14 kg 2 kg

Solvents 40 kg 40 kg

Finished Leather 261kg

Total 349 kg 349 kg

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H: Finished Leather Production in Bangladesh (sft = square feet = 0,09 m²)

I: Market Shares in Finished Leather Production (sft = square feet = 0,09 m²)

Year

Heavy Leather from Bovine

(million sft)

Light Leather from Bovine

(million sft)

Total Leather from Bovine animals

(millions sft)

Leather from Sheep and Goats

(millions sft) Total Leather (millions sft)

1984 0,5 61,5 62,0 34,9 96,9

1985 0,5 61,5 62,0 34,9 96,9

1986 0,5 61,5 62,0 34,9 96,9

1987 0,5 65,5 66,0 43,6 109,6

1988 0,5 65,5 66,0 43,6 109,6

1989 0,5 65,5 66,0 43,6 109,6

1990 0,5 66,9 67,4 50,0 117,4

1991 0,5 66,9 67,4 53,1 120,5

1992 0,5 67,4 67,9 57,0 124,9

1993 0,5 68,9 69,4 61,7 131,1

1994 0,5 68,5 69,0 66,5 135,5

1995 0,5 69,1 69,6 72,0 141,6

1996 0,5 68,0 68,5 78,7 147,2

1997 0,5 69,3 69,8 81,8 151,6

1998 0,5 67,7 68,2 79,7 147,9

1999 0,5 67,7 68,2 79,7 147,9

2000 0,5 68,0 68,5 80,0 148,5

2001 0,5 68,0 68,5 80,0 148,5

Leather from Bovine hides Leather from Sheep and Goat skins Year World (sft) Bangladesh (sft) Share World (sft) Bangladesh (sft) Share

1984 9378,2 62,0 0,7% 3403,9 34,9 1,0%

1985 9378,2 62,0 0,7% 3403,9 34,9 1,0%

1986 9378,2 62,0 0,7% 3403,9 34,9 1,0%

1987 9886,0 66,0 0,7% 3676,2 43,6 1,2%

1988 9886,0 66,0 0,7% 3676,2 43,6 1,2%

1989 9886,0 66,0 0,7% 3676,2 43,6 1,2%

1990 9758,4 67,4 0,7% 3841,2 50 1,3%

1991 9398,6 67,4 0,7% 3939,6 53,1 1,3%

1992 9457,7 67,9 0,7% 3901,4 57 1,5%

1993 9516,5 69,4 0,7% 4044,9 61,7 1,5%

1994 10303,6 69,0 0,7% 3953,6 66,5 1,7%

1995 10576,8 69,6 0,7% 4071,8 72 1,8%

1996 11060,2 68,5 0,6% 4175,6 78,7 1,9%

1997 11274,8 69,8 0,6% 4241,1 81,8 1,9%

1998 11106,4 68,2 0,6% 4117,9 79,7 1,9%

1999 11345,3 68,2 0,6% 4301,5 79,7 1,9%

2000 11543,3 68,5 0,6% 4565,2 80 1,8%

2001 11595,7 68,5 0,6% 4637,2 80 1,7%

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J: Total Demand versus Total Supply of Finished Leather in Bangladesh (sft = square feet = 0,09 m²)

Year

Imports Volume (million sft)

Domestic Production (million sft)

Share of Imports in Total Supply

Exports Volume (million sft)

Domestic Consumption

(million sft)

Share of Exports in Total Demand

1984,0 6,7 96,9 6,5% 70,2 33,4 67,8%

1985,0 6,7 96,9 6,5% 70,2 33,4 67,8%

1986,0 6,7 96,9 6,5% 70,2 33,4 67,8%

1987,0 9,0 109,6 7,6% 86,9 31,7 73,3%

1988,0 9,0 109,6 7,6% 86,9 31,7 73,3%

1989,0 9,0 109,6 7,6% 86,9 31,7 73,3%

1990,0 20,0 117,4 14,6% 97,7 39,7 71,1%

1991,0 21,0 120,5 14,8% 78,3 63,2 55,3%

1992,0 23,0 124,9 15,6% 98,2 49,7 66,4%

1993,0 21,0 131,1 13,8% 93,0 59,1 61,1%

1994,0 20,0 135,5 12,9% 94,5 61,0 60,8%

1995,0 20,0 141,6 12,4% 92,0 69,6 56,9%

1996,0 21,0 147,2 12,5% 95,3 72,9 56,7%

1997,0 20,0 151,6 11,7% 76,0 95,6 44,3%

1998,0 19,0 147,9 11,4% 71,2 95,7 42,7%

1999,0 19,5 147,9 11,6% 71,5 95,9 42,7%

2000,0 20,0 148,5 11,9% 72,5 96,0 43,0%

2001,0 22,0 148,5 12,9% 74,5 96,0 43,7%

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K: Context of leather manufacturing

Implications for:

Drivers for Change of Leather

Manufacturing Possible Outcome Manufacturing

Process Chemical

Pollution Market& Trade Product

Thrust-Sector-Declaration by government of the Leather Industry.

Receiving priority of the Bangladesh Government resulting in more lines of actions.

Up gradation of technologies resulting in more mechanization, more skills due to training

Decrease in pollution due to relocation

More incentives for investment resulting in more capacity for production, consumption, and trade.

Quality improvement due to increasing modernization &

mechanization. More value added due to better use of quality chemicals Integration of world

trading system.

More foreign trade of wet blue, crust leather and finished leather

Better utilization of

manufacturing capacity - Increase in imports and exports of wet blue, crust leather and finished leather

More differentiation in price, quality and buyers requirements

More strict environmental legislation

More levies and fines in event of violation. Improving compliance of legislation

Increasing efficiency due to more attention on waste production

Decreasing pollution

Improving market access due to fulfilling ISO-standards.

Declining comparative cost advantage due to higher costs. Higher quality and more value added.

P

Measures to promote the import of wet blue and pickled leather.

More supply of wet blue and

pickled leather from abroad. - - Increasing foreign trade

resulting in more foreign supply.

More differentiation in quality and price of leather

Continuation of market trends

Growing leather unit price, increasing wage rate, increasing domestic production, imports and consumption. Decreasing exports

- -

More foreign supply and domestic production. Less foreign consumption and more domestic consumption

Higher price paid for a square meter of finished leather, and declining comparative costs advantage due to higher costs.

Set up of bank exclusively designated to the leather sector.

Uniform policy on bank loans,

more investment, improving trade - - Increasing capacity for

production, consumption and

trade. -

E

Increasing foreign investment

Introduction of foreign machines, techniques and exchange

More efficient and modern manufacturing process

Less pollution due to higher process requirements and efficiency

Increasing import and export of wet blue, crust leather and finished leather More production and consumption capacity

Higher quality requirements of finished leather and more differentiation.

S

Increasing public consciousness and protest

More attention for health, safety, environment issues, and for child labor

More process requirements Decreasing

pollution - Increase in labor costs.

Increasing lack of skilled workers

Introduction of training programmes by foreign companies, and by Leather Institute

More and higher efficient

process Less pollution - Decreasing loss of quality, higher value added, and higher labor costs

Development in competitive industries

Increasing manufacturing and use of synthetic materials substituting finished leather

- Less pollution Decreasing consumption and

exports of leather -

T

Modernization of manufacturing techniques

Increasing mechanization and specialization of manufacturing

More segregation between tanning and finishing.

Higher efficiency

Less production of

waste - More variation in quality, price, and

buyers requirements. Changing costs structure due to lower labor costs.

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L : Leather Goods Production in Bangladesh (sft= 1 square feet = 0,09 m²)

ⁱ

Year Leather shoes

(mill. Sft) Remaining leather

goods (mill. Sft) Total Production (mill. Sft)

1989 27,5 1,0 28,5

1990 27,5 8,2 35,7

1991 27,5 29,4 56,9

1992 27,7 17,0 44,7

1993 38,4 14,8 53,2

1994 48,5 6,4 54,9

1995 52,3 10,3 62,6

1996 51,1 14,5 65,6

1997 55,1 30,9 86,0

1998 53,0 33,1 86,1

1999 54,8 31,5 86,3

2000 63,3 23,1 86,4

2001 62,9 23,5 86,4

Source: World Statistical Compendium for Raw Hides and Skins, Leather and Leather Footwear 1984-2002, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Commodities and Trade Division. P150.

ⁱⁱ

M: Market Shares in Leather Footwear Production (sft= 1 square feet = 0,09 m²)

Year World

(mill. pairs) Bangladesh

(mill. pairs) Market

Share China

(mill. pairs) Market Share

1989 3957,8 5,5 0,1% 459,5 11,6%

1990 3952,5 5,5 0,1% 509,4 12,9%

1991 3865,0 5,5 0,1% 535,9 13,9%

1992 3607,0 5,5 0,2% 650,7 18,0%

1993 3830,8 7,7 0,2% 1000,0 26,1%

1994 4368,7 9,7 0,2% 1500,0 34,3%

1995 4200,3 10,5 0,2% 1550,0 36,9%

1996 4139,2 10,2 0,2% 1550,0 37,4%

1997 4157,0 11,0 0,3% 1600,0 38,5%

1998 4159,1 10,6 0,3% 1650,0 39,7%

1999 4150,5 11,0 0,3% 1680,0 40,5%

2000 4373,8 12,7 0,3% 1900,0 43,4%

2001 4507,4 12,6 0,3% 1950,0 43,3%

Source: World Statistical Compendium for Raw Hides and Skins, Leather and Leather Footwear 1984-2002, Food and

Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Commodities and Trade Division. P149-151.

ⁱⁱⁱ

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N: Total Demand versus Total Supply of Leather Goods in Bangladesh (sft = square feet = 0,09 m²)

Year

Imports Volume (million sft)

Domestic Production (million sft)

Share of Imports in Total Supply

Exports Volume (million sft)

Domestic Consumption

(million sft)

Share of Exports in Total Demand

1990 0 35,7 0,0% 8,2 27,5 23,0%

1991 0 56,9 0,0% 29,4 27,5 51,6%

1992 0 44,7 0,0% 19,5 25,2 43,6%

1993 0 53,2 0,0% 18,8 34,4 35,4%

1994 0 54,9 0,0% 12,9 42,0 23,4%

1995 0 62,6 0,0% 18,3 44,3 29,2%

1996 0 65,6 0,0% 22,5 43,1 34,3%

1997 0 86,0 0,0% 39,4 46,6 45,8%

1998 0 86,1 0,0% 39,6 46,5 46,0%

1999 0 86,3 0,0% 40,5 45,8 47,0%

2000 0 86,4 0,0% 42,6 43,8 49,3%

2001 0 86,4 0,0% 44,5 41,9 51,5%

Source: JETRO Marketing Guidebook for Major Imported Products, World Statistical Compendium for Raw Hides and

Skins, Leather and Leather Footwear 1984-2002, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,

Commodities and Trade Division, and Country Case Study on Environmental Requirements for Leather and Footwear

Export from Bangladesh by Dr. Moinul Islam Sharif and Khandaker Mainuddin.

ⁱⁱⁱ

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O: Context of Leather Goods Manufacturing

Implications for:

Drivers for Change of Leather Goods

Manufacturing Possible Outcome

Process Pollution Market/trade Product

Thrust-Sector-

Declaration of Leather Industry.

Receiving priority of the Bangladesh Government resulting in lines of actions.

Up gradation of technologies resulting in

more mechanization - More incentives for investment resulting in more capacity for production, consumption, trade.

Quality improvement due to increasing

modernization/mechanization.

Integration of world

trading system. More foreign trade of leather

footwear and goods. Better utilization of

manufacturing capacity. - Increase in exports of leather footwear and goods, and more foreign supply of leather.

More differentiation in price, quality and buyers requirements.

P

Export-promoting

measures. More export of leather footwear

and goods. - - Increase in exports of leather

footwear and goods More differentiation in price, quality and buyers requirements More fragmentation/

division of market. Focus in Bangladesh on “low

quality, mass-produced” goods Increasing mechanization

of manufacturing process. - Increasing production and demand of “low quality, mass- produced” goods.

More focus on competing on low price and flexible product availability.

Economic recovery. Worldwide higher purchasing power resulting in changing consumption patterns.

Increasing mechanization

of manufacturing process. - More demand for leather

footwear and goods. -

Continuation of market trends.

Increasing wage rate, exports, and domestic production. More export-dependency on UK &

Japan.

- - Increasing foreign demand, and

increasing domestic production. Declining comparative costs advantage due to higher costs.

E

Increasing Foreign

Investment. Introduction of foreign machines,

techniques and exchange. More efficient and modern manufacturing process.

Less pollution due to higher process requirements and efficiency.

Increasing export of leather footwear and goods, and more manufacturing capacity.

Higher quality requirements of leather articles and more differentiation.

Increasing protest regarding child labor in leather industry.

Increasing pressure to abandon

child labor in the industry. - - - Increase in labor costs resulting in

higher price.

S

Increasing

consciousness on safety, health, and

environmental issues.

More attention for health, safety, environment issues in

manufacturing of leather goods.

More process

requirements. Decreasing pollution. - Increase in operating costs.

Modernization of manufacturing techniques.

Increasing mechanization of

manufacturing process. Higher efficiency. Less production of

solid waste. - Higher quality, and changing costs structure.

T

Development in

competitive industries. More use of synthetic materials in

manufacturing of footwear. - Less pollution. Decreasing demand for leather footwear and goods

More focus on low price and flexible product availability to compete with synthetic articles.

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15 P: National Limits for Chrome Concentration in Effluents

Source: Bosnic,J.,Buljan,J.,Daniels,R.J.,2000. Pollutants in Tannery Effluents, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Chapter II

0,50 0,30

1,00

2,00 0,50

1,50

5,00 1,50

2,00 0,20

1,00 1,00

2,50 2,00 2,00 1,00

1,00 0,05

1,00 0,50

2,00 2,00 1,33

2,00

0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00

Argentina Australia Austria Bangladesh Brazil China Colombia Costa Rica Czech. Rep.

Denmark Egypt Germany Greece India Indonesia Italy Japan Kenya Mexico Netherlands Pakistan South Africa Sri Lanka Switzerland Average

C ountr y

National Limits for Chrome Concentration in Effluents (mg/l)

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16 Q: Potential Risk of Hexavalent Chrome Formation

Source: International Chromium Development Association, Paris, France. http://www.chromium- asoc.com/publications/crfile8feb02.htm (accessed March 2004)

R: Morbidity Rate under Tannery Workers and Country Average

Disease Tannery Workers

(per 1000) Country Average (per 1000)

Gastritis/Ulcer 581.00 15.69

Skin disease 312.85 5.97

Blood pressure 117.32 7.33

Rheumatic fever 106.15 4.6

Common cold/Cough 61.45 11.1

Asthma 33.52 5.86

Dysentery 27.93 7.47

Fever 27.93 18.09

Kidney problem 16.76 -

Tuberculosis 5.59 -

Chest pain 5.59 -

Occasional

Fever 346.37 18.09

Cough 229.05 11.1

Jaundice 189.94 1.16

Source: Society for Environment and Human Development (SEHD), Health of the Tannery Workers, February 2000

dfd

Low High

Cr (VI) level Organics for

reduction

Oxides

for

oxidation

pH

(17)

University of Groningen, The Netherlands DSM, ‘Stichting Sponsor 3

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Wereld’

17

i

Discrepancy between total domestic consumption of finished leather presented in Appendix I and total domestic production of leather goods presented in Appendix J is the 10% consumption in the form of losses.

ii

Production figures for Bangladesh are adjusted with the quantum index of leather footwear presented by Dr. Moinul Islam Sharif and Khandaker Mainuddin in the Country Case Study on Environmental Requirements for Leather and Footwear Export from Bangladesh. (Page 4). The production figures for the remaining leather goods are defined by:

finished leather consumption (Appendix I) – 10% loss – leather footwear production.

For every pair a conversion factor of 5 square feet is used. Country Case Study is presented on:

http://r0.unctad.org/trade_env/test1/meetings/bangkok5/b5Draft%20case%20study%20Bangladesh.pdf (accessed March 2004)

iii

Domestic production data are derived from Appendix J, imports figures are assumed on the sources mentioned, and export data are based on import figures of leather goods of Japan from Bangladesh. Total exports are computed by using the country wise export composition of Bangladesh. In 2001 32,36% of all leather footwear was exported to Japan.